Jonathan Fox
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199208852
- eISBN:
- 9780191709005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208852.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This chapter asks whether policy reforms that formally permit participation by organized poor people actually led to power-sharing in practice. The Mexican state has more than two decades of ...
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This chapter asks whether policy reforms that formally permit participation by organized poor people actually led to power-sharing in practice. The Mexican state has more than two decades of experience with national rural development programs that convene ostensibly participatory regional and municipal councils. The chapter maps patterns of regional variation in pro-poor institutional change in rural Mexico by comparing seven programs, including the Community Food Councils (DICONSA), the Regional Development Funds (INI), the Municipal Development Funds (SEDESOL), Rural Development in Marginal Areas, the Protected Natural Areas, the Municipal Councils for Sustainable Rural Development (SAGAR), and the Regional Sustainable Development Program (PRODERS). The state-society councils' practices varied widely, across programs, across regions, and over time. There is no independent evidence that the majority of regional councils were pluralistic and participatory in any of the national programs studied.Less
This chapter asks whether policy reforms that formally permit participation by organized poor people actually led to power-sharing in practice. The Mexican state has more than two decades of experience with national rural development programs that convene ostensibly participatory regional and municipal councils. The chapter maps patterns of regional variation in pro-poor institutional change in rural Mexico by comparing seven programs, including the Community Food Councils (DICONSA), the Regional Development Funds (INI), the Municipal Development Funds (SEDESOL), Rural Development in Marginal Areas, the Protected Natural Areas, the Municipal Councils for Sustainable Rural Development (SAGAR), and the Regional Sustainable Development Program (PRODERS). The state-society councils' practices varied widely, across programs, across regions, and over time. There is no independent evidence that the majority of regional councils were pluralistic and participatory in any of the national programs studied.
Edward Thomas
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780197266953
- eISBN:
- 9780191938191
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266953.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
Sudan’s 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) came at a time when oil revenues had transformed Sudan’s economy, and it recognized that regional inequalities in development needed to be redressed ...
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Sudan’s 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) came at a time when oil revenues had transformed Sudan’s economy, and it recognized that regional inequalities in development needed to be redressed for peace to be sustainable. The government used fiscal policy to address these inequalities, transferring significant amounts of the central government’s oil rents to state governments. It was mostly spent on wages for government officials, and the evidence reviewed here suggests that it did little to redress Sudan’s stark regional inequalities. This chapter argues that the CPA’s fiscal arrangements alone could not address the land crises that underlie the violence and stagnation in the Sudan’s deeply polarized peripheral states: that would require ambitious plans to draw the productive energies of the periphery into the national economy, centred on Khartoum.Less
Sudan’s 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) came at a time when oil revenues had transformed Sudan’s economy, and it recognized that regional inequalities in development needed to be redressed for peace to be sustainable. The government used fiscal policy to address these inequalities, transferring significant amounts of the central government’s oil rents to state governments. It was mostly spent on wages for government officials, and the evidence reviewed here suggests that it did little to redress Sudan’s stark regional inequalities. This chapter argues that the CPA’s fiscal arrangements alone could not address the land crises that underlie the violence and stagnation in the Sudan’s deeply polarized peripheral states: that would require ambitious plans to draw the productive energies of the periphery into the national economy, centred on Khartoum.
Anthony P. D’Costa
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199646210
- eISBN:
- 9780191741630
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199646210.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter introduces the rationale for the persistence of economic nationalism in Asia, its forms, how it differs from past practice, and its implications for the functioning of the world economy. ...
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This chapter introduces the rationale for the persistence of economic nationalism in Asia, its forms, how it differs from past practice, and its implications for the functioning of the world economy. It theoretically captures the changes in the world economy from an era of economic nationalism of the orthodox kind, when infant-industry protection was intellectually justified and routinely practiced, to an era of deep international integration. Rather than see states retreating from the economy, the chapter underscores the significance of states in coping with the new opportunities and challenges offered by the world economy. The chapter argues that states are active in promoting national capitalist development and hence cannot be expected to withdraw from intervening from the economy even if the climate for intervention is not receptive. The remaining chapters in the book are introduced.Less
This chapter introduces the rationale for the persistence of economic nationalism in Asia, its forms, how it differs from past practice, and its implications for the functioning of the world economy. It theoretically captures the changes in the world economy from an era of economic nationalism of the orthodox kind, when infant-industry protection was intellectually justified and routinely practiced, to an era of deep international integration. Rather than see states retreating from the economy, the chapter underscores the significance of states in coping with the new opportunities and challenges offered by the world economy. The chapter argues that states are active in promoting national capitalist development and hence cannot be expected to withdraw from intervening from the economy even if the climate for intervention is not receptive. The remaining chapters in the book are introduced.
Andrés Solimano (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199532605
- eISBN:
- 9780191714627
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199532605.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Entrepreneurs, technical experts, professionals, international students, writers, and artists are among the most highly mobile people in the global economy today. These talented elite often originate ...
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Entrepreneurs, technical experts, professionals, international students, writers, and artists are among the most highly mobile people in the global economy today. These talented elite often originate from developing countries and migrate to industrial economies. Many return home with new ideas, experiences, and capital useful for national development, whilst others remain to produce quality goods and services that are useful everywhere in the global economy. The economic potential of globalization is ultimately dependent on the international mobility of highly talented individuals that transfer knowledge, new technologies, ideas, business capacities, and other creative capabilities. Developing countries and advanced economies may gain from this mobility if it is effectively and smartly managed. This book, with contributions from international experts in the subject, provides an analysis of the main determinants and development impact of talent mobility in the global economy.Less
Entrepreneurs, technical experts, professionals, international students, writers, and artists are among the most highly mobile people in the global economy today. These talented elite often originate from developing countries and migrate to industrial economies. Many return home with new ideas, experiences, and capital useful for national development, whilst others remain to produce quality goods and services that are useful everywhere in the global economy. The economic potential of globalization is ultimately dependent on the international mobility of highly talented individuals that transfer knowledge, new technologies, ideas, business capacities, and other creative capabilities. Developing countries and advanced economies may gain from this mobility if it is effectively and smartly managed. This book, with contributions from international experts in the subject, provides an analysis of the main determinants and development impact of talent mobility in the global economy.
Jane Ansah
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199217908
- eISBN:
- 9780191705380
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217908.003.0016
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter examines the legal status of the right to development in international law and its inclusion as an ESC right. This is applied to the particular national example of Malawi, which has the ...
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This chapter examines the legal status of the right to development in international law and its inclusion as an ESC right. This is applied to the particular national example of Malawi, which has the right to development protected by its Constitution. It is shown that the main obstacle for the realization of the right to development within states is the lack of equitable policies and programmes for distribution and redistribution of resources, which, if remedied, should result into the elimination of power inequalities.Less
This chapter examines the legal status of the right to development in international law and its inclusion as an ESC right. This is applied to the particular national example of Malawi, which has the right to development protected by its Constitution. It is shown that the main obstacle for the realization of the right to development within states is the lack of equitable policies and programmes for distribution and redistribution of resources, which, if remedied, should result into the elimination of power inequalities.
Patrick Twomey
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199217908
- eISBN:
- 9780191705380
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217908.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter outlines the core concepts of human rights-based approaches (HRBAs) and explores the evolution of human rights-based approaches to development including the United Nations (UN) ...
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This chapter outlines the core concepts of human rights-based approaches (HRBAs) and explores the evolution of human rights-based approaches to development including the United Nations (UN) commitment to integrate human rights into all its work, national development plans, the role of socio-economic rights in development problem analysis, impact assessment, and key challenges to undertaking human rights-based development. The chapter also highlights the issue of measurement of human rights change as a critical factor in development planning, implementation, and evaluation towards ensuring accountability for both process and impact.Less
This chapter outlines the core concepts of human rights-based approaches (HRBAs) and explores the evolution of human rights-based approaches to development including the United Nations (UN) commitment to integrate human rights into all its work, national development plans, the role of socio-economic rights in development problem analysis, impact assessment, and key challenges to undertaking human rights-based development. The chapter also highlights the issue of measurement of human rights change as a critical factor in development planning, implementation, and evaluation towards ensuring accountability for both process and impact.
Ussama Makdisi
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520218451
- eISBN:
- 9780520922792
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520218451.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
Focusing on Ottoman Lebanon, this book shows how sectarianism was a manifestation of modernity that transcended the physical boundaries of a particular country. It challenges those who have viewed ...
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Focusing on Ottoman Lebanon, this book shows how sectarianism was a manifestation of modernity that transcended the physical boundaries of a particular country. It challenges those who have viewed sectarian violence as an Islamic response to Westernization or simply as a product of social and economic inequities among religious groups. The religious violence of the nineteenth century, which culminated in sectarian mobilizations and massacres in 1860, was a complex, multilayered, subaltern expression of modernization, not a primordial reaction to it. The author argues that sectarianism represented a deliberate mobilization of religious identities for political and social purposes. The Ottoman reform movement, launched in 1839, and the growing European presence in the Middle East, contributed to the disintegration of the traditional Lebanese social order based on a hierarchy that bridged religious differences. The book highlights how European colonialism and Orientalism, with their emphasis on Christian salvation and Islamic despotism, and Ottoman and local nationalisms, each created and used narratives of sectarianism as foils to their own visions of modernity, and to their own projects of colonial, imperial, and national development. It is important to our understanding of Lebanese society today, but also makes a significant contribution to the discussion of the importance of religious discourse in the formation and dissolution of social and national identities in the modern world.Less
Focusing on Ottoman Lebanon, this book shows how sectarianism was a manifestation of modernity that transcended the physical boundaries of a particular country. It challenges those who have viewed sectarian violence as an Islamic response to Westernization or simply as a product of social and economic inequities among religious groups. The religious violence of the nineteenth century, which culminated in sectarian mobilizations and massacres in 1860, was a complex, multilayered, subaltern expression of modernization, not a primordial reaction to it. The author argues that sectarianism represented a deliberate mobilization of religious identities for political and social purposes. The Ottoman reform movement, launched in 1839, and the growing European presence in the Middle East, contributed to the disintegration of the traditional Lebanese social order based on a hierarchy that bridged religious differences. The book highlights how European colonialism and Orientalism, with their emphasis on Christian salvation and Islamic despotism, and Ottoman and local nationalisms, each created and used narratives of sectarianism as foils to their own visions of modernity, and to their own projects of colonial, imperial, and national development. It is important to our understanding of Lebanese society today, but also makes a significant contribution to the discussion of the importance of religious discourse in the formation and dissolution of social and national identities in the modern world.
Margaret Wazakili, Tsitsi Chataika, Gubela Mji, Kudakwashe Dube, and Malcolm MacLachlan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847428851
- eISBN:
- 9781447302063
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847428851.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter reviews the importance of people with disabilities being included in the process of national and international development, and of them being substantial beneficiaries of this process. ...
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This chapter reviews the importance of people with disabilities being included in the process of national and international development, and of them being substantial beneficiaries of this process. It begins by briefly considering the case for social inclusion in international development work in low-income countries. The chapter then reviews the internationally agreed targets set out in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and how these may be restated in terms that are more inclusive of people with disabilities. It also describes an important policy instrument – the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) – which has a critical role in achieving these goals at the level of individual countries. The major analysis is drawn from initial impressions of the extent to which people with disabilities have had a meaningful role in the formulation of PRSPs in Malawi and Uganda.Less
This chapter reviews the importance of people with disabilities being included in the process of national and international development, and of them being substantial beneficiaries of this process. It begins by briefly considering the case for social inclusion in international development work in low-income countries. The chapter then reviews the internationally agreed targets set out in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and how these may be restated in terms that are more inclusive of people with disabilities. It also describes an important policy instrument – the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) – which has a critical role in achieving these goals at the level of individual countries. The major analysis is drawn from initial impressions of the extent to which people with disabilities have had a meaningful role in the formulation of PRSPs in Malawi and Uganda.
M. Ramachandran
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198073987
- eISBN:
- 9780199080847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198073987.003.0012
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter discusses in detail the various stages of project planning and examines whether these have been followed as far as Indian metro projects are concerned. It also considers what we can ...
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This chapter discusses in detail the various stages of project planning and examines whether these have been followed as far as Indian metro projects are concerned. It also considers what we can ultimately learn about the nature of the projects and their overall positioning in the national development scheme.Less
This chapter discusses in detail the various stages of project planning and examines whether these have been followed as far as Indian metro projects are concerned. It also considers what we can ultimately learn about the nature of the projects and their overall positioning in the national development scheme.
Julian Fleet and Béchir N’Daw
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199237401
- eISBN:
- 9780191723957
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237401.003.0044
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter situates intellectual property issues within the context of efforts to expand on a vast scale access to HIV medicines. Secondly, it summarizes recent developments regarding the ...
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This chapter situates intellectual property issues within the context of efforts to expand on a vast scale access to HIV medicines. Secondly, it summarizes recent developments regarding the affordability of HIV medicines in general. Thirdly, the chapter surveys the major international trade and intellectual property agreements that affect the ability of governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and international organizations to procure HIV medicines at affordable prices. Fourthly, it presents a few concrete examples of the ways in which these agreements are or are not being used by governments to expand access to HIV treatment. Lastly, it traces some of the more important recent regional, bilateral, and national developments in international trade and intellectual rules.Less
This chapter situates intellectual property issues within the context of efforts to expand on a vast scale access to HIV medicines. Secondly, it summarizes recent developments regarding the affordability of HIV medicines in general. Thirdly, the chapter surveys the major international trade and intellectual property agreements that affect the ability of governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and international organizations to procure HIV medicines at affordable prices. Fourthly, it presents a few concrete examples of the ways in which these agreements are or are not being used by governments to expand access to HIV treatment. Lastly, it traces some of the more important recent regional, bilateral, and national developments in international trade and intellectual rules.
Stephany Griffith-Jones
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198852773
- eISBN:
- 9780191887154
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198852773.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter focuses on the roles of National Development Banks (NDBs) in emerging and developing economies. They finance investment in sectors key for dynamic and sustainable growth, both through ...
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This chapter focuses on the roles of National Development Banks (NDBs) in emerging and developing economies. They finance investment in sectors key for dynamic and sustainable growth, both through their own lending, and by catalyzing private finance. For NDBs to contribute significantly to avoiding a middle-income trap, there are several conditions: they must be “good,” well-run development banks, their scale must be sufficiently large to help meet investment needs on a significant scale, and there must be a clear national development strategy, for NDBs to implement. This chapter stresses NDBs contribution to financing investment in innovative sectors and infrastructure. This is complementary to supporting provision of public goods, particularly investments that help combat climate change and financial inclusion. NDBs should provide counter-cyclical financing in the busts, when privately-financed investment tends to decline and NDB lending increases to help maintain crucial investment, and in booms, when lending by NDBs should slow down.Less
This chapter focuses on the roles of National Development Banks (NDBs) in emerging and developing economies. They finance investment in sectors key for dynamic and sustainable growth, both through their own lending, and by catalyzing private finance. For NDBs to contribute significantly to avoiding a middle-income trap, there are several conditions: they must be “good,” well-run development banks, their scale must be sufficiently large to help meet investment needs on a significant scale, and there must be a clear national development strategy, for NDBs to implement. This chapter stresses NDBs contribution to financing investment in innovative sectors and infrastructure. This is complementary to supporting provision of public goods, particularly investments that help combat climate change and financial inclusion. NDBs should provide counter-cyclical financing in the busts, when privately-financed investment tends to decline and NDB lending increases to help maintain crucial investment, and in booms, when lending by NDBs should slow down.
Alejandro Portes and Lori D. Smith (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780520273535
- eISBN:
- 9780520954069
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520273535.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Theory
What leads to national progress? The growing consensus in the social sciences is that neither capital flows, nor the savings rate, nor diffuse values are the key, but that it lies in the quality of a ...
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What leads to national progress? The growing consensus in the social sciences is that neither capital flows, nor the savings rate, nor diffuse values are the key, but that it lies in the quality of a nation's institutions. This book is the first comparative study of how real institutions affect national development. It seeks to examine and deepen this insight through a systematic study of institutions in five Latin American countries and how they differ within and across nations. Postal systems, stock exchanges, public health services and others were included in the sample, all studied with the same methodology. The country chapters present detailed results of this empirical exercise for each individual country. The introductory chapters present the theoretical framework and research methodology for the full study. The summary results of this ambitious study presented in the concluding chapter draw comparisons across countries and discuss what these results mean for national development in Latin America.Less
What leads to national progress? The growing consensus in the social sciences is that neither capital flows, nor the savings rate, nor diffuse values are the key, but that it lies in the quality of a nation's institutions. This book is the first comparative study of how real institutions affect national development. It seeks to examine and deepen this insight through a systematic study of institutions in five Latin American countries and how they differ within and across nations. Postal systems, stock exchanges, public health services and others were included in the sample, all studied with the same methodology. The country chapters present detailed results of this empirical exercise for each individual country. The introductory chapters present the theoretical framework and research methodology for the full study. The summary results of this ambitious study presented in the concluding chapter draw comparisons across countries and discuss what these results mean for national development in Latin America.
Lilly Irani
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691175140
- eISBN:
- 9780691189444
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691175140.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Finance, Accounting, and Banking
This chapter discusses how politicians and business elites attempt to pose entrepreneurial citizenship as new kind of common sense in response to dilemmas of liberalized development. It shows how ...
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This chapter discusses how politicians and business elites attempt to pose entrepreneurial citizenship as new kind of common sense in response to dilemmas of liberalized development. It shows how civil society responded to the state's call to entrepreneurship. Middle-class Indians put on festivals, conclaves, conferences, and workshops where they translated the call into consultancy, social enterprise projects, and activism in line with their own varied ideological orientations or situations. The proliferation of the norm of entrepreneurial citizenship in specific events, groups, and projects allowed people to pursue their freedoms and respond to their own frustrations in forms compatible with state-coordinated, industry-led national development. Entrepreneurs translated problems into opportunities, and dissatisfaction into exchange value. As such, policy makers saw entrepreneurialism as a prophylaxis against protest, dissatisfaction, and anger; the call to entrepreneurial citizenship redirected blame from structures of power to failures of imagination.Less
This chapter discusses how politicians and business elites attempt to pose entrepreneurial citizenship as new kind of common sense in response to dilemmas of liberalized development. It shows how civil society responded to the state's call to entrepreneurship. Middle-class Indians put on festivals, conclaves, conferences, and workshops where they translated the call into consultancy, social enterprise projects, and activism in line with their own varied ideological orientations or situations. The proliferation of the norm of entrepreneurial citizenship in specific events, groups, and projects allowed people to pursue their freedoms and respond to their own frustrations in forms compatible with state-coordinated, industry-led national development. Entrepreneurs translated problems into opportunities, and dissatisfaction into exchange value. As such, policy makers saw entrepreneurialism as a prophylaxis against protest, dissatisfaction, and anger; the call to entrepreneurial citizenship redirected blame from structures of power to failures of imagination.
Janette Bulkan
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781781382950
- eISBN:
- 9781781384022
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781781382950.003.0008
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
In this chapter, Janette Bulkan offers a social scientific analysis of the controversies surrounding Guyana’s efforts to reduce forest carbon emissions. In 2009, the governments of Norway and Guyana ...
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In this chapter, Janette Bulkan offers a social scientific analysis of the controversies surrounding Guyana’s efforts to reduce forest carbon emissions. In 2009, the governments of Norway and Guyana signed the REDD-plus (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) agreement. On paper, REDD presented a unique opportunity for Guyana to restart stalled processes like the national development strategy and national land use planning in partnership with indigenous and other forest-dependent people and coastal constituencies. In practice, REDD procedures and projects, argues Bulkan, presented the government with funds to reward loyal subjects and buy votes at elections. The chapter goes on to consider the role of the indigenous Amerindians in the Norway-Guyana agreement at both procedural and substantive levels.Less
In this chapter, Janette Bulkan offers a social scientific analysis of the controversies surrounding Guyana’s efforts to reduce forest carbon emissions. In 2009, the governments of Norway and Guyana signed the REDD-plus (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) agreement. On paper, REDD presented a unique opportunity for Guyana to restart stalled processes like the national development strategy and national land use planning in partnership with indigenous and other forest-dependent people and coastal constituencies. In practice, REDD procedures and projects, argues Bulkan, presented the government with funds to reward loyal subjects and buy votes at elections. The chapter goes on to consider the role of the indigenous Amerindians in the Norway-Guyana agreement at both procedural and substantive levels.
Mara Loveman
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- June 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199337354
- eISBN:
- 9780199379491
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199337354.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
Chapter 4 documents how early national censuses from across Latin America underscored the racial particularity of populations to bolster claims of national distinctiveness. State officials fastened ...
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Chapter 4 documents how early national censuses from across Latin America underscored the racial particularity of populations to bolster claims of national distinctiveness. State officials fastened on the idea of race to ground their claims of modern nationhood due to the temporal coincidence of Latin America’s early phase of nation-making with the international rise of race science. Prevailing theories denied Latin American states the possibility of future membership in the international club of “civilized nations,” on racial grounds. Latin American statesmen used national censuses to craft an explicitly racialist response. In the “race to progress” in an age of scientific racism, Latin American census officials led the charge to document—in the internationally prestigious language of statistics—the inevitable “racial improvement” (“whitening”) of their populations. The racial statistics collected in national censuses became the raw materials for crafting statistical portraits of racially regenerative nations-in-the making. The production of racial statistics in late nineteenth and early twentieth-century Latin America responded to scientific and organizational developments on the world stage. Census officials’ orientation to international criteria for constructing modern nations shaped their statistical descriptions of ethnoracial diversity and their prescriptions for national development.Less
Chapter 4 documents how early national censuses from across Latin America underscored the racial particularity of populations to bolster claims of national distinctiveness. State officials fastened on the idea of race to ground their claims of modern nationhood due to the temporal coincidence of Latin America’s early phase of nation-making with the international rise of race science. Prevailing theories denied Latin American states the possibility of future membership in the international club of “civilized nations,” on racial grounds. Latin American statesmen used national censuses to craft an explicitly racialist response. In the “race to progress” in an age of scientific racism, Latin American census officials led the charge to document—in the internationally prestigious language of statistics—the inevitable “racial improvement” (“whitening”) of their populations. The racial statistics collected in national censuses became the raw materials for crafting statistical portraits of racially regenerative nations-in-the making. The production of racial statistics in late nineteenth and early twentieth-century Latin America responded to scientific and organizational developments on the world stage. Census officials’ orientation to international criteria for constructing modern nations shaped their statistical descriptions of ethnoracial diversity and their prescriptions for national development.
Christine Skinner
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847428370
- eISBN:
- 9781447304005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847428370.003.0011
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
This chapter provides a review of the childcare policy framework and evaluates current policy directions. It then presents research evidence on the benefits of formal childcare services for child ...
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This chapter provides a review of the childcare policy framework and evaluates current policy directions. It then presents research evidence on the benefits of formal childcare services for child development. The trends in childcare are also described. The Effective Provision of Pre-school Education (EPPE) study showed a complex interaction between quantity and quality of care, but quality remained key to the production of good outcomes, especially maintaining them over the primary school period. It is significant to have some formal childcare experience up to age three on positive cognitive outcomes at ages three and age five. The analysis of the EPPE, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and Millennium Cohort Survey (MCS) longitudinal population surveys illustrates that the case for formal early years care producing positive child development outcomes is incontrovertible, especially if it is high quality care provided in group settings.Less
This chapter provides a review of the childcare policy framework and evaluates current policy directions. It then presents research evidence on the benefits of formal childcare services for child development. The trends in childcare are also described. The Effective Provision of Pre-school Education (EPPE) study showed a complex interaction between quantity and quality of care, but quality remained key to the production of good outcomes, especially maintaining them over the primary school period. It is significant to have some formal childcare experience up to age three on positive cognitive outcomes at ages three and age five. The analysis of the EPPE, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and Millennium Cohort Survey (MCS) longitudinal population surveys illustrates that the case for formal early years care producing positive child development outcomes is incontrovertible, especially if it is high quality care provided in group settings.
Adebusuyi Isaac Adeniran
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447335702
- eISBN:
- 9781447335740
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447335702.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines the impact of the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS), a socio-economic framework for enabling sustainable human development in Nigeria, and how it ...
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This chapter examines the impact of the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS), a socio-economic framework for enabling sustainable human development in Nigeria, and how it incorporates the basic targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) into government policy at both the national and grassroots levels. The chapter draws on the results of a study that was conducted to assess the specific impacts of the NEEDS policy in the process of improving the condition of existence in Nigeria by promoting socio-economic inclusivity. It considers the achievements of the NEEDS, the impediments that have constrained its functioning, and the lessons that have been or could be learnt from related achievements and failures of past development policies in Nigeria. It also offers some recommendations to make the NEEDS more effective in addressing the challenges and threats posed by poverty and other social incongruence in Nigeria.Less
This chapter examines the impact of the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS), a socio-economic framework for enabling sustainable human development in Nigeria, and how it incorporates the basic targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) into government policy at both the national and grassroots levels. The chapter draws on the results of a study that was conducted to assess the specific impacts of the NEEDS policy in the process of improving the condition of existence in Nigeria by promoting socio-economic inclusivity. It considers the achievements of the NEEDS, the impediments that have constrained its functioning, and the lessons that have been or could be learnt from related achievements and failures of past development policies in Nigeria. It also offers some recommendations to make the NEEDS more effective in addressing the challenges and threats posed by poverty and other social incongruence in Nigeria.
Stephany Griffith-Jones, José Antonio Ocampo, Felipe Rezende, Alfredo Schclarek, and Michael Brei
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- November 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198827948
- eISBN:
- 9780191866630
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198827948.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics, Development, Growth, and Environmental
In the wake of the global financial crisis, there is growing consensus that national development banks play a valuable role in development finance. This chapter looks first at the theoretical ...
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In the wake of the global financial crisis, there is growing consensus that national development banks play a valuable role in development finance. This chapter looks first at the theoretical background justifying the need for development banks. The chapter then describes empirically some of the key features of national development banks, including their lending and funding structure. Finally, it analyses in depth five main functions which national development banks perform: (i) providing countercyclical lending; (ii) promoting innovation and structural transformation; (iii) enhancing financial inclusion; (iv) supporting infrastructure investment; and (v) supporting the provision of public goods, and particularly combatting climate change.Less
In the wake of the global financial crisis, there is growing consensus that national development banks play a valuable role in development finance. This chapter looks first at the theoretical background justifying the need for development banks. The chapter then describes empirically some of the key features of national development banks, including their lending and funding structure. Finally, it analyses in depth five main functions which national development banks perform: (i) providing countercyclical lending; (ii) promoting innovation and structural transformation; (iii) enhancing financial inclusion; (iv) supporting infrastructure investment; and (v) supporting the provision of public goods, and particularly combatting climate change.
Michael Brei and Alfredo Schclarek
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- November 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198827948
- eISBN:
- 9780191866630
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198827948.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter investigates the cyclical lending patterns of national development banks (NDBs), comparing their lending activity with that of public, foreign, and domestic private banks over the period ...
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This chapter investigates the cyclical lending patterns of national development banks (NDBs), comparing their lending activity with that of public, foreign, and domestic private banks over the period of 1995–2014. It finds robust evidence that national development and public retail-oriented banks have counteracted the slowdown in the lending activity of private banks during crises by significantly increasing their provision of loans. This is particularly important when considering productive lending to the corporate sector. NDBs’ size, governance structure, and financial conditions are crucial in ensuring that the countercyclical response is effective in mitigating the macroeconomic effects of financial turmoil. In addition, it is important that special and innovative credit lines are designed in line with the specific needs of companies in times of crisis.Less
This chapter investigates the cyclical lending patterns of national development banks (NDBs), comparing their lending activity with that of public, foreign, and domestic private banks over the period of 1995–2014. It finds robust evidence that national development and public retail-oriented banks have counteracted the slowdown in the lending activity of private banks during crises by significantly increasing their provision of loans. This is particularly important when considering productive lending to the corporate sector. NDBs’ size, governance structure, and financial conditions are crucial in ensuring that the countercyclical response is effective in mitigating the macroeconomic effects of financial turmoil. In addition, it is important that special and innovative credit lines are designed in line with the specific needs of companies in times of crisis.
Jessica Su and Xiaoye Wang
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199670048
- eISBN:
- 9780191744341
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199670048.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Competition Law, Public International Law
This chapter discusses the history, institutional structure, mandate, procedural characteristics, and agency performance of China's competition law system. China's s Anti-Monopoly Law (AML) became ...
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This chapter discusses the history, institutional structure, mandate, procedural characteristics, and agency performance of China's competition law system. China's s Anti-Monopoly Law (AML) became effective in 2008. Potential violations are investigated, adjudicated, and sanctioned by three different enforcement agencies. The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) is responsible for price-related infringements of the AML in the areas of restrictive agreements, abuse of dominance, and administrative monopoly (abuses by state and local governmental bodies, including provincial blockages of trade across borders). The State Administration for Industry and Commerce is responsible for non-price-related infringements of the AML in the areas of restrictive agreements, abuse of dominance, and administrative monopoly. The Ministry of Commerce is tasked with enforcing the merger control regime. Above these three agencies is the Anti-Monopoly Commission, a high-level consultative and coordinating organ without law enforcement powers.Less
This chapter discusses the history, institutional structure, mandate, procedural characteristics, and agency performance of China's competition law system. China's s Anti-Monopoly Law (AML) became effective in 2008. Potential violations are investigated, adjudicated, and sanctioned by three different enforcement agencies. The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) is responsible for price-related infringements of the AML in the areas of restrictive agreements, abuse of dominance, and administrative monopoly (abuses by state and local governmental bodies, including provincial blockages of trade across borders). The State Administration for Industry and Commerce is responsible for non-price-related infringements of the AML in the areas of restrictive agreements, abuse of dominance, and administrative monopoly. The Ministry of Commerce is tasked with enforcing the merger control regime. Above these three agencies is the Anti-Monopoly Commission, a high-level consultative and coordinating organ without law enforcement powers.
