Junichi Sakamoto
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199573349
- eISBN:
- 9780191721946
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573349.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management, Pensions and Pension Management
A topic of long-standing discussion in Japan has been how to equitably merge the retirement plans for civil servants and private employees, which in the past have been managed separately. Recent ...
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A topic of long-standing discussion in Japan has been how to equitably merge the retirement plans for civil servants and private employees, which in the past have been managed separately. Recent legislation sought to unify social security pension schemes for all employees by extending the coverage of the Japanese Employees’ Pension Insurance Scheme, which covers private employees, to include civil servants as well. The author describes how Japanese social security pension schemes have evolved, the forces driving the merger of these plans, and what future prospects may be.Less
A topic of long-standing discussion in Japan has been how to equitably merge the retirement plans for civil servants and private employees, which in the past have been managed separately. Recent legislation sought to unify social security pension schemes for all employees by extending the coverage of the Japanese Employees’ Pension Insurance Scheme, which covers private employees, to include civil servants as well. The author describes how Japanese social security pension schemes have evolved, the forces driving the merger of these plans, and what future prospects may be.
Carol E. Harrison
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207771
- eISBN:
- 9780191677793
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207771.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the bourgeois claim to be a universal class, open to all men of appropriate character, by looking at the bourgeois patronage of ...
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This chapter examines the bourgeois claim to be a universal class, open to all men of appropriate character, by looking at the bourgeois patronage of the workers and the indigent. Bourgeois patronage of worker association focused on imparting a limited set of bourgeois values and associative practices. Mutual aid was the first form of worker association to engage bourgeois interests. In the 1860s, adult education classes and popular libraries offered workers the opportunity to emulate bourgeois regard for instruction. Finally, in the late 1860s, a few bourgeois innovators turned their attention to worker leisure. The bourgeois patron wanted the worker to imitate — to produce a copy of certain bourgeois virtues such as thrift and sobriety. Working-class interpretations of mutual aid or leisure were of no interest to the bourgeois; they were simply affronts to bourgeois leadership. Workers, not surprisingly, resisted their assigned role of mimic.Less
This chapter examines the bourgeois claim to be a universal class, open to all men of appropriate character, by looking at the bourgeois patronage of the workers and the indigent. Bourgeois patronage of worker association focused on imparting a limited set of bourgeois values and associative practices. Mutual aid was the first form of worker association to engage bourgeois interests. In the 1860s, adult education classes and popular libraries offered workers the opportunity to emulate bourgeois regard for instruction. Finally, in the late 1860s, a few bourgeois innovators turned their attention to worker leisure. The bourgeois patron wanted the worker to imitate — to produce a copy of certain bourgeois virtues such as thrift and sobriety. Working-class interpretations of mutual aid or leisure were of no interest to the bourgeois; they were simply affronts to bourgeois leadership. Workers, not surprisingly, resisted their assigned role of mimic.
Jan Sapp
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156195
- eISBN:
- 9780199790340
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156195.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter discusses how some believed in the importance of cooperation or mutual aid in evolutionary progress during the 19th century. The best-known works on mutualism emerged from two sometimes ...
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This chapter discusses how some believed in the importance of cooperation or mutual aid in evolutionary progress during the 19th century. The best-known works on mutualism emerged from two sometimes overlapping philosophies: anarchism and natural theology.Less
This chapter discusses how some believed in the importance of cooperation or mutual aid in evolutionary progress during the 19th century. The best-known works on mutualism emerged from two sometimes overlapping philosophies: anarchism and natural theology.
Geoffrey Finlayson
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198227601
- eISBN:
- 9780191678752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227601.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter examines the role of participation, perception, and pluralism in the relations between citizen, state, and social welfare in Great Britain during the period from 1949 to 1991. During ...
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This chapter examines the role of participation, perception, and pluralism in the relations between citizen, state, and social welfare in Great Britain during the period from 1949 to 1991. During this period, the various elements of the mixed economy of welfare became somewhat more closely defined. Some of the functions of the mutual-aid and charitable sides of the voluntary sector were incorporated into the statutory, which resulted in the state becoming like the mutual-aid and charitable society of the nation as a whole.Less
This chapter examines the role of participation, perception, and pluralism in the relations between citizen, state, and social welfare in Great Britain during the period from 1949 to 1991. During this period, the various elements of the mixed economy of welfare became somewhat more closely defined. Some of the functions of the mutual-aid and charitable sides of the voluntary sector were incorporated into the statutory, which resulted in the state becoming like the mutual-aid and charitable society of the nation as a whole.
Nicholas Deakin and Justin Davis Smith
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264829
- eISBN:
- 9780191754036
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264829.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter overturns the simplistic characterisation of the twentieth-century Labour party as antagonistic to voluntarism. As it sets out, while opposition to voluntarism has indeed been a theme ...
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This chapter overturns the simplistic characterisation of the twentieth-century Labour party as antagonistic to voluntarism. As it sets out, while opposition to voluntarism has indeed been a theme throughout Labour's history, particularly on the hard left, the notion of a broad and consistent antagonism is largely a myth, based upon a confusion of charity and philanthropy with other forms of co-operation, mutual aid and active citizenship. Instead, what Attlee called ‘the associative instinct’ has been an overlooked, but nevertheless important, constant in Labour's social thought, from Attlee's experiences as a young man at Toynbee Hall, through the promotion of active and local democracy in the 1940s and the revisionist turn away from macro-economics, and towards quality-of-life issues in the 1950s and 1960s, to the ‘rainbow coalition’ partnerships between local Labour administrations and voluntary groups in the 1980s.Less
This chapter overturns the simplistic characterisation of the twentieth-century Labour party as antagonistic to voluntarism. As it sets out, while opposition to voluntarism has indeed been a theme throughout Labour's history, particularly on the hard left, the notion of a broad and consistent antagonism is largely a myth, based upon a confusion of charity and philanthropy with other forms of co-operation, mutual aid and active citizenship. Instead, what Attlee called ‘the associative instinct’ has been an overlooked, but nevertheless important, constant in Labour's social thought, from Attlee's experiences as a young man at Toynbee Hall, through the promotion of active and local democracy in the 1940s and the revisionist turn away from macro-economics, and towards quality-of-life issues in the 1950s and 1960s, to the ‘rainbow coalition’ partnerships between local Labour administrations and voluntary groups in the 1980s.
Gail Hershatter
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520267701
- eISBN:
- 9780520950344
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520267701.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter examines how Chinese village women campaigned and embodied state initiatives in a localized, even personalized way. It describes the situation of women against the backdrop of the ...
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This chapter examines how Chinese village women campaigned and embodied state initiatives in a localized, even personalized way. It describes the situation of women against the backdrop of the national land reform campaign and the formation of mutual aid groups in the early 1950s and examines state attempts to develop local village leadership by assigning cadres. It explores the interaction between local women and young urban women organizers who conducted house-to-house mobilization of women while contending with their own problems of children left behind in the cities.Less
This chapter examines how Chinese village women campaigned and embodied state initiatives in a localized, even personalized way. It describes the situation of women against the backdrop of the national land reform campaign and the formation of mutual aid groups in the early 1950s and examines state attempts to develop local village leadership by assigning cadres. It explores the interaction between local women and young urban women organizers who conducted house-to-house mobilization of women while contending with their own problems of children left behind in the cities.
Piers J. Hale
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226108490
- eISBN:
- 9780226108520
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226108520.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
In ‘The Struggle for Existence’ (1888) Huxley portrayed nature as a Malthusian gladiators arena in which only the strong survived. While this was the context from which humans had evolved, mankind ...
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In ‘The Struggle for Existence’ (1888) Huxley portrayed nature as a Malthusian gladiators arena in which only the strong survived. While this was the context from which humans had evolved, mankind had formed society to oppose these forces. However, anticipating his 1893 essay ‘Evolution and Ethics’, Huxley concluded that although an ethical society would preserve the lives of those that nature would otherwise have destroyed; they would breed and pass on their traits, becoming an ever-greater burden upon the rest. Society would ultimately succumb to struggle once more. The Russian émigré anarchist Peter Kropotkin communicated his vehement disagreement in a series of publications. Mutual aid and cooperation were just as much a factor in evolution as competition, especially among social species. While Huxley based his account of evolution on the competitive ethic that ran throughout Origin, Kropotkin's account was much closer to what Darwin had written in Descent of Man.Less
In ‘The Struggle for Existence’ (1888) Huxley portrayed nature as a Malthusian gladiators arena in which only the strong survived. While this was the context from which humans had evolved, mankind had formed society to oppose these forces. However, anticipating his 1893 essay ‘Evolution and Ethics’, Huxley concluded that although an ethical society would preserve the lives of those that nature would otherwise have destroyed; they would breed and pass on their traits, becoming an ever-greater burden upon the rest. Society would ultimately succumb to struggle once more. The Russian émigré anarchist Peter Kropotkin communicated his vehement disagreement in a series of publications. Mutual aid and cooperation were just as much a factor in evolution as competition, especially among social species. While Huxley based his account of evolution on the competitive ethic that ran throughout Origin, Kropotkin's account was much closer to what Darwin had written in Descent of Man.
Shakhar Rahav
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199382262
- eISBN:
- 9780190238971
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199382262.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Asian History, Political History
This chapter presents the circumstances and motivations that led Yun Daiying to found The Mutual Aid Society (Huzhu she). Although cultural-political societies are often mentioned as the seedbed of ...
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This chapter presents the circumstances and motivations that led Yun Daiying to found The Mutual Aid Society (Huzhu she). Although cultural-political societies are often mentioned as the seedbed of May Fourth and of the later political parties, the chapter shows how difficult it was in fact to found such societies and sustain them. The chapter details the process of the Mutual Aid Society’s founding and the practices of its members. It demonstrates that the Society incorporated such diverse influences as neo-Confucian practices of cultivating virtue, Qigong practice, Kropotkinian anarchism, and YMCA missionaries. The chapter shows how the Society’s members strove to become a cohort of individuals whose moral conduct would help save the nation. The Society became a nucleus of activity that influenced other new culture activists throughout the region, while growing currents of nationalism led its members to greater interaction with their social environment.Less
This chapter presents the circumstances and motivations that led Yun Daiying to found The Mutual Aid Society (Huzhu she). Although cultural-political societies are often mentioned as the seedbed of May Fourth and of the later political parties, the chapter shows how difficult it was in fact to found such societies and sustain them. The chapter details the process of the Mutual Aid Society’s founding and the practices of its members. It demonstrates that the Society incorporated such diverse influences as neo-Confucian practices of cultivating virtue, Qigong practice, Kropotkinian anarchism, and YMCA missionaries. The chapter shows how the Society’s members strove to become a cohort of individuals whose moral conduct would help save the nation. The Society became a nucleus of activity that influenced other new culture activists throughout the region, while growing currents of nationalism led its members to greater interaction with their social environment.
Geoffrey Finlayson
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198227601
- eISBN:
- 9780191678752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227601.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the role of voluntarism to social welfare in Great Britain from 1830 to 1991. It suggests that the strengths of the voluntary sector ...
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This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the role of voluntarism to social welfare in Great Britain from 1830 to 1991. It suggests that the strengths of the voluntary sector has been seen to lie in the opportunities which it gave individuals initiative, and to participation in self-governing societies of a mutual-aid or charitable nature. Even when the political system became more democratic, voluntary agencies remained a vehicle of participation in delivering social welfare.Less
This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the role of voluntarism to social welfare in Great Britain from 1830 to 1991. It suggests that the strengths of the voluntary sector has been seen to lie in the opportunities which it gave individuals initiative, and to participation in self-governing societies of a mutual-aid or charitable nature. Even when the political system became more democratic, voluntary agencies remained a vehicle of participation in delivering social welfare.
Paul Spicker
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861348418
- eISBN:
- 9781447302704
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861348418.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter discusses the concept of fraternity and the concept of solidarity. It looks especially at their relationship and differences. Fraternity is based on the idea that people have ...
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This chapter discusses the concept of fraternity and the concept of solidarity. It looks especially at their relationship and differences. Fraternity is based on the idea that people have responsibilities to each other. It incorporates the ideals of collective action, cooperation and mutual aid. ‘Solidarity’ refers to the same kind of ideal as fraternity — primarily, obligations and mutual support between people. The concepts of solidarity and fraternity share a commitment to mutual aid and social responsibility. Solidarity differs from fraternity by emphasising moral obligation, rather than cooperation, as the binding force which guides social action. Solidarity includes issues of the common good, reciprocity and social responsibility.Less
This chapter discusses the concept of fraternity and the concept of solidarity. It looks especially at their relationship and differences. Fraternity is based on the idea that people have responsibilities to each other. It incorporates the ideals of collective action, cooperation and mutual aid. ‘Solidarity’ refers to the same kind of ideal as fraternity — primarily, obligations and mutual support between people. The concepts of solidarity and fraternity share a commitment to mutual aid and social responsibility. Solidarity differs from fraternity by emphasising moral obligation, rather than cooperation, as the binding force which guides social action. Solidarity includes issues of the common good, reciprocity and social responsibility.
MELISSA WALKER
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813124094
- eISBN:
- 9780813134789
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813124094.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This chapter examines the experiences of rural people in the American South as they relate to the rural transformation and discusses their community of shared memory. It analyses the stories of ...
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This chapter examines the experiences of rural people in the American South as they relate to the rural transformation and discusses their community of shared memory. It analyses the stories of African American sharecropper Susie Weathersbee and white landowner Arthur Little from North Carolina. The findings suggest that rural southerners believed that particular elements of their lives made them different from those who did not live on the land, and their sense of shared identity remained remarkably consistent across generational and geographic lines. The result also indicate that they linked productivity with virtue and cooperation and a commitment to self-sufficiency, mutual aid, and a strong work ethic were central characteristics of their community of memory.Less
This chapter examines the experiences of rural people in the American South as they relate to the rural transformation and discusses their community of shared memory. It analyses the stories of African American sharecropper Susie Weathersbee and white landowner Arthur Little from North Carolina. The findings suggest that rural southerners believed that particular elements of their lives made them different from those who did not live on the land, and their sense of shared identity remained remarkably consistent across generational and geographic lines. The result also indicate that they linked productivity with virtue and cooperation and a commitment to self-sufficiency, mutual aid, and a strong work ethic were central characteristics of their community of memory.
Ruth Kinna
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780748642298
- eISBN:
- 9781474418690
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748642298.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter outlines the idea of 'classical anarchism'. It presents a historiography of anarchism to illustrate the ways that assessments of Kropotkin's work have helped shape and articulate the ...
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This chapter outlines the idea of 'classical anarchism'. It presents a historiography of anarchism to illustrate the ways that assessments of Kropotkin's work have helped shape and articulate the classical idea. The argument is that the representational position that Kropotkin has assumed as a classical anarchist rests on a set of interrelated ideas about science. Kropotkin is a particularly good vehicle for these arguments because his work contains a wealth of scientific tropes. The chapter looks closely at the idea of evolution and at the role that the theory of mutual aid played in the 1960s in establishing Kropotkin's theoretical respectability and his reputation as an advocate gradualist non-violent change.Less
This chapter outlines the idea of 'classical anarchism'. It presents a historiography of anarchism to illustrate the ways that assessments of Kropotkin's work have helped shape and articulate the classical idea. The argument is that the representational position that Kropotkin has assumed as a classical anarchist rests on a set of interrelated ideas about science. Kropotkin is a particularly good vehicle for these arguments because his work contains a wealth of scientific tropes. The chapter looks closely at the idea of evolution and at the role that the theory of mutual aid played in the 1960s in establishing Kropotkin's theoretical respectability and his reputation as an advocate gradualist non-violent change.
Oren Harman
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226569871
- eISBN:
- 9780226570075
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226570075.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Evolution is a game of survival of the fittest, and to survive, organisms have to compete. But does competition always lead to a struggle between and within species, or can it also lead to ...
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Evolution is a game of survival of the fittest, and to survive, organisms have to compete. But does competition always lead to a struggle between and within species, or can it also lead to cooperation? This was the idea advanced by Peter Kropotkin, known as a political anarchist, but in fact also a brilliant biologist. Kropotkin studied nature in the severe landscape of Siberia, and what he found differed from what contemporaries like T.H. Huxley had seen in the tropics: there was plenty of "mutual aid," or cooperation, in nature, and this, he thought, defined the natural state. Blending his view of politics and his view of nature, Kropotkin offered a stark interpretation of Darwin's evolutionary theory, one that was de-emphasized for nearly a century. With cooperation now assuming its rightful role alongside variation and selection in contemporary evolutionary theory, it is worth remembering Kropotkin and his legacy: a dream in which not only the natural world, but also our own human cultures, evolve and thrive through cooperation.Less
Evolution is a game of survival of the fittest, and to survive, organisms have to compete. But does competition always lead to a struggle between and within species, or can it also lead to cooperation? This was the idea advanced by Peter Kropotkin, known as a political anarchist, but in fact also a brilliant biologist. Kropotkin studied nature in the severe landscape of Siberia, and what he found differed from what contemporaries like T.H. Huxley had seen in the tropics: there was plenty of "mutual aid," or cooperation, in nature, and this, he thought, defined the natural state. Blending his view of politics and his view of nature, Kropotkin offered a stark interpretation of Darwin's evolutionary theory, one that was de-emphasized for nearly a century. With cooperation now assuming its rightful role alongside variation and selection in contemporary evolutionary theory, it is worth remembering Kropotkin and his legacy: a dream in which not only the natural world, but also our own human cultures, evolve and thrive through cooperation.
Paul Spicker
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861348418
- eISBN:
- 9781447302704
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861348418.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
Solidarity is strongly identified with actions beyond the scope of government — including domestic, voluntary, charitable and altruistic behaviour. Its practical purposes include a model of ...
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Solidarity is strongly identified with actions beyond the scope of government — including domestic, voluntary, charitable and altruistic behaviour. Its practical purposes include a model of solidarity in rational cooperation and mutual aid and in terms of collective action. The idea of a ‘solidaristic society’, however, is simply tautologous: solidarity is not usually thought of as a model for society, because patterns of solidarity define what a society is. Solidarity is a principle, rather than an ideal, but it is not difficult to imagine a society where people are tied to each other by a sense of mutual obligation and support.Less
Solidarity is strongly identified with actions beyond the scope of government — including domestic, voluntary, charitable and altruistic behaviour. Its practical purposes include a model of solidarity in rational cooperation and mutual aid and in terms of collective action. The idea of a ‘solidaristic society’, however, is simply tautologous: solidarity is not usually thought of as a model for society, because patterns of solidarity define what a society is. Solidarity is a principle, rather than an ideal, but it is not difficult to imagine a society where people are tied to each other by a sense of mutual obligation and support.
Ann Swidler and Susan Cotts Watkins
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691173924
- eISBN:
- 9781400884988
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691173924.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This introductory chapter examines the imaginations as well as the practical concerns of the actors in the drama of AIDS as it has played out in Malawi: altruists' visions of transforming the lives ...
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This introductory chapter examines the imaginations as well as the practical concerns of the actors in the drama of AIDS as it has played out in Malawi: altruists' visions of transforming the lives of those at risk of infection, brokers' visions of upward mobility through new careers in a multitude of AIDS organizations, and villagers' visions of what altruists from afar could do for them. The chapter distinguishes between Malawian networks of mutual aid and the altruists from afar. Those within local networks know each other well. In contrast, the foreign altruists sympathetically imagine afflicted Malawians, but they do not—and usually cannot—know much about their daily lives. The foreign altruists also differ from Malawians in that, while they redistribute resources, they do not expect reciprocity.Less
This introductory chapter examines the imaginations as well as the practical concerns of the actors in the drama of AIDS as it has played out in Malawi: altruists' visions of transforming the lives of those at risk of infection, brokers' visions of upward mobility through new careers in a multitude of AIDS organizations, and villagers' visions of what altruists from afar could do for them. The chapter distinguishes between Malawian networks of mutual aid and the altruists from afar. Those within local networks know each other well. In contrast, the foreign altruists sympathetically imagine afflicted Malawians, but they do not—and usually cannot—know much about their daily lives. The foreign altruists also differ from Malawians in that, while they redistribute resources, they do not expect reciprocity.
Lydia Cabrera
Ivor L. Miller and P. González Gómes-Cásseres (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781496829443
- eISBN:
- 9781496829481
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496829443.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
In 1988, Lydia Cabrera (1899–1991) published La lengua sagrada de los Ñáñigos, an Abakuá phrasebook that is to this day the largest work available on any African diaspora community in the Americas. ...
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In 1988, Lydia Cabrera (1899–1991) published La lengua sagrada de los Ñáñigos, an Abakuá phrasebook that is to this day the largest work available on any African diaspora community in the Americas. In the early 1800s in Cuba, enslaved Africans from the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon created Abakuá societies for protection and mutual aid. Abakuá rites reenact mythic legends of the institution’s history in Africa, using dance, chants, drumming, symbolic writing, herbs, domestic animals, and masked performers to represent African ancestors. Criminalized and scorned in the colonial era, Abakuá members were at the same time contributing to the creation of a unique Cuban culture, including rumba music, now considered a national treasure Translated for the first time into English, Cabrera’s lexicon documents phrases vital to the creation of a specific African-derived identity in Cuba and presents the first ‘insiders’ view of this African heritage. This text presents thoroughly researched commentaries that link hundreds of entries to the context of mythic rites, skilled ritual performance, and the influence of Abakuá in Cuban society and popular music. Generously illustrated with photographs and drawings, this volume includes a new introduction to Cabrera’s writing as well as appendices that situate this important work in Cuba’s history.Less
In 1988, Lydia Cabrera (1899–1991) published La lengua sagrada de los Ñáñigos, an Abakuá phrasebook that is to this day the largest work available on any African diaspora community in the Americas. In the early 1800s in Cuba, enslaved Africans from the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon created Abakuá societies for protection and mutual aid. Abakuá rites reenact mythic legends of the institution’s history in Africa, using dance, chants, drumming, symbolic writing, herbs, domestic animals, and masked performers to represent African ancestors. Criminalized and scorned in the colonial era, Abakuá members were at the same time contributing to the creation of a unique Cuban culture, including rumba music, now considered a national treasure Translated for the first time into English, Cabrera’s lexicon documents phrases vital to the creation of a specific African-derived identity in Cuba and presents the first ‘insiders’ view of this African heritage. This text presents thoroughly researched commentaries that link hundreds of entries to the context of mythic rites, skilled ritual performance, and the influence of Abakuá in Cuban society and popular music. Generously illustrated with photographs and drawings, this volume includes a new introduction to Cabrera’s writing as well as appendices that situate this important work in Cuba’s history.
Louis Corsino
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252038716
- eISBN:
- 9780252096662
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252038716.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
For the greater part of the last century, Chicago Heights Italians found themselves on the wrong end of the cultural, political, and economic hierarchy in the city. This position made it extremely ...
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For the greater part of the last century, Chicago Heights Italians found themselves on the wrong end of the cultural, political, and economic hierarchy in the city. This position made it extremely difficult for Italians to make recognizable gains in social mobility for themselves or their families. This chapter examines the collective mobilization strategies—labor organizing, mutual-aid societies, and ethnic entrepreneurship—that Chicago Heights Italians pursued in response to the diminished opportunities for mobility. Each collective mobilization was fueled by the social capital in the community. Each generated success stories. But each also came up against obstacles that limited their appeal in the Italian community.Less
For the greater part of the last century, Chicago Heights Italians found themselves on the wrong end of the cultural, political, and economic hierarchy in the city. This position made it extremely difficult for Italians to make recognizable gains in social mobility for themselves or their families. This chapter examines the collective mobilization strategies—labor organizing, mutual-aid societies, and ethnic entrepreneurship—that Chicago Heights Italians pursued in response to the diminished opportunities for mobility. Each collective mobilization was fueled by the social capital in the community. Each generated success stories. But each also came up against obstacles that limited their appeal in the Italian community.
Michael Innis-Jiménez
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814785850
- eISBN:
- 9780814760437
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814785850.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This chapter examines the various acts of negotiation and resistance in the everyday lives of Mexican immigrants in South Chicago and the surrounding Mexican communities. It explains how Mexicans in ...
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This chapter examines the various acts of negotiation and resistance in the everyday lives of Mexican immigrants in South Chicago and the surrounding Mexican communities. It explains how Mexicans in the Chicago area developed and used forms of resistance as they sought to improve their everyday life without compromising their sense of pride for Mexico or the facets of their Mexican cultural heritage. The Mexican community showed resistance by acting, reacting, and organizing against harassment, discrimination, and hardship in Chicago. Mexicans in and around South Chicago also formed mutual aid societies, pro-patria clubs, social clubs, and athletic teams in order to reinforce a sense of Mexican cultural solidarity, while simultaneously providing social and economic support for members of their community.Less
This chapter examines the various acts of negotiation and resistance in the everyday lives of Mexican immigrants in South Chicago and the surrounding Mexican communities. It explains how Mexicans in the Chicago area developed and used forms of resistance as they sought to improve their everyday life without compromising their sense of pride for Mexico or the facets of their Mexican cultural heritage. The Mexican community showed resistance by acting, reacting, and organizing against harassment, discrimination, and hardship in Chicago. Mexicans in and around South Chicago also formed mutual aid societies, pro-patria clubs, social clubs, and athletic teams in order to reinforce a sense of Mexican cultural solidarity, while simultaneously providing social and economic support for members of their community.
Esther Chung-Kim
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- April 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780197537732
- eISBN:
- 9780197537763
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780197537732.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity, Religion and Society
Severe persecution and frequent migration threatened the survival of various Anabaptist groups and their leaders who lacked a salary or benefits, unlike magisterial Protestant reformers or Catholic ...
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Severe persecution and frequent migration threatened the survival of various Anabaptist groups and their leaders who lacked a salary or benefits, unlike magisterial Protestant reformers or Catholic clergy. Voluntary leaders like Menno Simons had to sacrifice a stable family life because of traveling visitations and forced migrations. Considered outlaws in most places, Anabaptists could not rely on any state support. The forms of poor relief among Swiss Brethren (including south German and Austrian Anabaptists) and Dutch Mennonites emerged out of a biblical rationale that the church of true believers practiced mutual aid out of love and obedience to Christ’s precepts and example. Anabaptist leaders relied a great deal on the networks of scattered Anabaptist communities, even though any aid to wanted Anabaptist fugitives could lead to criminal punishment. Mutual aid became a defining characteristic of the Anabaptists as a clear sign of faith and good works.Less
Severe persecution and frequent migration threatened the survival of various Anabaptist groups and their leaders who lacked a salary or benefits, unlike magisterial Protestant reformers or Catholic clergy. Voluntary leaders like Menno Simons had to sacrifice a stable family life because of traveling visitations and forced migrations. Considered outlaws in most places, Anabaptists could not rely on any state support. The forms of poor relief among Swiss Brethren (including south German and Austrian Anabaptists) and Dutch Mennonites emerged out of a biblical rationale that the church of true believers practiced mutual aid out of love and obedience to Christ’s precepts and example. Anabaptist leaders relied a great deal on the networks of scattered Anabaptist communities, even though any aid to wanted Anabaptist fugitives could lead to criminal punishment. Mutual aid became a defining characteristic of the Anabaptists as a clear sign of faith and good works.
Kate Bradley
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781526136053
- eISBN:
- 9781526150394
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7765/9781526136077.00011
- Subject:
- History, Social History
Members of trade unions could also access legal advice and support through the mutual aid provision of their union. This emerged through the growth of tort law in the nineteenth century, and the ...
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Members of trade unions could also access legal advice and support through the mutual aid provision of their union. This emerged through the growth of tort law in the nineteenth century, and the unions’ desire to ensure that workers received acceptable treatment in line with the law. As this chapter shows, the Trades Union Congress were highly concerned about the development of the Legal Aid and Advice Act 1949, and how it would impact on union legal provision to members. Until the 1960s, the TUC were a major influence on the development of legal aid and advice provision. Trade union records are also used in this chapter to show how and why members made use of union legal services.Less
Members of trade unions could also access legal advice and support through the mutual aid provision of their union. This emerged through the growth of tort law in the nineteenth century, and the unions’ desire to ensure that workers received acceptable treatment in line with the law. As this chapter shows, the Trades Union Congress were highly concerned about the development of the Legal Aid and Advice Act 1949, and how it would impact on union legal provision to members. Until the 1960s, the TUC were a major influence on the development of legal aid and advice provision. Trade union records are also used in this chapter to show how and why members made use of union legal services.
