Jonathan Fox
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199208852
- eISBN:
- 9780191709005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208852.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This chapter explores the relationship between democratization and decentralization. In Mexico, the government promoted deliberative citizen participation nation-wide in rural municipalities, well ...
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This chapter explores the relationship between democratization and decentralization. In Mexico, the government promoted deliberative citizen participation nation-wide in rural municipalities, well before national electoral democratization. Mexican decentralization empowered municipalities, but it turns out that municipal governance systematically excludes millions of rural people who live outside of the town centers that usually control municipal affairs. Those villages are most directly governed by sub-municipal authorities. In some states and regions these truly local authorities are chosen democratically, representing villagers to the municipality, in others they are designated from above, representing the mayor to the villagers. This chapter explores rural citizens' efforts to hold local governments accountable through three different comparative research strategies: analysis of resource allocation decision-making processes in a representative sample of local rural governments in the state of Oaxaca; comparison of changing municipal-sub-municipal power relations in four rural states (Oaxaca, Guerrero, Hidalgo, and Chiapas); and a nation-wide comparison of the state level laws that govern this invisible ‘sub-municipal regime’.Less
This chapter explores the relationship between democratization and decentralization. In Mexico, the government promoted deliberative citizen participation nation-wide in rural municipalities, well before national electoral democratization. Mexican decentralization empowered municipalities, but it turns out that municipal governance systematically excludes millions of rural people who live outside of the town centers that usually control municipal affairs. Those villages are most directly governed by sub-municipal authorities. In some states and regions these truly local authorities are chosen democratically, representing villagers to the municipality, in others they are designated from above, representing the mayor to the villagers. This chapter explores rural citizens' efforts to hold local governments accountable through three different comparative research strategies: analysis of resource allocation decision-making processes in a representative sample of local rural governments in the state of Oaxaca; comparison of changing municipal-sub-municipal power relations in four rural states (Oaxaca, Guerrero, Hidalgo, and Chiapas); and a nation-wide comparison of the state level laws that govern this invisible ‘sub-municipal regime’.
You‐tien Hsing
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199568048
- eISBN:
- 9780191721632
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199568048.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
Chapter 2 discusses local politics at the municipal government level. It focuses on land battles in the urban core between high‐ranking state units (or “socialist land masters”) ...
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Chapter 2 discusses local politics at the municipal government level. It focuses on land battles in the urban core between high‐ranking state units (or “socialist land masters”) and municipal governments. It argues that while the socialist land masters occupy premium land parcels inherited from the planned economy, the municipal government's authority is reinforced by a modernist discourse, Western urban planning doctrines, and recent policies that grant authority over state‐owned urban land to the territorial government. Rather than settling the matter of power in the city, however, municipal leaders' granted authority is tested and defined by their political, regulatory, organizational, and moral authority in negotiations with those above, within, and below them. The municipal government's regulatory capacity is especially challenged by a fragmented real estate industry that includes players from state, non‐state, and hybrid sectors.Less
Chapter 2 discusses local politics at the municipal government level. It focuses on land battles in the urban core between high‐ranking state units (or “socialist land masters”) and municipal governments. It argues that while the socialist land masters occupy premium land parcels inherited from the planned economy, the municipal government's authority is reinforced by a modernist discourse, Western urban planning doctrines, and recent policies that grant authority over state‐owned urban land to the territorial government. Rather than settling the matter of power in the city, however, municipal leaders' granted authority is tested and defined by their political, regulatory, organizational, and moral authority in negotiations with those above, within, and below them. The municipal government's regulatory capacity is especially challenged by a fragmented real estate industry that includes players from state, non‐state, and hybrid sectors.
You‐tien Hsing
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199568048
- eISBN:
- 9780191721632
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199568048.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
Chapter 4 shifts the geographical focus to the urban edge of metropolitan centers, and from urban to rural land. It outlines the land battles between expansionist urban ...
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Chapter 4 shifts the geographical focus to the urban edge of metropolitan centers, and from urban to rural land. It outlines the land battles between expansionist urban governments at the municipal and district levels and rural governments at the county and township levels. The struggle between urban and rural governments is set in the historical shift in which industrialism has largely given way to urbanism since the late 1990s. Drawing on the changing political discourse, urban governments have moved to incorporate scattered industrial estates formerly controlled by rural governments. As a result, the urban fringe becomes a primary site of capital accumulation, territorial expansion, and consolidation vital to urban governments' local state‐building projects. The urban government's logic of property‐based accumulation and territorial expansion builds on itself and finds expression in massive‐scale mega projects like “new cities” and “university cities” built on former village land in the outskirts of the city.Less
Chapter 4 shifts the geographical focus to the urban edge of metropolitan centers, and from urban to rural land. It outlines the land battles between expansionist urban governments at the municipal and district levels and rural governments at the county and township levels. The struggle between urban and rural governments is set in the historical shift in which industrialism has largely given way to urbanism since the late 1990s. Drawing on the changing political discourse, urban governments have moved to incorporate scattered industrial estates formerly controlled by rural governments. As a result, the urban fringe becomes a primary site of capital accumulation, territorial expansion, and consolidation vital to urban governments' local state‐building projects. The urban government's logic of property‐based accumulation and territorial expansion builds on itself and finds expression in massive‐scale mega projects like “new cities” and “university cities” built on former village land in the outskirts of the city.
Alan Angell
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199289653
- eISBN:
- 9780191710964
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199289653.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Chilean parties have shown a remarkable capacity for survival after years of turbulent ideological polarization followed by a prolonged period of clandestine activity during the Pinochet dictatorship ...
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Chilean parties have shown a remarkable capacity for survival after years of turbulent ideological polarization followed by a prolonged period of clandestine activity during the Pinochet dictatorship 1973-1990. This chapter argues that this is due to the deep historical and social roots of the parties; their capacity to represent most major social groups; and their efficiency as agents of government. A remarkable characteristic since the return to democracy in 1990 is the electoral success of the same coalition in every Presidential, Congressional, and Municipal election. This is explained because the centre-left coalition encompasses the majority of the electorate, because it is seen as the agent of democracy in the long struggle against dictatorship, and because of its sustained and impressive economic performance.Less
Chilean parties have shown a remarkable capacity for survival after years of turbulent ideological polarization followed by a prolonged period of clandestine activity during the Pinochet dictatorship 1973-1990. This chapter argues that this is due to the deep historical and social roots of the parties; their capacity to represent most major social groups; and their efficiency as agents of government. A remarkable characteristic since the return to democracy in 1990 is the electoral success of the same coalition in every Presidential, Congressional, and Municipal election. This is explained because the centre-left coalition encompasses the majority of the electorate, because it is seen as the agent of democracy in the long struggle against dictatorship, and because of its sustained and impressive economic performance.
William Cornish, Michael Lobban, and Keith Smith
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199258819
- eISBN:
- 9780191718151
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199258819.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter treats public international law with a focus upon the extent to which it was allowed to leech into municipal English law, as well as conditioning British conduct of foreign affairs.
This chapter treats public international law with a focus upon the extent to which it was allowed to leech into municipal English law, as well as conditioning British conduct of foreign affairs.
William Cornish, Michael Lobban, and Keith Smith
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199258819
- eISBN:
- 9780191718151
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199258819.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter outlines the emergence of the conflict of laws or private international law, as a distinct discipline within English municipal law; but one that cannot be severed from either the spread ...
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This chapter outlines the emergence of the conflict of laws or private international law, as a distinct discipline within English municipal law; but one that cannot be severed from either the spread of common law in the Empire or the growth of public international law.Less
This chapter outlines the emergence of the conflict of laws or private international law, as a distinct discipline within English municipal law; but one that cannot be severed from either the spread of common law in the Empire or the growth of public international law.
Clarisse Coulomb
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265383
- eISBN:
- 9780191760433
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265383.003.0015
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
Some historians claim that there was no middle-class consciousness in prerevolutionary France. Nevertheless, it was during the eighteenth century that the genre of municipal history reached its ...
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Some historians claim that there was no middle-class consciousness in prerevolutionary France. Nevertheless, it was during the eighteenth century that the genre of municipal history reached its apogee with the publication of around one hundred studies. The pretension of the nobility to embody national freedoms, the debates about commerce and luxury and about patriotism led to the formation of a bourgeois consciousness and collective identity founded on historical arguments: the ideal of the bourgeoisie as a liberating force against the despotism of nobility was already in place before the Revolution. Local history was a political schooling which could explain the demands of community assemblies, in 1788, in favour of doubling the Third Estate's representation within the Estates General.Less
Some historians claim that there was no middle-class consciousness in prerevolutionary France. Nevertheless, it was during the eighteenth century that the genre of municipal history reached its apogee with the publication of around one hundred studies. The pretension of the nobility to embody national freedoms, the debates about commerce and luxury and about patriotism led to the formation of a bourgeois consciousness and collective identity founded on historical arguments: the ideal of the bourgeoisie as a liberating force against the despotism of nobility was already in place before the Revolution. Local history was a political schooling which could explain the demands of community assemblies, in 1788, in favour of doubling the Third Estate's representation within the Estates General.
Julio Escalona
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197266588
- eISBN:
- 9780191896040
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266588.003.0010
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
Local community meetings have long been considered an essential component in the institutional development of the medieval kingdom of León and Castile. Yet the early medieval phases of that ...
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Local community meetings have long been considered an essential component in the institutional development of the medieval kingdom of León and Castile. Yet the early medieval phases of that development are often seen from a teleological perspective, as the formative phase of the more developed and better-known central and later medieval municipal assemblies. This chapter intends to explore the Castilian local community meetings of the period up to AD 1038 in themselves, as a fundamental aspect of the structuring of local sociability, regardless of subsequent evolutions. Building upon the evidence of the preserved charters from this period, the vocabulary, functions and location of such meetings are discussed, along with their scale: whether neighbouring communities engaged in assemblies at a supralocal scale and whether local meetings could acquire a supralocal dimension in certain circumstances.Less
Local community meetings have long been considered an essential component in the institutional development of the medieval kingdom of León and Castile. Yet the early medieval phases of that development are often seen from a teleological perspective, as the formative phase of the more developed and better-known central and later medieval municipal assemblies. This chapter intends to explore the Castilian local community meetings of the period up to AD 1038 in themselves, as a fundamental aspect of the structuring of local sociability, regardless of subsequent evolutions. Building upon the evidence of the preserved charters from this period, the vocabulary, functions and location of such meetings are discussed, along with their scale: whether neighbouring communities engaged in assemblies at a supralocal scale and whether local meetings could acquire a supralocal dimension in certain circumstances.
Stuart Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199258819
- eISBN:
- 9780191718151
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199258819.003.0014
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter discusses local government in the 19th century. At the beginning of the period there was local authority, exercised through the key Hanoverian agencies of the justices of the peace and ...
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This chapter discusses local government in the 19th century. At the beginning of the period there was local authority, exercised through the key Hanoverian agencies of the justices of the peace and the officers of the parish vestries. In the counties this was the rule of landed property in legal form. Most urban areas with municipal corporations would have a separate magistracy; many had their own quarter sessions that excluded the county justices. In these towns, rule, so far as it went, was usually in the hands of a local oligarchy of the more substantial tradesmen. Overlapping the municipal corporations were local improvement commissioners. These had been created under myriad local Acts of Parliament at the behest of the propertied citizens of each place, with functions that in a different political culture might have been exercised by the corporations. At the end of the 19th century there was instead a network of local authorities of more or less stereotyped legal form, to a contested degree the agents of central government, more usually possessing considerable local autonomy and a legitimacy based on local election.Less
This chapter discusses local government in the 19th century. At the beginning of the period there was local authority, exercised through the key Hanoverian agencies of the justices of the peace and the officers of the parish vestries. In the counties this was the rule of landed property in legal form. Most urban areas with municipal corporations would have a separate magistracy; many had their own quarter sessions that excluded the county justices. In these towns, rule, so far as it went, was usually in the hands of a local oligarchy of the more substantial tradesmen. Overlapping the municipal corporations were local improvement commissioners. These had been created under myriad local Acts of Parliament at the behest of the propertied citizens of each place, with functions that in a different political culture might have been exercised by the corporations. At the end of the 19th century there was instead a network of local authorities of more or less stereotyped legal form, to a contested degree the agents of central government, more usually possessing considerable local autonomy and a legitimacy based on local election.
John Merriman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195072532
- eISBN:
- 9780199867790
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195072532.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
In the first half of the 19th century, France was still characterized by extraordinary regional and linguistic diversity. However, during this period the state increasingly became a central force in ...
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In the first half of the 19th century, France was still characterized by extraordinary regional and linguistic diversity. However, during this period the state increasingly became a central force in the life of French men and women. This book examines the role of municipal policemen (commissaires de police) in this evolution, during which time the police developed into a modern profession. It describes the careers of policemen, how they were hired, the daunting challenges they faced, and the successes they enjoyed, as well as their failures. The chapters describe how the dramatic political issues of the day — including two more revolutions — could bring a sudden, inglorious end to their careers in the police. The study underscores how the police helped the state affirm its primacy, and win the allegiance, or at least the obedience, of most ordinary people. At the same time, it shows how more and more it was the state, and its administrative representatives in each department — the prefects — who called the shots, and not the mayors, further confirming the reach of the French central government. Based on research in the Archives Nationales of France and many departmental archives (archives départementales), this book chronicles the street life of France's growing cities and towns in a time of rapid urbanization as seen through the prism of the men who enforced laws and maintained the peace.Less
In the first half of the 19th century, France was still characterized by extraordinary regional and linguistic diversity. However, during this period the state increasingly became a central force in the life of French men and women. This book examines the role of municipal policemen (commissaires de police) in this evolution, during which time the police developed into a modern profession. It describes the careers of policemen, how they were hired, the daunting challenges they faced, and the successes they enjoyed, as well as their failures. The chapters describe how the dramatic political issues of the day — including two more revolutions — could bring a sudden, inglorious end to their careers in the police. The study underscores how the police helped the state affirm its primacy, and win the allegiance, or at least the obedience, of most ordinary people. At the same time, it shows how more and more it was the state, and its administrative representatives in each department — the prefects — who called the shots, and not the mayors, further confirming the reach of the French central government. Based on research in the Archives Nationales of France and many departmental archives (archives départementales), this book chronicles the street life of France's growing cities and towns in a time of rapid urbanization as seen through the prism of the men who enforced laws and maintained the peace.
Allan A. Tulchin
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199736522
- eISBN:
- 9780199866229
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199736522.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter begins by discussing Nîmes’s political and human geography, focusing on the province of Languedoc. It then discusses the town’s major institutions, including the présidial court, ...
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This chapter begins by discussing Nîmes’s political and human geography, focusing on the province of Languedoc. It then discusses the town’s major institutions, including the présidial court, municipal government, the church and popular piety, and education. It concludes with a discussion of Nîmes’s economic and social structure, including occupational distribution, social stratification, and the town’s factions, which were dominated by men in the legal professions.Less
This chapter begins by discussing Nîmes’s political and human geography, focusing on the province of Languedoc. It then discusses the town’s major institutions, including the présidial court, municipal government, the church and popular piety, and education. It concludes with a discussion of Nîmes’s economic and social structure, including occupational distribution, social stratification, and the town’s factions, which were dominated by men in the legal professions.
Judith N. McArthur and Harold L. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195304862
- eISBN:
- 9780199871537
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304862.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter situates Minnie Fisher Cunningham in the voluntary association culture of the Progressive Era, and traces her emergence as an activist and social reformer in Galveston in the 1910s. ...
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This chapter situates Minnie Fisher Cunningham in the voluntary association culture of the Progressive Era, and traces her emergence as an activist and social reformer in Galveston in the 1910s. Through voluntary associations such as women's clubs and civic organizations, Cunningham and other urban middle-class women invented new roles for themselves as child welfare advocates and municipal housekeepers. Defining the city as an extension of the home and using maternalist rhetoric to deflect male criticism, they shaped a female public culture that was the precondition for the emergence of a broad-based woman suffrage movement. Cunningham followed the path from clubwoman and civic activist to suffragist, serving as president of the Galveston Equal Suffrage Association, and as a travelling organizer for the state suffrage association, which elected her as president in 1915.Less
This chapter situates Minnie Fisher Cunningham in the voluntary association culture of the Progressive Era, and traces her emergence as an activist and social reformer in Galveston in the 1910s. Through voluntary associations such as women's clubs and civic organizations, Cunningham and other urban middle-class women invented new roles for themselves as child welfare advocates and municipal housekeepers. Defining the city as an extension of the home and using maternalist rhetoric to deflect male criticism, they shaped a female public culture that was the precondition for the emergence of a broad-based woman suffrage movement. Cunningham followed the path from clubwoman and civic activist to suffragist, serving as president of the Galveston Equal Suffrage Association, and as a travelling organizer for the state suffrage association, which elected her as president in 1915.
Jan Palmowski
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207504
- eISBN:
- 9780191677700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207504.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter demonstrates that the local government in Frankfurt had become completely politicised by the late 1870s, as a political framework had been established that was to last until the 1920s. ...
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This chapter demonstrates that the local government in Frankfurt had become completely politicised by the late 1870s, as a political framework had been established that was to last until the 1920s. By 1880, not only had the municipal elections become overtly political, but business inside the council, and even the selection of the Magistrat, was conducted according to political ground rules. A comparison with other towns suggests that Frankfurt was not the only place which saw the advent of a vague notion of liberal politics in the 1860s, and where politicization entered a decisive stage in the 1870s. This outcome not only questions seriously the validity of the ‘unpolitical’ German in municipal government. It also challenges the argument that it was the 1890s which constituted the decisive phase of liberal organization.Less
This chapter demonstrates that the local government in Frankfurt had become completely politicised by the late 1870s, as a political framework had been established that was to last until the 1920s. By 1880, not only had the municipal elections become overtly political, but business inside the council, and even the selection of the Magistrat, was conducted according to political ground rules. A comparison with other towns suggests that Frankfurt was not the only place which saw the advent of a vague notion of liberal politics in the 1860s, and where politicization entered a decisive stage in the 1870s. This outcome not only questions seriously the validity of the ‘unpolitical’ German in municipal government. It also challenges the argument that it was the 1890s which constituted the decisive phase of liberal organization.
David Howell
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198203049
- eISBN:
- 9780191719530
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203049.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The National Union of General and Municipal Workers (NUGMW) was the most conformist of all the trade union affiliates of the Labour Party. In normal circumstances its block vote — 201,000 in 1925 and ...
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The National Union of General and Municipal Workers (NUGMW) was the most conformist of all the trade union affiliates of the Labour Party. In normal circumstances its block vote — 201,000 in 1925 and 250,000 five years later — was cast on the side of ‘moderation’ and ‘common sense’. Such predictability did not indicate any lack of interest in politics. In its own terms, the NUGMW was a highly political union in Britain; its support for the party leadership was not unconditional. The union was the product of a protracted amalgamation process that reached fruition during 1924. At the time of amalgamation, the NUGMW was dominated by two men who had administered the union from the earliest days and whose industrial work was complemented by political involvements: Will Thorne and J. R. Clynes. Although two NUGMW officials, Clynes and Margaret Bondfield, sat in the 1929 Cabinet, this did not inhibit the union from keenly pursuing its objectives within a general framework of loyalism.Less
The National Union of General and Municipal Workers (NUGMW) was the most conformist of all the trade union affiliates of the Labour Party. In normal circumstances its block vote — 201,000 in 1925 and 250,000 five years later — was cast on the side of ‘moderation’ and ‘common sense’. Such predictability did not indicate any lack of interest in politics. In its own terms, the NUGMW was a highly political union in Britain; its support for the party leadership was not unconditional. The union was the product of a protracted amalgamation process that reached fruition during 1924. At the time of amalgamation, the NUGMW was dominated by two men who had administered the union from the earliest days and whose industrial work was complemented by political involvements: Will Thorne and J. R. Clynes. Although two NUGMW officials, Clynes and Margaret Bondfield, sat in the 1929 Cabinet, this did not inhibit the union from keenly pursuing its objectives within a general framework of loyalism.
M. Ramachandran
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198073987
- eISBN:
- 9780199080847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198073987.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter discusses the development of the east-west metro rail system in Kolkata. It details the various phases of the project from proposal to implementation. Kolkata is the only city in the ...
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This chapter discusses the development of the east-west metro rail system in Kolkata. It details the various phases of the project from proposal to implementation. Kolkata is the only city in the country which has all modes of transport, from a metro railway and trams to hand-pulled rickshaws, in addition to buses and all other normal vehicles. In 2006, when a DPR for an east-west metro corridor was taken up, the existing Indian Railways-run metro system was operating between Dum Dum and Tollygunge. Looking at Kolkata’s problems is essentially taking into account a larger urban agglomeration consisting of Kolkata Municipal Corporation, Howrah Municipal Corporation, Salt Lake City, and the larger Kolkata Metropolitan Development Area.Less
This chapter discusses the development of the east-west metro rail system in Kolkata. It details the various phases of the project from proposal to implementation. Kolkata is the only city in the country which has all modes of transport, from a metro railway and trams to hand-pulled rickshaws, in addition to buses and all other normal vehicles. In 2006, when a DPR for an east-west metro corridor was taken up, the existing Indian Railways-run metro system was operating between Dum Dum and Tollygunge. Looking at Kolkata’s problems is essentially taking into account a larger urban agglomeration consisting of Kolkata Municipal Corporation, Howrah Municipal Corporation, Salt Lake City, and the larger Kolkata Metropolitan Development Area.
Kathryn Gleadle
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264492
- eISBN:
- 9780191734274
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264492.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter considers how, as ratepayers, householders, electors, parliamentary constituents, petitioners, welfare providers, and policy experts, women in Britain were commonly treated as political ...
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This chapter considers how, as ratepayers, householders, electors, parliamentary constituents, petitioners, welfare providers, and policy experts, women in Britain were commonly treated as political subjects. Women were ‘borderline citizens’ whose status hovered permanently in the interstices of the political nation: their involvement could be evoked and sanctioned as quickly as it could be dismissed and undermined. This chapter focuses on the structural qualities of the political process and the ways in which they variously facilitated or limited female participation. It was in the parish that women enjoyed the most expansive opportunities, yet parochial authority was increasingly eroded in this period thanks to reforms such as the Poor Law Amendment Act and the Municipal Corporations Act. This chapter also discusses the involvement of women in parliamentary elections, local elections, and petitioning.Less
This chapter considers how, as ratepayers, householders, electors, parliamentary constituents, petitioners, welfare providers, and policy experts, women in Britain were commonly treated as political subjects. Women were ‘borderline citizens’ whose status hovered permanently in the interstices of the political nation: their involvement could be evoked and sanctioned as quickly as it could be dismissed and undermined. This chapter focuses on the structural qualities of the political process and the ways in which they variously facilitated or limited female participation. It was in the parish that women enjoyed the most expansive opportunities, yet parochial authority was increasingly eroded in this period thanks to reforms such as the Poor Law Amendment Act and the Municipal Corporations Act. This chapter also discusses the involvement of women in parliamentary elections, local elections, and petitioning.
John Merriman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195072532
- eISBN:
- 9780199867790
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195072532.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This final chapter describes and analyzes the gradual victory of state centralization over recurrent municipal claims of authority over the commissaires de police. It takes as its central example the ...
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This final chapter describes and analyzes the gradual victory of state centralization over recurrent municipal claims of authority over the commissaires de police. It takes as its central example the case of Lyon, then France's second city, where a series of mayors put forth claims that the municipality, which paid the police out of the municipal budget, should be the predominant authority over municipal police, and not the prefect. Toulouse and Strasbourg provide similar examples. In the end, state centralization, and thus the central government and its chief authority in each département, won out.Less
This final chapter describes and analyzes the gradual victory of state centralization over recurrent municipal claims of authority over the commissaires de police. It takes as its central example the case of Lyon, then France's second city, where a series of mayors put forth claims that the municipality, which paid the police out of the municipal budget, should be the predominant authority over municipal police, and not the prefect. Toulouse and Strasbourg provide similar examples. In the end, state centralization, and thus the central government and its chief authority in each département, won out.
F. A. Mann
- Published in print:
- 1986
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198255642
- eISBN:
- 9780191681615
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198255642.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This book describes and analyses the attitudes and techniques which English judges adopt or ought to adopt when confronted with problems arising from the conduct of foreign policy by the Executive. ...
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This book describes and analyses the attitudes and techniques which English judges adopt or ought to adopt when confronted with problems arising from the conduct of foreign policy by the Executive. Its central theme, therefore, is the relationship of the Executive and the judiciary in matters involving foreign relations rather than the formulation of rules of substantive law, whether municipal or international law.Less
This book describes and analyses the attitudes and techniques which English judges adopt or ought to adopt when confronted with problems arising from the conduct of foreign policy by the Executive. Its central theme, therefore, is the relationship of the Executive and the judiciary in matters involving foreign relations rather than the formulation of rules of substantive law, whether municipal or international law.
Eric Harwit
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199233748
- eISBN:
- 9780191715556
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233748.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter examines the ways a key city in China, namely Shanghai, built both its telecommunications infrastructure and operations services. It highlights the policy process at the municipal level ...
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This chapter examines the ways a key city in China, namely Shanghai, built both its telecommunications infrastructure and operations services. It highlights the policy process at the municipal level and indicates how city officials can work to develop this key sector. The chapter first briefly presents patterns of local government policies to build communications networks. It then focuses on the city of Shanghai to see how the regional government acted to build the industry. It probes for ways officials outside of the central system have contributed to building the sector on a regional basis. In doing so, it includes case study focus on several key companies, including Shanghai Unicom, AT&T, Eastday.com, and several key municipal corporations. It concludes that a scrupulous municipal government, working with a supportive national government and foreign investors that remained under control, could bring about effective economic growth in a key sector such as telecommunications.Less
This chapter examines the ways a key city in China, namely Shanghai, built both its telecommunications infrastructure and operations services. It highlights the policy process at the municipal level and indicates how city officials can work to develop this key sector. The chapter first briefly presents patterns of local government policies to build communications networks. It then focuses on the city of Shanghai to see how the regional government acted to build the industry. It probes for ways officials outside of the central system have contributed to building the sector on a regional basis. In doing so, it includes case study focus on several key companies, including Shanghai Unicom, AT&T, Eastday.com, and several key municipal corporations. It concludes that a scrupulous municipal government, working with a supportive national government and foreign investors that remained under control, could bring about effective economic growth in a key sector such as telecommunications.
J. Eric Oliver, Shang E. Ha, and Zachary Callen
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691143552
- eISBN:
- 9781400842544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691143552.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter considers the types of people who run for office and the types of campaigns they run. It examines the impact of factors such as personal ambition, civic responsibility, mobilizing ...
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This chapter considers the types of people who run for office and the types of campaigns they run. It examines the impact of factors such as personal ambition, civic responsibility, mobilizing issues, personal gain, and political indignation by looking at a large sample of local politicians (i.e., unsuccessful candidates and elected officials) from the greater Chicago metropolitan area. The small size, limited scope, and low bias of most Chicago-area municipal governments mean that these local politicians, like local voters, tend to be stakeholders in their communities. They are very concerned with issues of economic development and quality of life, yet are drawn into public affairs primarily from a sense of civic duty and an attachment to their towns. They are motivated less by ideology, partisanship, or even personal ambition, than by a public-spirited commitment to sustaining the quality of their communities.Less
This chapter considers the types of people who run for office and the types of campaigns they run. It examines the impact of factors such as personal ambition, civic responsibility, mobilizing issues, personal gain, and political indignation by looking at a large sample of local politicians (i.e., unsuccessful candidates and elected officials) from the greater Chicago metropolitan area. The small size, limited scope, and low bias of most Chicago-area municipal governments mean that these local politicians, like local voters, tend to be stakeholders in their communities. They are very concerned with issues of economic development and quality of life, yet are drawn into public affairs primarily from a sense of civic duty and an attachment to their towns. They are motivated less by ideology, partisanship, or even personal ambition, than by a public-spirited commitment to sustaining the quality of their communities.
