Lorene M. Nelson, Caroline M. Tanner, Stephen K. Van Den Eeden, and Valerie M. McGuire
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195133790
- eISBN:
- 9780199863730
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195133790.003.06
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter covers five movement disorders: Parkinson's disease, dystonia, tic disorders, Huntington's disease, and essential tremor. These disorders demonstrate many of the most common challenges ...
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This chapter covers five movement disorders: Parkinson's disease, dystonia, tic disorders, Huntington's disease, and essential tremor. These disorders demonstrate many of the most common challenges encountered in the epidemiologic investigation of movement disorders. Each section includes a description of the disease, followed by a review of descriptive studies (disease incidence, prevalence, and mortality studies), and discussion of genetic and environmental risk factors for the disorder. At the end of each section, directions for future studies are discussed.Less
This chapter covers five movement disorders: Parkinson's disease, dystonia, tic disorders, Huntington's disease, and essential tremor. These disorders demonstrate many of the most common challenges encountered in the epidemiologic investigation of movement disorders. Each section includes a description of the disease, followed by a review of descriptive studies (disease incidence, prevalence, and mortality studies), and discussion of genetic and environmental risk factors for the disorder. At the end of each section, directions for future studies are discussed.
Robert Riener
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195177619
- eISBN:
- 9780199864683
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177619.003.0022
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter focuses on the new strategies and devices that can mitigate movement disorders caused by lesions of the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), and the ...
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This chapter focuses on the new strategies and devices that can mitigate movement disorders caused by lesions of the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), and the musculoskeletal system. Topics discussed include pathologies of the human motor system, natural and artificial mechanisms of movement restoration, neurorehabilitation robotics, automated gait-training devices, automated training devices for the upper extremities, and neuroprosthetics.Less
This chapter focuses on the new strategies and devices that can mitigate movement disorders caused by lesions of the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), and the musculoskeletal system. Topics discussed include pathologies of the human motor system, natural and artificial mechanisms of movement restoration, neurorehabilitation robotics, automated gait-training devices, automated training devices for the upper extremities, and neuroprosthetics.
James B. Rowe and Noham Wolpe
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780190267278
- eISBN:
- 9780190267308
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190267278.003.0018
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Social Psychology
The ability to act voluntarily is fundamentally important to humans, yet it can be impaired by many neurological conditions. These can lead to several disorders of volition, affecting the control of ...
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The ability to act voluntarily is fundamentally important to humans, yet it can be impaired by many neurological conditions. These can lead to several disorders of volition, affecting the control of voluntary action and the sense of agency. This chapter considers three different groups of neurological disease: movement disorders, dementia, and focal brain lesions. These conditions can cause involuntary movements, apraxia, automatic behaviors, alien limb, or anarchic hand—all reflecting different abnormalities in the awareness and control of actions. Historically, these clinical phenomena have enabled a detailed mapping of the functional anatomy of volitional control. This chapter shows how recent developments in cognitive neuroscience have been used to study agency in neurological conditions. It also illustrates how brain imaging has provided new insights into awareness of, and attention to, action in neurological disease.Less
The ability to act voluntarily is fundamentally important to humans, yet it can be impaired by many neurological conditions. These can lead to several disorders of volition, affecting the control of voluntary action and the sense of agency. This chapter considers three different groups of neurological disease: movement disorders, dementia, and focal brain lesions. These conditions can cause involuntary movements, apraxia, automatic behaviors, alien limb, or anarchic hand—all reflecting different abnormalities in the awareness and control of actions. Historically, these clinical phenomena have enabled a detailed mapping of the functional anatomy of volitional control. This chapter shows how recent developments in cognitive neuroscience have been used to study agency in neurological conditions. It also illustrates how brain imaging has provided new insights into awareness of, and attention to, action in neurological disease.
Michael I. Polkey
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198530039
- eISBN:
- 9780191730450
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198530039.003.0008
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
This chapter discusses the function of respiratory muscles and their interaction with the respiratory system in health and disease. Dyspnoea generally occurs when the load on the respiratory muscle ...
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This chapter discusses the function of respiratory muscles and their interaction with the respiratory system in health and disease. Dyspnoea generally occurs when the load on the respiratory muscle pump exceeds its capacity. It also occurs when respiratory muscle weakness, abnormalities in the respiratory muscle control, and irregularities in the skeletal muscle occur. The chapter begins with a discussion on the respiratory muscle in healthy individuals and then examines its contribution to breathlessness in disease. Respiratory muscle functions that may contribute to breathlessness include respiratory muscle weakness, respiratory movement disorder, COPD, and chronic heart failure (CHF). The chapter also provides a brief discussion on respiratory muscle function in cancer patients.Less
This chapter discusses the function of respiratory muscles and their interaction with the respiratory system in health and disease. Dyspnoea generally occurs when the load on the respiratory muscle pump exceeds its capacity. It also occurs when respiratory muscle weakness, abnormalities in the respiratory muscle control, and irregularities in the skeletal muscle occur. The chapter begins with a discussion on the respiratory muscle in healthy individuals and then examines its contribution to breathlessness in disease. Respiratory muscle functions that may contribute to breathlessness include respiratory muscle weakness, respiratory movement disorder, COPD, and chronic heart failure (CHF). The chapter also provides a brief discussion on respiratory muscle function in cancer patients.
Kélina Gotman
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- December 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190840419
- eISBN:
- 9780190840457
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190840419.003.0009
- Subject:
- Music, Dance
Choreomania became distinctly political. Missionary physicians and neuroscientists stationed in Madagascar and Brazil compared trance-like revolutionary uprisings to the literature on choreomania. ...
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Choreomania became distinctly political. Missionary physicians and neuroscientists stationed in Madagascar and Brazil compared trance-like revolutionary uprisings to the literature on choreomania. Unlike earlier cases, however, these ‘movement disorders’, large-scale anti-colonial demonstrations characterized by shaking, frothing, falling, and visions—as well as, in Madagascar, ancestor worship—tipped ‘choreomania’ (and ‘epidemic chorea’) into the realm of government administration. Worried that uprisings could take place in other colonies, physicians argued that choreomania spread by pathological sympathy; it migrated. Demonstrators angered at the missionaries’ black hats, gathering at sacred sites, convulsing, and ultimately unseating a pro-European king represent, following Giorgio Agamben, a form of ecstasy-belonging: a state of exception characterized by spirit possession and repossession, through which they take back what is rightly theirs. The disorder of ‘choreomania’ represents a choreopolitics of revolt. Similarly, in Brazil, revolutionary underclasses gathered together in what was dismissed as a ‘choreomaniacal’ epidemic of delusion—a religious psychosis.Less
Choreomania became distinctly political. Missionary physicians and neuroscientists stationed in Madagascar and Brazil compared trance-like revolutionary uprisings to the literature on choreomania. Unlike earlier cases, however, these ‘movement disorders’, large-scale anti-colonial demonstrations characterized by shaking, frothing, falling, and visions—as well as, in Madagascar, ancestor worship—tipped ‘choreomania’ (and ‘epidemic chorea’) into the realm of government administration. Worried that uprisings could take place in other colonies, physicians argued that choreomania spread by pathological sympathy; it migrated. Demonstrators angered at the missionaries’ black hats, gathering at sacred sites, convulsing, and ultimately unseating a pro-European king represent, following Giorgio Agamben, a form of ecstasy-belonging: a state of exception characterized by spirit possession and repossession, through which they take back what is rightly theirs. The disorder of ‘choreomania’ represents a choreopolitics of revolt. Similarly, in Brazil, revolutionary underclasses gathered together in what was dismissed as a ‘choreomaniacal’ epidemic of delusion—a religious psychosis.
Mark Selikowitz
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780198867371
- eISBN:
- 9780191904127
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198867371.003.0004
- Subject:
- Clinical Medicine and Allied Health, Clinical Medicine
This chapter describes two quite different types of excessive movement that may occur in a child with ADHD, although it is important to note that many children with ADHD are not overactive. The first ...
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This chapter describes two quite different types of excessive movement that may occur in a child with ADHD, although it is important to note that many children with ADHD are not overactive. The first type is the hyperactivity, also called overactivity, that occurs as part of the condition in some, but by no means all, children with the disorder. The second type of excessive movement is a tic disorder. By definition, a tic disorder is a type of sudden, repetitive movement (motor tic) or vocalization (vocal tic). Both of these types of tics are more common in children with ADHD.Less
This chapter describes two quite different types of excessive movement that may occur in a child with ADHD, although it is important to note that many children with ADHD are not overactive. The first type is the hyperactivity, also called overactivity, that occurs as part of the condition in some, but by no means all, children with the disorder. The second type of excessive movement is a tic disorder. By definition, a tic disorder is a type of sudden, repetitive movement (motor tic) or vocalization (vocal tic). Both of these types of tics are more common in children with ADHD.
Max Fink MD
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195365740
- eISBN:
- 9780197562604
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195365740.003.0011
- Subject:
- Clinical Medicine and Allied Health, Psychiatry
Patients with mental disorders exhibit a range of abnormal movements. The severely depressed are given to hand wringing, pacing, and restlessness. Others lie in bed, stare into space, and posture ...
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Patients with mental disorders exhibit a range of abnormal movements. The severely depressed are given to hand wringing, pacing, and restlessness. Others lie in bed, stare into space, and posture for hours or days. At times, this behavior is so extreme as to be a stupor. Psychotic patients exhibit tremors or peculiar facial and body movements described as parkinsonism, dystonia, or dyskinesia. Manic patients are in constant motion. Children and adolescents bang their heads and pick at their skin, injuring themselves. Little attention is paid to such behavior unless it overwhelms the patient’s life, but it does distress the patient, the family, and the community. These motor symptoms often bring psychiatric patients to medical care. Catatonia is the motor syndrome characterized by muscular rigidity, unusual posturing, negativism (refusal to obey simple commands), mutism (persistent silence), echolalia (repetition of what has been said), echopraxia (imitation of movements), and repeated stereotyped mannerisms. It appears suddenly and quickly immobilizes the patient or it appears insidiously. When it dominates behavior and threatens the patient’s life by the failure to eat or drink, treatment becomes compulsory. Forced feeding, bedsores resulting from immobility, muscular atrophy, bladder catheterization and consequent infection, and blood clots in immobilized limbs all take a terrible toll. If the clots move to the lungs or brain, stroke or death may ensue. Catatonia was first described as a consequence of intense emotional anguish and tension. Although the movements frequently respond to sedative drugs, ECT is a more complete and effective treatment. The condition is frequently seen in patients with affective illnesses— both depression and mania—in patients with systemic disorders, and in those with toxic brain states caused by hallucinogenic drugs. For decades, the prevailing belief in psychiatry was that each instance of catatonia represented a type of schizophrenia. The major classification systems in psychiatry—the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association and the International Classification of Diseases—assigned to all patients with catatonia the diagnosis of schizophrenia, catatonic type. As a consequence, few patients were treated with anticonvulsant sedatives or with ECT, because those treatments were not recognized as effective in schizophrenia.
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Patients with mental disorders exhibit a range of abnormal movements. The severely depressed are given to hand wringing, pacing, and restlessness. Others lie in bed, stare into space, and posture for hours or days. At times, this behavior is so extreme as to be a stupor. Psychotic patients exhibit tremors or peculiar facial and body movements described as parkinsonism, dystonia, or dyskinesia. Manic patients are in constant motion. Children and adolescents bang their heads and pick at their skin, injuring themselves. Little attention is paid to such behavior unless it overwhelms the patient’s life, but it does distress the patient, the family, and the community. These motor symptoms often bring psychiatric patients to medical care. Catatonia is the motor syndrome characterized by muscular rigidity, unusual posturing, negativism (refusal to obey simple commands), mutism (persistent silence), echolalia (repetition of what has been said), echopraxia (imitation of movements), and repeated stereotyped mannerisms. It appears suddenly and quickly immobilizes the patient or it appears insidiously. When it dominates behavior and threatens the patient’s life by the failure to eat or drink, treatment becomes compulsory. Forced feeding, bedsores resulting from immobility, muscular atrophy, bladder catheterization and consequent infection, and blood clots in immobilized limbs all take a terrible toll. If the clots move to the lungs or brain, stroke or death may ensue. Catatonia was first described as a consequence of intense emotional anguish and tension. Although the movements frequently respond to sedative drugs, ECT is a more complete and effective treatment. The condition is frequently seen in patients with affective illnesses— both depression and mania—in patients with systemic disorders, and in those with toxic brain states caused by hallucinogenic drugs. For decades, the prevailing belief in psychiatry was that each instance of catatonia represented a type of schizophrenia. The major classification systems in psychiatry—the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association and the International Classification of Diseases—assigned to all patients with catatonia the diagnosis of schizophrenia, catatonic type. As a consequence, few patients were treated with anticonvulsant sedatives or with ECT, because those treatments were not recognized as effective in schizophrenia.
Itzhak Fried
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262027205
- eISBN:
- 9780262323994
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027205.003.0002
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Research and Theory
The early history of human single neuron recording, from the first published example in 1955, is reviewed, including investigations of the pathophysiology of epilepsy and movement disorders, and ...
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The early history of human single neuron recording, from the first published example in 1955, is reviewed, including investigations of the pathophysiology of epilepsy and movement disorders, and during cognitive measures. The special issues related to applying the technique to studies of cognition are then discussed, including ethical considerations, choice of behaviors to be assessed, control measures, effects of subjects’ underlying disease, and the relation between information derived from these recordings and other methods for investigating the neurobiology of human cognition.Less
The early history of human single neuron recording, from the first published example in 1955, is reviewed, including investigations of the pathophysiology of epilepsy and movement disorders, and during cognitive measures. The special issues related to applying the technique to studies of cognition are then discussed, including ethical considerations, choice of behaviors to be assessed, control measures, effects of subjects’ underlying disease, and the relation between information derived from these recordings and other methods for investigating the neurobiology of human cognition.
Allan Hugh Cole Jr.
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- April 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780190672928
- eISBN:
- 9780197570180
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190672928.003.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
Through personal narrative, this chapter details the author’s experience of first becoming aware that something was not right with his body. This experience leads to visiting his primary care doctor ...
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Through personal narrative, this chapter details the author’s experience of first becoming aware that something was not right with his body. This experience leads to visiting his primary care doctor who tells him that she is concerned about the possibility of his having Parkinson’s disease and then refers the author to a neurologist who is a movement disorder specialist. He is examined by this neurologist, who says, “What worries me is that I think you are in the early stages of Parkinson’s disease,” but who wants the author to have a brain scan that will confirm the clinical diagnosis given his young age and subtle symptoms. The author leaves his office, drives home, and informs his wife that this doctor thinks he have Parkinson’s disease. Here begins his new life as a person with Parkinson’s (PwP).Less
Through personal narrative, this chapter details the author’s experience of first becoming aware that something was not right with his body. This experience leads to visiting his primary care doctor who tells him that she is concerned about the possibility of his having Parkinson’s disease and then refers the author to a neurologist who is a movement disorder specialist. He is examined by this neurologist, who says, “What worries me is that I think you are in the early stages of Parkinson’s disease,” but who wants the author to have a brain scan that will confirm the clinical diagnosis given his young age and subtle symptoms. The author leaves his office, drives home, and informs his wife that this doctor thinks he have Parkinson’s disease. Here begins his new life as a person with Parkinson’s (PwP).
Allan Hugh Cole Jr.
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- April 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780190672928
- eISBN:
- 9780197570180
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190672928.003.0005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This chapter details a painful period of hiding the author’s illness from others, meaning before he shared his diagnosis publicly. The author recounts the experience of a strange phone call that a ...
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This chapter details a painful period of hiding the author’s illness from others, meaning before he shared his diagnosis publicly. The author recounts the experience of a strange phone call that a physician’s office in Houston made to his parents in North Carolina looking for him, which led to him lying to his mother about his health status. The author also reflects on his discomfort in a work meeting as he sat beside a colleague who is a neurologist, assuming that he could tell that the author had Parkinson’s. He also shares the experience of affiliating with a movement disorder clinic at Houston Methodist Hospital, where he could know about and participate in clinical trials.Less
This chapter details a painful period of hiding the author’s illness from others, meaning before he shared his diagnosis publicly. The author recounts the experience of a strange phone call that a physician’s office in Houston made to his parents in North Carolina looking for him, which led to him lying to his mother about his health status. The author also reflects on his discomfort in a work meeting as he sat beside a colleague who is a neurologist, assuming that he could tell that the author had Parkinson’s. He also shares the experience of affiliating with a movement disorder clinic at Houston Methodist Hospital, where he could know about and participate in clinical trials.