Minoru Fukuda, Urs Rutishauser, and Ronald L. Schnaar (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198525387
- eISBN:
- 9780191723872
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525387.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
In the past decade, there have been tremendous developments in the understanding of the structure, biosynthesis, and function of glycoconjugates present in the nervous system. These developments were ...
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In the past decade, there have been tremendous developments in the understanding of the structure, biosynthesis, and function of glycoconjugates present in the nervous system. These developments were initiated by advances in the molecular cloning of glycosyltransferases that direct the synthesis of these complex carbohydrates. In particular, the molecular cloning of polysialyltransferases, HNK-1 sulfotransferase, ganglioside sialyltransferases, and proteoglycan sulfotransferases provided a great opportunity to determine the roles of these glycans in the nervous system. Moreover, the availability of gene inactivation by homologous recombination in mouse, the ‘knockout mouse’, has led to an explosion of knowledge in understanding the physiological functions of glycoconjugates during embryonic development and organogenesis. In certain studies, the physiological function of glycoconjugates in adult mice can be evaluated in depth by examining the phenotype of adult knockout mice. This book focuses on topics in and expands descriptions of neuroglycobiology, based on recent advances in this field. The book includes eight chapters from various authors representing the field of neuroglycobiology. In the first two chapters, the biosynthesis and roles of glycoprotein glycosylation are described. Chapter 3 describes HNK-1 glycans. Chapter 4 describes the biosynthesis and roles of the brain glycolipids. The biosynthetic pathway and the roles of gangliosides based on gene knockout mice are described in Chapter 5. The final two chapters are devoted to summarizing recent findings on diseases caused by abnormal metabolism in glycoproteins and glycolipids.Less
In the past decade, there have been tremendous developments in the understanding of the structure, biosynthesis, and function of glycoconjugates present in the nervous system. These developments were initiated by advances in the molecular cloning of glycosyltransferases that direct the synthesis of these complex carbohydrates. In particular, the molecular cloning of polysialyltransferases, HNK-1 sulfotransferase, ganglioside sialyltransferases, and proteoglycan sulfotransferases provided a great opportunity to determine the roles of these glycans in the nervous system. Moreover, the availability of gene inactivation by homologous recombination in mouse, the ‘knockout mouse’, has led to an explosion of knowledge in understanding the physiological functions of glycoconjugates during embryonic development and organogenesis. In certain studies, the physiological function of glycoconjugates in adult mice can be evaluated in depth by examining the phenotype of adult knockout mice. This book focuses on topics in and expands descriptions of neuroglycobiology, based on recent advances in this field. The book includes eight chapters from various authors representing the field of neuroglycobiology. In the first two chapters, the biosynthesis and roles of glycoprotein glycosylation are described. Chapter 3 describes HNK-1 glycans. Chapter 4 describes the biosynthesis and roles of the brain glycolipids. The biosynthetic pathway and the roles of gangliosides based on gene knockout mice are described in Chapter 5. The final two chapters are devoted to summarizing recent findings on diseases caused by abnormal metabolism in glycoproteins and glycolipids.
Nikolas Rose and Joelle M. Abi-Rached
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149608
- eISBN:
- 9781400846337
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149608.003.0004
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
This chapter discusses the use of animals to explore issues relating to human cognition, emotion, volition, and their pathologies. Researchers who use animal models in their work point to ...
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This chapter discusses the use of animals to explore issues relating to human cognition, emotion, volition, and their pathologies. Researchers who use animal models in their work point to similarities in the genomes of the two species, in the structure of mouse and human brain, in patterns of brain activation, in neural mechanisms at the cellular and molecular level, in responses to drugs and so forth, perhaps with reference to evolution and the principle of conservation across species when it comes to the most basic aspects of living organisms, including their brains. The chapter then examines four interconnected themes: the question of the artificiality of the laboratory situation within which animal experiments are conducted; the idea of a model in behavioral and psychiatric research; the specificity of the human and the elision of history and human sociality; and the problem of translation.Less
This chapter discusses the use of animals to explore issues relating to human cognition, emotion, volition, and their pathologies. Researchers who use animal models in their work point to similarities in the genomes of the two species, in the structure of mouse and human brain, in patterns of brain activation, in neural mechanisms at the cellular and molecular level, in responses to drugs and so forth, perhaps with reference to evolution and the principle of conservation across species when it comes to the most basic aspects of living organisms, including their brains. The chapter then examines four interconnected themes: the question of the artificiality of the laboratory situation within which animal experiments are conducted; the idea of a model in behavioral and psychiatric research; the specificity of the human and the elision of history and human sociality; and the problem of translation.
Jane L. Hurst and Robert J. Beynon
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199216840
- eISBN:
- 9780191712043
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216840.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Scents play a central role in rodent societies, communicating information about identity (species, sex, individual, kinship) and status (social, reproductive, health, age). This requires the ...
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Scents play a central role in rodent societies, communicating information about identity (species, sex, individual, kinship) and status (social, reproductive, health, age). This requires the interaction between volatile and involatile molecular components of scents, the spatial deposition pattern of scent marks, and time of deposition. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and major urinary proteins (MUPs) are both highly polymorphic systems that contribute to scents. Most studies have focused on MHC in inbred laboratory rodents. However, studies of wild rodents are revealing that MUPs provide a species and sex-specific genetic identity signature that also underlies individual and kin recognition in house mice. MUPs are mediators of both identity and current status information. Although MHC contributes to the recognition of familiar scents, there is little evidence that it provides direct information about genetic identity.Less
Scents play a central role in rodent societies, communicating information about identity (species, sex, individual, kinship) and status (social, reproductive, health, age). This requires the interaction between volatile and involatile molecular components of scents, the spatial deposition pattern of scent marks, and time of deposition. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and major urinary proteins (MUPs) are both highly polymorphic systems that contribute to scents. Most studies have focused on MHC in inbred laboratory rodents. However, studies of wild rodents are revealing that MUPs provide a species and sex-specific genetic identity signature that also underlies individual and kin recognition in house mice. MUPs are mediators of both identity and current status information. Although MHC contributes to the recognition of familiar scents, there is little evidence that it provides direct information about genetic identity.
Javier Defelipe
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195392708
- eISBN:
- 9780199863525
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195392708.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, History of Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This chapter provides some final thoughts on the Brainhow mouse. It uses a metaphor used by the Russian writer Vladimir Nabokov (1899–1977) as illustration. Nabokov was a grapheme-color synesthete. ...
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This chapter provides some final thoughts on the Brainhow mouse. It uses a metaphor used by the Russian writer Vladimir Nabokov (1899–1977) as illustration. Nabokov was a grapheme-color synesthete. The chapter considers that the similarities between scientific illustrations and some paintings created by artists pose the question of whether an artist unconsciously paints not only what his brain interprets, but to some extent, what his own brain contains. The inexhaustible artistic creativity of the human mind seems to have a parallel multicolored world within the microscopic universe of the brain.Less
This chapter provides some final thoughts on the Brainhow mouse. It uses a metaphor used by the Russian writer Vladimir Nabokov (1899–1977) as illustration. Nabokov was a grapheme-color synesthete. The chapter considers that the similarities between scientific illustrations and some paintings created by artists pose the question of whether an artist unconsciously paints not only what his brain interprets, but to some extent, what his own brain contains. The inexhaustible artistic creativity of the human mind seems to have a parallel multicolored world within the microscopic universe of the brain.
Catharine A. Mackinnon
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195305104
- eISBN:
- 9780199850556
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305104.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter presents a feminist view on animal rights. It investigates why it is necessary for animals to be like people to be protected from them or to be entitled to their own lives, and presents ...
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This chapter presents a feminist view on animal rights. It investigates why it is necessary for animals to be like people to be protected from them or to be entitled to their own lives, and presents a reading of John Steinbeck's play Of Mice and Men. The chapter considers the ways nonhuman animals are seen and treated by human animals in gendered terms and suggests that comparing humans' treatment of animals with men's treatment of women illuminates the way the legal system's response to animals is gendered. It argues for the analysis of the situation of animals on their own terms, however difficult.Less
This chapter presents a feminist view on animal rights. It investigates why it is necessary for animals to be like people to be protected from them or to be entitled to their own lives, and presents a reading of John Steinbeck's play Of Mice and Men. The chapter considers the ways nonhuman animals are seen and treated by human animals in gendered terms and suggests that comparing humans' treatment of animals with men's treatment of women illuminates the way the legal system's response to animals is gendered. It argues for the analysis of the situation of animals on their own terms, however difficult.
Michael Spivey
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195170788
- eISBN:
- 9780199786831
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195170788.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter emphasizes the importance of identifying the time scale at which a given behavior exhibits detectably graded transitions from state to state. It covers a variety of experimental methods ...
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This chapter emphasizes the importance of identifying the time scale at which a given behavior exhibits detectably graded transitions from state to state. It covers a variety of experimental methods that either record outcome-based measures from delimited tasks, such as reaction time and speed-accuracy tradeoff; continuous measures from continuous tasks, such as tracking of rhythmic motor movement; or continuous measures from delimited tasks, such as eye-tracking and reaching. Special attention is paid to eye-tracking and computer-mouse tracking in cognitive tasks. It is argued that motor planning and motor movement itself, even just pressing a button in a computer-based task, is coextensive with the cognitive processing that guides it.Less
This chapter emphasizes the importance of identifying the time scale at which a given behavior exhibits detectably graded transitions from state to state. It covers a variety of experimental methods that either record outcome-based measures from delimited tasks, such as reaction time and speed-accuracy tradeoff; continuous measures from continuous tasks, such as tracking of rhythmic motor movement; or continuous measures from delimited tasks, such as eye-tracking and reaching. Special attention is paid to eye-tracking and computer-mouse tracking in cognitive tasks. It is argued that motor planning and motor movement itself, even just pressing a button in a computer-based task, is coextensive with the cognitive processing that guides it.
Harald Jockusch and Thomas Schmitt-John
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198509981
- eISBN:
- 9780191723810
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198509981.003.0002
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This chapter briefly outlines the methods available for the genetic analysis and manipulation of the mouse, and then illustrates their application to neurobiology by selected examples. It argues that ...
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This chapter briefly outlines the methods available for the genetic analysis and manipulation of the mouse, and then illustrates their application to neurobiology by selected examples. It argues that the future use of the mouse as a model organism for neurogenetics, both for basic research and for the understanding of neurological diseases, will be based on the progress of comparative functional genetics of mouse and man and on evermore refined technologies of genetic manipulation. The only hope of elucidating brain functions would be to combine spatially controlled changes in the neuronal wiring pattern with time-controlled changes in relevant biochemical parameters, i.e., transmitter levels, activities of ion channels and receptors, and of components of intracellular signal transduction.Less
This chapter briefly outlines the methods available for the genetic analysis and manipulation of the mouse, and then illustrates their application to neurobiology by selected examples. It argues that the future use of the mouse as a model organism for neurogenetics, both for basic research and for the understanding of neurological diseases, will be based on the progress of comparative functional genetics of mouse and man and on evermore refined technologies of genetic manipulation. The only hope of elucidating brain functions would be to combine spatially controlled changes in the neuronal wiring pattern with time-controlled changes in relevant biochemical parameters, i.e., transmitter levels, activities of ion channels and receptors, and of components of intracellular signal transduction.
Gordon M. Shepherd (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195159561
- eISBN:
- 9780199864447
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195159561.001.1
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Development
Synapses are the contact sites that enable neurons to form connections between each other in order to transmit and process neural information. Synaptic organization is concerned with the principles ...
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Synapses are the contact sites that enable neurons to form connections between each other in order to transmit and process neural information. Synaptic organization is concerned with the principles by which neurons form circuits that mediate the specific functional operations of different brain regions. One of the aims of this book is to show that the study of synaptic organization—in its full multidisciplinary, multilevel, and theoretical dimension—is a powerful means of integrating brain information to give clear insights into the neural basis of behavior. This book, which has been revised in this the fifth edition, details local circuits in the different regions of the brain. The results of the mouse and human genome projects are incorporated. Also the book contains support from neuroscience databases. Among the new advances covered are 2-photon confocal laser microscopy of dendrites and dendritic spines, biochemical analyses, and dual patch and multielectrode recordings, applied together with an increasing range of behavioral and gene-targeting methods.Less
Synapses are the contact sites that enable neurons to form connections between each other in order to transmit and process neural information. Synaptic organization is concerned with the principles by which neurons form circuits that mediate the specific functional operations of different brain regions. One of the aims of this book is to show that the study of synaptic organization—in its full multidisciplinary, multilevel, and theoretical dimension—is a powerful means of integrating brain information to give clear insights into the neural basis of behavior. This book, which has been revised in this the fifth edition, details local circuits in the different regions of the brain. The results of the mouse and human genome projects are incorporated. Also the book contains support from neuroscience databases. Among the new advances covered are 2-photon confocal laser microscopy of dendrites and dendritic spines, biochemical analyses, and dual patch and multielectrode recordings, applied together with an increasing range of behavioral and gene-targeting methods.
Ronald L. Schnaar
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198525387
- eISBN:
- 9780191723872
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525387.003.0004
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This chapter describes the biosynthesis and roles of the brain glycolipids. It first describes various glycolipids present in the brain. It then describes the phenotype of knockout mice for those ...
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This chapter describes the biosynthesis and roles of the brain glycolipids. It first describes various glycolipids present in the brain. It then describes the phenotype of knockout mice for those deficient in galactosylceramide, glucosylceramide synthase, GM2/CD2 synthase, GD3 synthase, and GM3 synthase.Less
This chapter describes the biosynthesis and roles of the brain glycolipids. It first describes various glycolipids present in the brain. It then describes the phenotype of knockout mice for those deficient in galactosylceramide, glucosylceramide synthase, GM2/CD2 synthase, GD3 synthase, and GM3 synthase.
Koichi Furukawa
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198525387
- eISBN:
- 9780191723872
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525387.003.0005
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This chapter summarizes recent progress in studies of glycosyltransferases and relevant enzymes involved in the synthesis and modification glycosphingolipids. It describes novel approaches to ...
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This chapter summarizes recent progress in studies of glycosyltransferases and relevant enzymes involved in the synthesis and modification glycosphingolipids. It describes novel approaches to clarification of the molecular mechanisms of their effects, focusing on their roles in the membrane microdomains. Future perspectives in this field are also briefly discussed.Less
This chapter summarizes recent progress in studies of glycosyltransferases and relevant enzymes involved in the synthesis and modification glycosphingolipids. It describes novel approaches to clarification of the molecular mechanisms of their effects, focusing on their roles in the membrane microdomains. Future perspectives in this field are also briefly discussed.
Harry Schachter
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198525387
- eISBN:
- 9780191723872
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525387.003.0007
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This chapter discusses recent knowledge on gene knockout mice with deficient glycosyltransferases. It covers a large number of gene inactivation of glycosyltransferases, and should be valuable for ...
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This chapter discusses recent knowledge on gene knockout mice with deficient glycosyltransferases. It covers a large number of gene inactivation of glycosyltransferases, and should be valuable for anyone who want to look at the effect of one particular knockout. The pathological consequences of human patients with glycosylation defect are also described.Less
This chapter discusses recent knowledge on gene knockout mice with deficient glycosyltransferases. It covers a large number of gene inactivation of glycosyltransferases, and should be valuable for anyone who want to look at the effect of one particular knockout. The pathological consequences of human patients with glycosylation defect are also described.
James F. Willott
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198528999
- eISBN:
- 9780191723926
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528999.003.0009
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter presents data from mice, expressing genes which cause cochlear lesions, indicating possible consequences for hearing loss-induced plasticity. It also discusses data indicating that an ...
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This chapter presents data from mice, expressing genes which cause cochlear lesions, indicating possible consequences for hearing loss-induced plasticity. It also discusses data indicating that an augmented acoustic environment can modulate hearing loss-induced plasticity.Less
This chapter presents data from mice, expressing genes which cause cochlear lesions, indicating possible consequences for hearing loss-induced plasticity. It also discusses data indicating that an augmented acoustic environment can modulate hearing loss-induced plasticity.
Sonoko Ogawa, Masayoshi Nomura, Elena Choleris, and Donald Pfaff
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195168761
- eISBN:
- 9780199865444
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195168761.003.0010
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic
At least two types of estrogen receptors (ERs), the classical ER-α and the more recently identified ER-β, have been localized in the central nervous system. ER-α and ER-β are very similar estrogen ...
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At least two types of estrogen receptors (ERs), the classical ER-α and the more recently identified ER-β, have been localized in the central nervous system. ER-α and ER-β are very similar estrogen binding proteins that act as ligand-dependent transcription factors. Although somewhat overlapping, brain distributions of ER-α and ER-β are not identical. This chapter summarizes current knowledge of the possible differential roles played by the two types of ERs in the expression of aggressive behavior. It also discusses potential brain mechanisms of ER-mediated regulation of aggression.Less
At least two types of estrogen receptors (ERs), the classical ER-α and the more recently identified ER-β, have been localized in the central nervous system. ER-α and ER-β are very similar estrogen binding proteins that act as ligand-dependent transcription factors. Although somewhat overlapping, brain distributions of ER-α and ER-β are not identical. This chapter summarizes current knowledge of the possible differential roles played by the two types of ERs in the expression of aggressive behavior. It also discusses potential brain mechanisms of ER-mediated regulation of aggression.
Larry R. Squire
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195380101
- eISBN:
- 9780199864362
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380101.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, History of Neuroscience
This chapter presents an autobiography of Marian Cleeves Diamond. Diamond's laboratory has three major scientific contributions: One, the structural components of the cerebral cortex can be altered ...
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This chapter presents an autobiography of Marian Cleeves Diamond. Diamond's laboratory has three major scientific contributions: One, the structural components of the cerebral cortex can be altered by either enriched or impoverished environments at any age, from prenatal to extremely old age. Two, the structural arrangement of the male and female cortices is significantly different and can be altered in the absence of sex steroid hormones. Three, the dorsal lateral frontal cerebral cortex is bilaterally deficient in the immune deficient mouse and can be reversed with thymic transplants. Her early years, career, and achievements are discussed.Less
This chapter presents an autobiography of Marian Cleeves Diamond. Diamond's laboratory has three major scientific contributions: One, the structural components of the cerebral cortex can be altered by either enriched or impoverished environments at any age, from prenatal to extremely old age. Two, the structural arrangement of the male and female cortices is significantly different and can be altered in the absence of sex steroid hormones. Three, the dorsal lateral frontal cerebral cortex is bilaterally deficient in the immune deficient mouse and can be reversed with thymic transplants. Her early years, career, and achievements are discussed.
Klaus-Armin Nave and Ueli Suter
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195152227
- eISBN:
- 9780199865024
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195152227.003.0043
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter presents an overview of mutations in the mouse that have improved our understanding of structural myelin proteins. Mouse genetics, in combination with molecular cell biology and ...
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This chapter presents an overview of mutations in the mouse that have improved our understanding of structural myelin proteins. Mouse genetics, in combination with molecular cell biology and morphology, has provide important insights into the process of myelination. For some myelin proteins, a specific function in the architecture of myelin can be demonstrated. In other cases, a more complex picture has emerged from overlapping loss-of-function and aberrant gain-of-function effects. The latter is a recurrent feature of natural point mutations with autosomal dominant (or X-linked recessive) inheritance.Less
This chapter presents an overview of mutations in the mouse that have improved our understanding of structural myelin proteins. Mouse genetics, in combination with molecular cell biology and morphology, has provide important insights into the process of myelination. For some myelin proteins, a specific function in the architecture of myelin can be demonstrated. In other cases, a more complex picture has emerged from overlapping loss-of-function and aberrant gain-of-function effects. The latter is a recurrent feature of natural point mutations with autosomal dominant (or X-linked recessive) inheritance.
Wiktor L. Adamowicz, Peter C. Boxall, Jordan J. Louviere, Joffre Swait, and Michael Williams
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199248919
- eISBN:
- 9780191595950
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199248915.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The stated preference (SP) approach allows the individual features or attributes that make up a good to be valued. Experimental design to array attributes and attribute levels into choice sets is ...
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The stated preference (SP) approach allows the individual features or attributes that make up a good to be valued. Experimental design to array attributes and attribute levels into choice sets is fundamental to SP. Respondents typically select one of two choice sets, along with the status quo alternative. SP has a number of advantages over other environmental valuation methods, such as orthogonality in attributes, which avoids colinearity problems of revealed preference methods. An application of SP to mouse hunting in Canada is presented.Less
The stated preference (SP) approach allows the individual features or attributes that make up a good to be valued. Experimental design to array attributes and attribute levels into choice sets is fundamental to SP. Respondents typically select one of two choice sets, along with the status quo alternative. SP has a number of advantages over other environmental valuation methods, such as orthogonality in attributes, which avoids colinearity problems of revealed preference methods. An application of SP to mouse hunting in Canada is presented.
ROBERT BALÁZS, RICHARD J. BRIDGES, and CARL W. COTMAN
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195150025
- eISBN:
- 9780199865079
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150025.003.0005
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
Ionotropic glutamate receptors, including NMDA receptors, mediate most of the excitatory synaptic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system. When NMDA receptors are activated by membrane ...
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Ionotropic glutamate receptors, including NMDA receptors, mediate most of the excitatory synaptic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system. When NMDA receptors are activated by membrane depolarization, a relatively slow-rising, long-lasting current develops, which allows the summation of responses to stimuli for a relatively long periods (tens of milliseconds). In addition to their role in synaptic transmission, NMDA receptors affect functions that are critical for the survival and differentiation of cells and for synaptic plasticity, in part through Ca2+-dependent signal transduction. In addition, receptor activation elicits long-term changes in cellular functions, mediated through interactions (either directly or via scaffolding proteins) with signaling systems, including protein kinase cascades that lead to modulation of gene transcription. This chapter discusses the unique role of NMDA receptors in excitatory transmission, their molecular structure, posttranslational modifications (phosphorylation and dephosphorylation), molecular interactions relevant for signal transduction, desensitization, anatomical distribution, pharmacology, modulation of expression in transgenic mice, and therapeutic applications.Less
Ionotropic glutamate receptors, including NMDA receptors, mediate most of the excitatory synaptic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system. When NMDA receptors are activated by membrane depolarization, a relatively slow-rising, long-lasting current develops, which allows the summation of responses to stimuli for a relatively long periods (tens of milliseconds). In addition to their role in synaptic transmission, NMDA receptors affect functions that are critical for the survival and differentiation of cells and for synaptic plasticity, in part through Ca2+-dependent signal transduction. In addition, receptor activation elicits long-term changes in cellular functions, mediated through interactions (either directly or via scaffolding proteins) with signaling systems, including protein kinase cascades that lead to modulation of gene transcription. This chapter discusses the unique role of NMDA receptors in excitatory transmission, their molecular structure, posttranslational modifications (phosphorylation and dephosphorylation), molecular interactions relevant for signal transduction, desensitization, anatomical distribution, pharmacology, modulation of expression in transgenic mice, and therapeutic applications.
David J. Price and David J. Willshaw
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780192624277
- eISBN:
- 9780191723735
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192624277.003.0002
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
Brain develops from embryonic ectoderm, one of the three germ layers of the embryo, the other two being endoderm and mesoderm. Much of our knowledge of early embryogenesis is derived from studies of ...
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Brain develops from embryonic ectoderm, one of the three germ layers of the embryo, the other two being endoderm and mesoderm. Much of our knowledge of early embryogenesis is derived from studies of amphibia, whose large eggs and embryos are relatively easy to observe and manipulate, and many of the main features are similar in mammals. This chapter deals with mammalian development, in particular the embryogenesis of the mouse, and the early development of the telencephalon. Mammalian embryogenesis and the emergence of the forebrain are discussed, along with the fate of the anterior neural plate, the anatomy of the developing telencephalon, the specification of telencephalic regional identity, the anatomy of the developing neocortex, cell proliferation and cell migration in neocortical development, the switch from neurogenesis to gliogenesis, cell lineage, and how the fates of cortical cells are determined.Less
Brain develops from embryonic ectoderm, one of the three germ layers of the embryo, the other two being endoderm and mesoderm. Much of our knowledge of early embryogenesis is derived from studies of amphibia, whose large eggs and embryos are relatively easy to observe and manipulate, and many of the main features are similar in mammals. This chapter deals with mammalian development, in particular the embryogenesis of the mouse, and the early development of the telencephalon. Mammalian embryogenesis and the emergence of the forebrain are discussed, along with the fate of the anterior neural plate, the anatomy of the developing telencephalon, the specification of telencephalic regional identity, the anatomy of the developing neocortex, cell proliferation and cell migration in neocortical development, the switch from neurogenesis to gliogenesis, cell lineage, and how the fates of cortical cells are determined.
David J. Price and David J. Willshaw
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780192624277
- eISBN:
- 9780191723735
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192624277.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
Over the past few decades, higher mammals with larger and more advanced brains, such as cats and primates, have been studied by many scientists interested in the development of the cerebral cortex. ...
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Over the past few decades, higher mammals with larger and more advanced brains, such as cats and primates, have been studied by many scientists interested in the development of the cerebral cortex. Prominent examples are Nobel laureates David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel, who worked on cortical development and the effects of visual deprivation. Much of their work (as well as that of numerous researchers stimulated by their studies) was carried out on cats. One reason for this tendency may be a desire to understand the development of the human brain and its perceptual and cognitive functions. This chapter discusses the molecular recognition of early forebrain and cortical development, experiments with mouse developmental genetics, methods for manipulating the mouse genome, genes that regulate development in Drosophila, types of molecule that regulate forebrain development, transcription factors, extracellular signalling and cell adhesion, inductive interactions in forebrain development, generation of regional diversity in the forebrain, formal models of regional specification, regulation of size differences between major forebrain structures, growth factors, molecular control of cell migration and cell differentiation, and types of cortical cells.Less
Over the past few decades, higher mammals with larger and more advanced brains, such as cats and primates, have been studied by many scientists interested in the development of the cerebral cortex. Prominent examples are Nobel laureates David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel, who worked on cortical development and the effects of visual deprivation. Much of their work (as well as that of numerous researchers stimulated by their studies) was carried out on cats. One reason for this tendency may be a desire to understand the development of the human brain and its perceptual and cognitive functions. This chapter discusses the molecular recognition of early forebrain and cortical development, experiments with mouse developmental genetics, methods for manipulating the mouse genome, genes that regulate development in Drosophila, types of molecule that regulate forebrain development, transcription factors, extracellular signalling and cell adhesion, inductive interactions in forebrain development, generation of regional diversity in the forebrain, formal models of regional specification, regulation of size differences between major forebrain structures, growth factors, molecular control of cell migration and cell differentiation, and types of cortical cells.
Carolyn M. King and Roger A. Powell
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195322712
- eISBN:
- 9780199894239
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322712.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
Weasel diets are relatively easy to list, because they are specialist predators on a small number of potential prey species (mostly small mammals and birds, identifiable by standard methods) and ...
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Weasel diets are relatively easy to list, because they are specialist predators on a small number of potential prey species (mostly small mammals and birds, identifiable by standard methods) and their stomach capacity is small so they usually cannot eat more than one item at a sitting. But making sense of the lists has to be done cautiously, for reasons explained in this chapter. The large and scattered literature on weasel diets is collected and translated into standardized comparisons. The charts show clearly that diet is strongly related to body size. The smallest weasels are totally dependent on rodents and birds, of whatever species are locally available, plus a few insects or berries in hard times. Larger weasels eat many of these staple items too, but are strong enough to add bigger prey, including rabbits, rats, chipmunks and ground squirrels. Most weasels avoid shrews unless they can find nothing better.Less
Weasel diets are relatively easy to list, because they are specialist predators on a small number of potential prey species (mostly small mammals and birds, identifiable by standard methods) and their stomach capacity is small so they usually cannot eat more than one item at a sitting. But making sense of the lists has to be done cautiously, for reasons explained in this chapter. The large and scattered literature on weasel diets is collected and translated into standardized comparisons. The charts show clearly that diet is strongly related to body size. The smallest weasels are totally dependent on rodents and birds, of whatever species are locally available, plus a few insects or berries in hard times. Larger weasels eat many of these staple items too, but are strong enough to add bigger prey, including rabbits, rats, chipmunks and ground squirrels. Most weasels avoid shrews unless they can find nothing better.
