Emmanuel Guigon
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195395273
- eISBN:
- 9780199863518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395273.003.0020
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
For the purpose of motor coordination, the nervous system faces a complex control problem, involving redundant degrees of freedom, nonlinear dynamics of limbs and actuators, noise, and perturbations. ...
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For the purpose of motor coordination, the nervous system faces a complex control problem, involving redundant degrees of freedom, nonlinear dynamics of limbs and actuators, noise, and perturbations. Models and architectures have been proposed to describe motor coordination in terms of computational processes, and to identify possible simplifying strategies that would alleviate the workload of the nervous system. This chapter reviews several strategies ranging from biomechanical to function levels. It concludes that none of the proposed strategies actually tackle the overall problem of motor coordination. It presents a principled approach that provides an overarching account of motor control.Less
For the purpose of motor coordination, the nervous system faces a complex control problem, involving redundant degrees of freedom, nonlinear dynamics of limbs and actuators, noise, and perturbations. Models and architectures have been proposed to describe motor coordination in terms of computational processes, and to identify possible simplifying strategies that would alleviate the workload of the nervous system. This chapter reviews several strategies ranging from biomechanical to function levels. It concludes that none of the proposed strategies actually tackle the overall problem of motor coordination. It presents a principled approach that provides an overarching account of motor control.
Stephan P. Swinnen, Sofie Heuninckx, Annouchka Van Impe, Daniel J. Goble, James P. Coxon, and Nicole Wenderoth
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195395273
- eISBN:
- 9780199863518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395273.003.0017
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
When older as compared to younger adults perform motor tasks, their brain activation patterns are substantially different. Even though reduced activation may occur in certain brain areas, current ...
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When older as compared to younger adults perform motor tasks, their brain activation patterns are substantially different. Even though reduced activation may occur in certain brain areas, current evidence points to higher activation, either in some of those areas that are also activated in younger subjects or in additionally recruited areas. With respect to coordination of the ipsilateral hand and foot, increased activation is observed in brain regions involved in motor coordination, sensory processing/integration, visual imagery strategies, and cognitive monitoring. This increased neural recruitment points to a shift from automatic to controlled processing of movement in aging adults. Evidence suggests that the increased activation in some (but not all) brain areas is correlated with better performance. This indicates that altered brain function in the elderly can be compensatory, possibly reflecting neuroplastic changes. A better understanding of these age-related changes in the central nervous system is an important goal for future research and will require a detailed study of interactions between brain function, structure, and sensorimotor behavior.Less
When older as compared to younger adults perform motor tasks, their brain activation patterns are substantially different. Even though reduced activation may occur in certain brain areas, current evidence points to higher activation, either in some of those areas that are also activated in younger subjects or in additionally recruited areas. With respect to coordination of the ipsilateral hand and foot, increased activation is observed in brain regions involved in motor coordination, sensory processing/integration, visual imagery strategies, and cognitive monitoring. This increased neural recruitment points to a shift from automatic to controlled processing of movement in aging adults. Evidence suggests that the increased activation in some (but not all) brain areas is correlated with better performance. This indicates that altered brain function in the elderly can be compensatory, possibly reflecting neuroplastic changes. A better understanding of these age-related changes in the central nervous system is an important goal for future research and will require a detailed study of interactions between brain function, structure, and sensorimotor behavior.
Frederic Danion, PhD and Mark Latash, PhD
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195395273
- eISBN:
- 9780199863518
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395273.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
Motor control has established itself as an area of scientific research characterized by a multi-disciplinary approach. Scientists working in the area of control of voluntary movements come from ...
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Motor control has established itself as an area of scientific research characterized by a multi-disciplinary approach. Scientists working in the area of control of voluntary movements come from different backgrounds including but not limited to physiology, physics, psychology, mathematics, neurology, physical therapy, computer science, robotics, and engineering. One of the factors slowing progress in the area has been the lack of communication among researchers representing all these disciplines. A major objective of this book is to overcome this deficiency and to promote cooperation and mutual understanding among researchers addressing different aspects of the complex phenomenon of motor coordination. The book offers a collection of chapters written by the most prominent researchers in the field. Despite the variety of approaches and methods, all the chapters are united by a common goal: to understand how the central nervous system controls and coordinates natural voluntary movements.Less
Motor control has established itself as an area of scientific research characterized by a multi-disciplinary approach. Scientists working in the area of control of voluntary movements come from different backgrounds including but not limited to physiology, physics, psychology, mathematics, neurology, physical therapy, computer science, robotics, and engineering. One of the factors slowing progress in the area has been the lack of communication among researchers representing all these disciplines. A major objective of this book is to overcome this deficiency and to promote cooperation and mutual understanding among researchers addressing different aspects of the complex phenomenon of motor coordination. The book offers a collection of chapters written by the most prominent researchers in the field. Despite the variety of approaches and methods, all the chapters are united by a common goal: to understand how the central nervous system controls and coordinates natural voluntary movements.
Waldemar Karwowski, Bohdana Sherehiy, Wlodzimierz Siemionow, and Krystyna Gielo-Perczak
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195177619
- eISBN:
- 9780199864683
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177619.003.0015
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter introduces physical neuroergonomics as the emerging field of study focusing on the knowledge of human brain activities in relation to the control and design of physical tasks. It ...
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This chapter introduces physical neuroergonomics as the emerging field of study focusing on the knowledge of human brain activities in relation to the control and design of physical tasks. It provides an introduction to this topic in separate sections on the human brain in control of muscular performance in the work environment and in motor control tasks. It discusses these issues in conditions of health, fatigue, and disease states.Less
This chapter introduces physical neuroergonomics as the emerging field of study focusing on the knowledge of human brain activities in relation to the control and design of physical tasks. It provides an introduction to this topic in separate sections on the human brain in control of muscular performance in the work environment and in motor control tasks. It discusses these issues in conditions of health, fatigue, and disease states.
Milan R. Dimitrijevic, Byron A. Kakulas, W. Barry McKay, and Gerta Vrbova (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199746507
- eISBN:
- 9780199918768
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746507.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Disorders of the Nervous System
Following injury or disease, neural circuitry can be altered to varying degrees leading to highly individualized characteristics that may or may not resemble original function. In addition, lost or ...
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Following injury or disease, neural circuitry can be altered to varying degrees leading to highly individualized characteristics that may or may not resemble original function. In addition, lost or partially damaged circuits and the effects of biological recovery processes coupled with learned compensatory strategies create a new neuroanatomy with capabilities that are often not functional or may interfere with daily life. To date, the majority of approaches used to treat neurological dysfunction have focused on the replacement of lost or damaged function, usually through the suppression of surviving neural activity and the application of mechanical assistive devices. This book offers a different and novel approach. Focusing on the spinal cord and its role in motor control, it details the clinical and neurophysiological assessment process and methods developed throughout the past half century by basic and clinical scientists. Then, through the use of specialized clinical and neurophysiological testing methods, conduction and processing performed within the surviving neural circuitry is examined and characterized in detail. Based on the results of such assessment, treatment strategies, also described in this book, are applied to augment, rather than replace, the performance of surviving neural circuitry and improve the functional capacity of people who have experienced injury to their spinal cords.Less
Following injury or disease, neural circuitry can be altered to varying degrees leading to highly individualized characteristics that may or may not resemble original function. In addition, lost or partially damaged circuits and the effects of biological recovery processes coupled with learned compensatory strategies create a new neuroanatomy with capabilities that are often not functional or may interfere with daily life. To date, the majority of approaches used to treat neurological dysfunction have focused on the replacement of lost or damaged function, usually through the suppression of surviving neural activity and the application of mechanical assistive devices. This book offers a different and novel approach. Focusing on the spinal cord and its role in motor control, it details the clinical and neurophysiological assessment process and methods developed throughout the past half century by basic and clinical scientists. Then, through the use of specialized clinical and neurophysiological testing methods, conduction and processing performed within the surviving neural circuitry is examined and characterized in detail. Based on the results of such assessment, treatment strategies, also described in this book, are applied to augment, rather than replace, the performance of surviving neural circuitry and improve the functional capacity of people who have experienced injury to their spinal cords.
Byron A Kakulas, Keith Tansey, and Milan R Dimitrijevic
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199746507
- eISBN:
- 9780199918768
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746507.003.0002
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter discusses the specific clinical and neurophysiological principles that underlie the assessment of residual motor control caudal to a spinal cord injury (SCI) in humans. It describes ...
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This chapter discusses the specific clinical and neurophysiological principles that underlie the assessment of residual motor control caudal to a spinal cord injury (SCI) in humans. It describes clinical, laboratory, and neurophysiological criteria for recognizing subclinical neurocontrol of movement in chronic spinal cord injury. It also reviews published work that describes and supports the neurophysiologically differentiated “discomplete syndrome” that exists within the paralyzed, clinically motor-complete patient population. Finally, it covers the examination of motor control in gait and introduces the lumbosacral locomotor central pattern generator circuitry, its behavior, and modification after SCI.Less
This chapter discusses the specific clinical and neurophysiological principles that underlie the assessment of residual motor control caudal to a spinal cord injury (SCI) in humans. It describes clinical, laboratory, and neurophysiological criteria for recognizing subclinical neurocontrol of movement in chronic spinal cord injury. It also reviews published work that describes and supports the neurophysiologically differentiated “discomplete syndrome” that exists within the paralyzed, clinically motor-complete patient population. Finally, it covers the examination of motor control in gait and introduces the lumbosacral locomotor central pattern generator circuitry, its behavior, and modification after SCI.
Michael S. A. Graziano
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195326703
- eISBN:
- 9780199864867
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326703.003.0005
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Behavioral Neuroscience
Two main types of experiment have addressed the question of how neurons in motor cortex control movement. One type focuses on the descending pathways that map specific points in motor cortex to ...
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Two main types of experiment have addressed the question of how neurons in motor cortex control movement. One type focuses on the descending pathways that map specific points in motor cortex to specific muscles. A second type of experiment focuses on the activity of single neurons in motor cortex while the animal, usually a monkey, performs a complex task. These two approaches have resulted in contrasting descriptions of motor cortex. This chapter reviews these two major approaches to motor cortex. The first part summarizes experiments on the direct pathways from motor cortex, through the spinal cord, to the muscles, and how those pathways might control movement. The second part summarizes experiments on correlations between the activity of neurons in motor cortex and a variety of control variables related to the arm.Less
Two main types of experiment have addressed the question of how neurons in motor cortex control movement. One type focuses on the descending pathways that map specific points in motor cortex to specific muscles. A second type of experiment focuses on the activity of single neurons in motor cortex while the animal, usually a monkey, performs a complex task. These two approaches have resulted in contrasting descriptions of motor cortex. This chapter reviews these two major approaches to motor cortex. The first part summarizes experiments on the direct pathways from motor cortex, through the spinal cord, to the muscles, and how those pathways might control movement. The second part summarizes experiments on correlations between the activity of neurons in motor cortex and a variety of control variables related to the arm.
W. Barry McKay, Arthur M Sherwood, and Simon F. T Tang
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199746507
- eISBN:
- 9780199918768
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746507.003.0008
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Disorders of the Nervous System
The control of movement provides us with the ability to manipulate and move about within our environment, to satisfy our survival needs and to interact with each other. Motor control is also the ...
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The control of movement provides us with the ability to manipulate and move about within our environment, to satisfy our survival needs and to interact with each other. Motor control is also the process by which we express our sameness and uniqueness within our society. Changes in motor control brought about by damage to our central nervous system, therefore, alter who we are in quite profound ways. This chapter focuses on the results of damage to the spinal cord and how output from the brain and brain stem to the spinal neural circuits, the motor neurons, and muscle fibers that they activate is altered. It covers the essentials of measuring motor control using functional electromyography, the characteristics of non-injured motor control, the characteristic patterns of motor control in chronic spinal cord injury (SCI), and selective control of voluntary movement disrupted by SCI.Less
The control of movement provides us with the ability to manipulate and move about within our environment, to satisfy our survival needs and to interact with each other. Motor control is also the process by which we express our sameness and uniqueness within our society. Changes in motor control brought about by damage to our central nervous system, therefore, alter who we are in quite profound ways. This chapter focuses on the results of damage to the spinal cord and how output from the brain and brain stem to the spinal neural circuits, the motor neurons, and muscle fibers that they activate is altered. It covers the essentials of measuring motor control using functional electromyography, the characteristics of non-injured motor control, the characteristic patterns of motor control in chronic spinal cord injury (SCI), and selective control of voluntary movement disrupted by SCI.
Keith Tansey, Meta M Dimitrijevic, Winfried Mayr, Manfred Bijak, and Milan R Dimitrijevic
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199746507
- eISBN:
- 9780199918768
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746507.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter discusses how established procedures using physiotherapy, neuromuscular and peripheral nerve stimulation, and spinal cord stimulation can be used as restorative procedures. It describes ...
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This chapter discusses how established procedures using physiotherapy, neuromuscular and peripheral nerve stimulation, and spinal cord stimulation can be used as restorative procedures. It describes how the same restorative neurological procedures can be used to assess motor control. It also presents the intrathecal application of Baclofen and intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin (Botox) as examples of interventions that do not take advantage of residual motor control but rather suppress it. Briefly, it describes how clinical restorative neurological treatment can best be practiced in medical centers where multidiscipline programs exist.Less
This chapter discusses how established procedures using physiotherapy, neuromuscular and peripheral nerve stimulation, and spinal cord stimulation can be used as restorative procedures. It describes how the same restorative neurological procedures can be used to assess motor control. It also presents the intrathecal application of Baclofen and intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin (Botox) as examples of interventions that do not take advantage of residual motor control but rather suppress it. Briefly, it describes how clinical restorative neurological treatment can best be practiced in medical centers where multidiscipline programs exist.
Leslie Iversen, Susan Iversen, Stephen Dunnett, and Anders Bjorklund (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195373035
- eISBN:
- 9780199865543
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373035.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, History of Neuroscience
The discovery of dopamine in 1957-8 was one of the seminal events in the development of modern neuroscience, and has been extremely important for the development of modern therapies of neurological ...
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The discovery of dopamine in 1957-8 was one of the seminal events in the development of modern neuroscience, and has been extremely important for the development of modern therapies of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Dopamine has a fundamental role in almost all aspects of behavior — from motor control to mood regulation, cognition and addiction and reward — and dopamine research has been unique within the neurosciences in the way it has bridged basic science and clinical practice. Over the decades, research into the role of dopamine in health and disease has been at the forefront of modern neuroscience.Less
The discovery of dopamine in 1957-8 was one of the seminal events in the development of modern neuroscience, and has been extremely important for the development of modern therapies of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Dopamine has a fundamental role in almost all aspects of behavior — from motor control to mood regulation, cognition and addiction and reward — and dopamine research has been unique within the neurosciences in the way it has bridged basic science and clinical practice. Over the decades, research into the role of dopamine in health and disease has been at the forefront of modern neuroscience.
Raja Parasuraman and Matthew Rizzo (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195177619
- eISBN:
- 9780199864683
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177619.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Behavioral Neuroscience
Neuroergonomics can be defined as the study of brain and behavior at work. It combines two disciplines: neuroscience, the study of brain structure and function; and ergonomics, the study of how to ...
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Neuroergonomics can be defined as the study of brain and behavior at work. It combines two disciplines: neuroscience, the study of brain structure and function; and ergonomics, the study of how to match technology with the capabilities and limitations of people so they can work effectively and safely. The goal of merging these two fields is to use the startling discoveries of human brain and physiological functioning both to inform the design of technologies in the workplace and home, and to provide new training methods that enhance performance, expand capabilities, and optimize the fit between people and technology. Research in the area of neuroergonomics has blossomed in recent years with the emergence of non-invasive techniques for monitoring human brain function that can be used to study various aspects of human behavior in relation to technology and work, including mental workload, visual attention, working memory, motor control, human-automation interaction, and adaptive automation. This book provides an overview of this emerging area, describing the theoretical background, basic research, major methods, as well as the new and future areas of application.Less
Neuroergonomics can be defined as the study of brain and behavior at work. It combines two disciplines: neuroscience, the study of brain structure and function; and ergonomics, the study of how to match technology with the capabilities and limitations of people so they can work effectively and safely. The goal of merging these two fields is to use the startling discoveries of human brain and physiological functioning both to inform the design of technologies in the workplace and home, and to provide new training methods that enhance performance, expand capabilities, and optimize the fit between people and technology. Research in the area of neuroergonomics has blossomed in recent years with the emergence of non-invasive techniques for monitoring human brain function that can be used to study various aspects of human behavior in relation to technology and work, including mental workload, visual attention, working memory, motor control, human-automation interaction, and adaptive automation. This book provides an overview of this emerging area, describing the theoretical background, basic research, major methods, as well as the new and future areas of application.
Janis J. Daly and Ranganatha Sitaram
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195388855
- eISBN:
- 9780199932689
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388855.003.0022
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques
This chapter describes ways in which brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) might be used as therapeutic tools to restore more normal motor control and more normal cognitive and emotional function to ...
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This chapter describes ways in which brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) might be used as therapeutic tools to restore more normal motor control and more normal cognitive and emotional function to people with disabilities. It reviews the present status, key problems, and future prospects of noninvasive BCIs with such therapeutic aims. It focuses on the use of electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging to abort or prevent seizures; to improve the chances against, and to abort or prevent seizures; to improve motor recovery after stroke; to improve attention, emotional reaction, and other cognitive processes; and to manage pain.Less
This chapter describes ways in which brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) might be used as therapeutic tools to restore more normal motor control and more normal cognitive and emotional function to people with disabilities. It reviews the present status, key problems, and future prospects of noninvasive BCIs with such therapeutic aims. It focuses on the use of electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging to abort or prevent seizures; to improve the chances against, and to abort or prevent seizures; to improve motor recovery after stroke; to improve attention, emotional reaction, and other cognitive processes; and to manage pain.
Theo Mulder
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780192617873
- eISBN:
- 9780191724312
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192617873.003.0013
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter discusses recent notions on motor control and learning. It aims to give the reader an impression of modern psychological thinking on motor control and learning. The learning of motor ...
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This chapter discusses recent notions on motor control and learning. It aims to give the reader an impression of modern psychological thinking on motor control and learning. The learning of motor control can be understood in terms of the acquisition of abstract plans or rules (or ways to link muscle-joint systems). Visual information, feedback, variability of practice, active movements, and ecologically valid context all play a role in this acquisition process. These requirements can be seen as instruments in the hands of a therapist, and can be employed in the development of a modern therapy.Less
This chapter discusses recent notions on motor control and learning. It aims to give the reader an impression of modern psychological thinking on motor control and learning. The learning of motor control can be understood in terms of the acquisition of abstract plans or rules (or ways to link muscle-joint systems). Visual information, feedback, variability of practice, active movements, and ecologically valid context all play a role in this acquisition process. These requirements can be seen as instruments in the hands of a therapist, and can be employed in the development of a modern therapy.
Michael Platt and Asif Ghazanfar (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195326598
- eISBN:
- 9780199864904
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326598.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology, Evolutionary Psychology
This edited volume bridges the epistemological gap between primate ethologists and primate neurobiologists. Experts in several fields review work ranging from primate foraging behavior, to the ...
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This edited volume bridges the epistemological gap between primate ethologists and primate neurobiologists. Experts in several fields review work ranging from primate foraging behavior, to the neurophysiology of motor control; from vocal communication, to the functions of the auditory cortex. This synthesis of the cognitive, ethological, and neurobiological approaches to primate behavior yields an understanding of our primate cousins to date, and sheds light on the evolutionary development of human behavior and cognition. The book contains chapters by primatologists, comparative psychologists, and neuroscientists, who have developed new ideas and experimental approaches, and who have applied these to a variety of issues dealing with primate behavior and neurobiology. The volume collects in a single book both basic and cutting-edge information on primate behavior and cognition, neurobiology, and the emerging discipline of neuroethology.Less
This edited volume bridges the epistemological gap between primate ethologists and primate neurobiologists. Experts in several fields review work ranging from primate foraging behavior, to the neurophysiology of motor control; from vocal communication, to the functions of the auditory cortex. This synthesis of the cognitive, ethological, and neurobiological approaches to primate behavior yields an understanding of our primate cousins to date, and sheds light on the evolutionary development of human behavior and cognition. The book contains chapters by primatologists, comparative psychologists, and neuroscientists, who have developed new ideas and experimental approaches, and who have applied these to a variety of issues dealing with primate behavior and neurobiology. The volume collects in a single book both basic and cutting-edge information on primate behavior and cognition, neurobiology, and the emerging discipline of neuroethology.
Janette Atkinson
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198525998
- eISBN:
- 9780191712395
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525998.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter discusses the Atkinson and Braddick neurobiological models of early visual development in typically developing infants. The first model is based on the idea developed by Atkinson from ...
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This chapter discusses the Atkinson and Braddick neurobiological models of early visual development in typically developing infants. The first model is based on the idea developed by Atkinson from Bronson that newborn vision depends largely on subcortical networks which come under the control of the visual cortex, which starts to function in the first six months of life. This model is developed further, describing human development of the dorsal cortical stream responsible for spatial processing, visual motion, and visual control of action; and ventral stream, subserving recognition of objects and faces. In the fuller model, the development of cortical modules for discrimination of orientation (slant), colour, motion, and stereo disparity (3D vision) is linked to developing systems for visual attention. These attention systems determine the information delivered to dorsal stream visuo-motor modules controlling gaze, manual actions, and locomotion at different stages during the first year of life.Less
This chapter discusses the Atkinson and Braddick neurobiological models of early visual development in typically developing infants. The first model is based on the idea developed by Atkinson from Bronson that newborn vision depends largely on subcortical networks which come under the control of the visual cortex, which starts to function in the first six months of life. This model is developed further, describing human development of the dorsal cortical stream responsible for spatial processing, visual motion, and visual control of action; and ventral stream, subserving recognition of objects and faces. In the fuller model, the development of cortical modules for discrimination of orientation (slant), colour, motion, and stereo disparity (3D vision) is linked to developing systems for visual attention. These attention systems determine the information delivered to dorsal stream visuo-motor modules controlling gaze, manual actions, and locomotion at different stages during the first year of life.
Hermann Ackermann and Axel Riecker
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199235797
- eISBN:
- 9780191696671
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235797.003.0007
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
This chapter reviews functional imaging and electrophysiological studies addressing the cerebral organization of speech motor control. Functional imaging studies, based upon the production/repetition ...
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This chapter reviews functional imaging and electrophysiological studies addressing the cerebral organization of speech motor control. Functional imaging studies, based upon the production/repetition of lexical and non-lexical mono- or polysyllabic items, point at a ‘minimal brain network’ of motor aspects of speech production, encompassing the supplementary motor area (SMA) within the medial wall of the frontal lobe, opercular parts of the precentral gyrus and posterior components of the inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area), the anterior insula at the floor of the lateral sulcus, the ‘mouth region’ of the primary sensorimotor cortex, the basal ganglia, thalamus, and the cerebellar hemispheres. Depending upon task demands and the selected activation contrasts, hemodynamic responses of other cerebral structures such as the superior temporal gyrus and lower parietal areas may emerge as well. Most noteworthy, functional imaging techniques now begin to provide new insights into the pathomechanisms of dysarthric deficits such as abnormalities of speaking rate in Parkinson's disease or in cerebellar ataxia.Less
This chapter reviews functional imaging and electrophysiological studies addressing the cerebral organization of speech motor control. Functional imaging studies, based upon the production/repetition of lexical and non-lexical mono- or polysyllabic items, point at a ‘minimal brain network’ of motor aspects of speech production, encompassing the supplementary motor area (SMA) within the medial wall of the frontal lobe, opercular parts of the precentral gyrus and posterior components of the inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area), the anterior insula at the floor of the lateral sulcus, the ‘mouth region’ of the primary sensorimotor cortex, the basal ganglia, thalamus, and the cerebellar hemispheres. Depending upon task demands and the selected activation contrasts, hemodynamic responses of other cerebral structures such as the superior temporal gyrus and lower parietal areas may emerge as well. Most noteworthy, functional imaging techniques now begin to provide new insights into the pathomechanisms of dysarthric deficits such as abnormalities of speaking rate in Parkinson's disease or in cerebellar ataxia.
Hisae Gemba
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195134971
- eISBN:
- 9780199864157
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134971.003.0008
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This chapter presents a study in which a monkey was trained for hand movement and vocalization, and cortical field potentials were recorded during the movement by a pair of electrodes implanted in ...
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This chapter presents a study in which a monkey was trained for hand movement and vocalization, and cortical field potentials were recorded during the movement by a pair of electrodes implanted in the cerebral cortex in the monkey. The potentials were analyzed in connection with behavioral observations. The chapter argues that the specific response to information—i.e., to move or not to move, and to move willingly or reluctantly—is judged and decided on in the prefrontal cortex. It is also suggested that the limbic system is more significant in vocalization than in hand movements.Less
This chapter presents a study in which a monkey was trained for hand movement and vocalization, and cortical field potentials were recorded during the movement by a pair of electrodes implanted in the cerebral cortex in the monkey. The potentials were analyzed in connection with behavioral observations. The chapter argues that the specific response to information—i.e., to move or not to move, and to move willingly or reluctantly—is judged and decided on in the prefrontal cortex. It is also suggested that the limbic system is more significant in vocalization than in hand movements.
Thomas F. Shipley and Jeffrey M. Zacks (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195188370
- eISBN:
- 9780199870462
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188370.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
We effortlessly remember all sorts of events — from simple events like people walking to complex events like leaves blowing in the wind. We can also remember and describe these events, and in ...
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We effortlessly remember all sorts of events — from simple events like people walking to complex events like leaves blowing in the wind. We can also remember and describe these events, and in general, react appropriately to them, for example, in avoiding an approaching object. Our phenomenal ease interacting with events belies the complexity of the underlying processes we use to deal with them. Driven by an interest in these complex processes, research on even perception has been growing rapidly. Events are the basis of all experience, so understanding how humans perceive, represent, and act on them will have a significant impact on many areas of psychology. Unfortunately, much of the research on event perception — in visual perception, motor control, linguistics, and computer science — has progressed without much interaction. This book brings together computational, neurological, and psychological research on how humans detect, classify, remember, and act on events.Less
We effortlessly remember all sorts of events — from simple events like people walking to complex events like leaves blowing in the wind. We can also remember and describe these events, and in general, react appropriately to them, for example, in avoiding an approaching object. Our phenomenal ease interacting with events belies the complexity of the underlying processes we use to deal with them. Driven by an interest in these complex processes, research on even perception has been growing rapidly. Events are the basis of all experience, so understanding how humans perceive, represent, and act on them will have a significant impact on many areas of psychology. Unfortunately, much of the research on event perception — in visual perception, motor control, linguistics, and computer science — has progressed without much interaction. This book brings together computational, neurological, and psychological research on how humans detect, classify, remember, and act on events.
Shaun Gallager (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199271948
- eISBN:
- 9780191603112
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199271941.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Understanding the dynamics of agency and the sense of bodily ownership of action can be clarified by considering cases where these aspects of experience break down. In schizophrenic symptoms of ...
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Understanding the dynamics of agency and the sense of bodily ownership of action can be clarified by considering cases where these aspects of experience break down. In schizophrenic symptoms of delusions of control and thought insertion, for example, subjects lose a sense of agency for acting and thinking. Although models of motor control may be able to explain why this happens in the case of delusions of bodily movement, a different model is required to explain thought insertion. This chapter proposed that this alternative model, which is cast in terms of temporality, can be generalized to explain both delusions of control and thought insertion, and show a common structure to embodied action and cognition.Less
Understanding the dynamics of agency and the sense of bodily ownership of action can be clarified by considering cases where these aspects of experience break down. In schizophrenic symptoms of delusions of control and thought insertion, for example, subjects lose a sense of agency for acting and thinking. Although models of motor control may be able to explain why this happens in the case of delusions of bodily movement, a different model is required to explain thought insertion. This chapter proposed that this alternative model, which is cast in terms of temporality, can be generalized to explain both delusions of control and thought insertion, and show a common structure to embodied action and cognition.
Marcel Brass and D. Yves von Cramon
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199231447
- eISBN:
- 9780191696510
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231447.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter examines the relation between motor and cognitive control. It explains the result of a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study which reveals that there is no interaction ...
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This chapter examines the relation between motor and cognitive control. It explains the result of a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study which reveals that there is no interaction between response modality and cognitive control-related manipulations, indicating that response modality has no influence on cognitive control. The finding also shows that no frontal area was differentially activated for the implementation of cognitive control with different response modalities and that the inferior frontal junction area is also response-modality independent.Less
This chapter examines the relation between motor and cognitive control. It explains the result of a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study which reveals that there is no interaction between response modality and cognitive control-related manipulations, indicating that response modality has no influence on cognitive control. The finding also shows that no frontal area was differentially activated for the implementation of cognitive control with different response modalities and that the inferior frontal junction area is also response-modality independent.
