Giovanni Andrea Cornia
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198297413
- eISBN:
- 9780191685347
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198297413.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter deals with the effects caused by the factors contributing to mortality crises on a long and short-term basis. These factors include diseases connected with poverty, degenerative ...
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This chapter deals with the effects caused by the factors contributing to mortality crises on a long and short-term basis. These factors include diseases connected with poverty, degenerative diseases, infectious nutritional diseases, famine, recession, unemployment stigma, chronic social stress and large institutional changes. The study also considers other actors like age, gender, social groups affected and other underlying causes which in turn include economic development, information, knowledge, loss of social role, large unanticipated changes, lack of latitude or opportunity, unmanaged recession, conflicts and natural shocks. This chapter explains the possible cause of the mortality rate spike during the transition period which is either due to the long-term effects of the famine that happened in the early 1920's or the short-term effects of anti-alcoholism campaign years before the transition.Less
This chapter deals with the effects caused by the factors contributing to mortality crises on a long and short-term basis. These factors include diseases connected with poverty, degenerative diseases, infectious nutritional diseases, famine, recession, unemployment stigma, chronic social stress and large institutional changes. The study also considers other actors like age, gender, social groups affected and other underlying causes which in turn include economic development, information, knowledge, loss of social role, large unanticipated changes, lack of latitude or opportunity, unmanaged recession, conflicts and natural shocks. This chapter explains the possible cause of the mortality rate spike during the transition period which is either due to the long-term effects of the famine that happened in the early 1920's or the short-term effects of anti-alcoholism campaign years before the transition.
Giovanni Andrea Cornia and Renato Paniccià
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198297413
- eISBN:
- 9780191685347
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198297413.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The study focuses on the behavior of mortality rates of fourteen countries in Eastern and Central Europe during the transition period. Mortality rates differ from country to country: the Czech ...
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The study focuses on the behavior of mortality rates of fourteen countries in Eastern and Central Europe during the transition period. Mortality rates differ from country to country: the Czech Republic has the most improved life expectancy rate while Russia and the Baltic States having the highest mortality rates and hence lower life expectancy. Different factors are considered by the study which affects the mortality rates of these countries. However, the study also considers the increased mortality rates in these countries as either a continuation of the unhealthy lifestyle under the USSR or an effect of other events like the World War II or the famine in the early 1920's that affected the USSR. Numerous factors are also cited by the study. The study finally proposes solutions to this unexplainable rise in the mortality rates of these countries.Less
The study focuses on the behavior of mortality rates of fourteen countries in Eastern and Central Europe during the transition period. Mortality rates differ from country to country: the Czech Republic has the most improved life expectancy rate while Russia and the Baltic States having the highest mortality rates and hence lower life expectancy. Different factors are considered by the study which affects the mortality rates of these countries. However, the study also considers the increased mortality rates in these countries as either a continuation of the unhealthy lifestyle under the USSR or an effect of other events like the World War II or the famine in the early 1920's that affected the USSR. Numerous factors are also cited by the study. The study finally proposes solutions to this unexplainable rise in the mortality rates of these countries.
Bradley R. Anholt
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199230693
- eISBN:
- 9780191710889
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230693.003.0013
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Animal Biology
Acquiring the resources for reproduction comes at the risk of death. After emergence, females of most odonate species gain more mass than males and concomitantly suffer higher mortality rates. ...
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Acquiring the resources for reproduction comes at the risk of death. After emergence, females of most odonate species gain more mass than males and concomitantly suffer higher mortality rates. Differences in adult mortality rates affect the operational sex ratio. The expected number of future matings for males affects whether males should defend territories or contact guard mates. Where females gain much more mass than males and suffer higher mortality as a result, a male with a mate has a very low expectation of additional matings and should contact guard a mate to maximize reproductive success. When the operational sex ratio is less male-biased, a male with a mate may have additional opportunities to mate and can maximize his reproductive success by territorial behaviour.Less
Acquiring the resources for reproduction comes at the risk of death. After emergence, females of most odonate species gain more mass than males and concomitantly suffer higher mortality rates. Differences in adult mortality rates affect the operational sex ratio. The expected number of future matings for males affects whether males should defend territories or contact guard mates. Where females gain much more mass than males and suffer higher mortality as a result, a male with a mate has a very low expectation of additional matings and should contact guard a mate to maximize reproductive success. When the operational sex ratio is less male-biased, a male with a mate may have additional opportunities to mate and can maximize his reproductive success by territorial behaviour.
R. W. Fogel (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198283966
- eISBN:
- 9780191684470
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198283966.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines famines, chronic malnutrition, mortality rates, and European escape from hunger. It provides evidence indicating that the elimination of crisis mortality accounted for only a ...
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This chapter examines famines, chronic malnutrition, mortality rates, and European escape from hunger. It provides evidence indicating that the elimination of crisis mortality accounted for only a small part of the decline in national mortality rates during the 19th century. The chapter also provides an alternative hypothesis which makes sharp changes in the distribution of food grains, resulting from relatively small shortfalls in output which is the principal cause of periodic famines.Less
This chapter examines famines, chronic malnutrition, mortality rates, and European escape from hunger. It provides evidence indicating that the elimination of crisis mortality accounted for only a small part of the decline in national mortality rates during the 19th century. The chapter also provides an alternative hypothesis which makes sharp changes in the distribution of food grains, resulting from relatively small shortfalls in output which is the principal cause of periodic famines.
Stephen J. Kunitz
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195308075
- eISBN:
- 9780199863846
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195308075.003.04
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter examines two related issues: (1) the association between inequality and measures of health is shown to be not the same everywhere but is dependent upon the historical and sociocultural ...
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This chapter examines two related issues: (1) the association between inequality and measures of health is shown to be not the same everywhere but is dependent upon the historical and sociocultural context; and (2) the association of the degree of income inequality in a society and life expectancy in that same society is also shown to be context specific. It is argued that the health and mortality of populations are shaped by so many factors that, as in the case of income per capita, so in the case of income inequality, no universally true generalizations are available. To understand the association, or its absence, between inequality and mortality, it is crucial to understand the epidemiological, sociocultural, political, and economic context of the population being observed.Less
This chapter examines two related issues: (1) the association between inequality and measures of health is shown to be not the same everywhere but is dependent upon the historical and sociocultural context; and (2) the association of the degree of income inequality in a society and life expectancy in that same society is also shown to be context specific. It is argued that the health and mortality of populations are shaped by so many factors that, as in the case of income per capita, so in the case of income inequality, no universally true generalizations are available. To understand the association, or its absence, between inequality and mortality, it is crucial to understand the epidemiological, sociocultural, political, and economic context of the population being observed.
Boyle Peter, Gray Nigel, Henningfield Jack, Seffrin John, and Zatoński Witold A.
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199566655
- eISBN:
- 9780191594410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566655.003.0015
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the effects of smoking cessation on lung cancer mortality and on all-cause mortality in Europe and North America, under-estimation of eventual hazards of smoking and benefits ...
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This chapter discusses the effects of smoking cessation on lung cancer mortality and on all-cause mortality in Europe and North America, under-estimation of eventual hazards of smoking and benefits of stopping in many studies of other populations, contrasting national trends in tobacco-attributed mortality at ages 35-69, and worldwide trends in smoking.Less
This chapter discusses the effects of smoking cessation on lung cancer mortality and on all-cause mortality in Europe and North America, under-estimation of eventual hazards of smoking and benefits of stopping in many studies of other populations, contrasting national trends in tobacco-attributed mortality at ages 35-69, and worldwide trends in smoking.
Sharon H. Saydah and Mark S. Eberhardt
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195317060
- eISBN:
- 9780199871544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195317060.003.0013
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter summarizes the changes in diabetes mortality for the entire population and among persons with diabetes. It examines sociodemographic differences in deaths from diabetes and the ...
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This chapter summarizes the changes in diabetes mortality for the entire population and among persons with diabetes. It examines sociodemographic differences in deaths from diabetes and the contribution of diabetes to other causes of death. Factors that are related to mortality, especially modifiable factors, are discussed. Measurement issues, such as factors associated with diabetes when diabetes is listed as the underlying rather than a related cause of death on death certificates, are also discussed.Less
This chapter summarizes the changes in diabetes mortality for the entire population and among persons with diabetes. It examines sociodemographic differences in deaths from diabetes and the contribution of diabetes to other causes of death. Factors that are related to mortality, especially modifiable factors, are discussed. Measurement issues, such as factors associated with diabetes when diabetes is listed as the underlying rather than a related cause of death on death certificates, are also discussed.
Partha Dasgupta
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198288350
- eISBN:
- 9780191596094
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198288352.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The theory and measurement of well‐being are discussed in six sections: (1) constituents and determinants of well‐being; (2) income; (3–5) health—anthropometric measures, mortality indices, and ...
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The theory and measurement of well‐being are discussed in six sections: (1) constituents and determinants of well‐being; (2) income; (3–5) health—anthropometric measures, mortality indices, and morbidity; and (6) education—numeracy and literacy.Less
The theory and measurement of well‐being are discussed in six sections: (1) constituents and determinants of well‐being; (2) income; (3–5) health—anthropometric measures, mortality indices, and morbidity; and (6) education—numeracy and literacy.
Irvine Loudon
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204992
- eISBN:
- 9780191676444
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204992.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter examines puerperal fever epidemics in lying-in hospitals in England during the 18th century. Though lying-in hospitals were intended to bring skill and comfort to the poor in childbirth, ...
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This chapter examines puerperal fever epidemics in lying-in hospitals in England during the 18th century. Though lying-in hospitals were intended to bring skill and comfort to the poor in childbirth, they were from the early years plagued by recurrent epidemics of puerperal fever with appalling mortality rates. Some critics have suggested that it was so much safer for poor pregnant women to give birth in the worst of slums with an untrained midwife than in a lying-in hospital.Less
This chapter examines puerperal fever epidemics in lying-in hospitals in England during the 18th century. Though lying-in hospitals were intended to bring skill and comfort to the poor in childbirth, they were from the early years plagued by recurrent epidemics of puerperal fever with appalling mortality rates. Some critics have suggested that it was so much safer for poor pregnant women to give birth in the worst of slums with an untrained midwife than in a lying-in hospital.
Witold A. Zatónski and Marta Mónczuk
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199566655
- eISBN:
- 9780191594410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566655.003.0011
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter assesses the role of tobacco smoking as a cause of premature mortality in Europe, and its contribution to the health gap between the EU10 and EU15 countries, using several complementary ...
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This chapter assesses the role of tobacco smoking as a cause of premature mortality in Europe, and its contribution to the health gap between the EU10 and EU15 countries, using several complementary approaches. It reviews the history of tobacco smoking in the EU10 countries and analyses the patterns of tobacco smoking. Since lung cancer is the cause of death most strongly associated with tobacco smoking, the chapter also analyses temporal trends in lung cancer mortality in Europe. Finally, it estimates the mortality attributable to tobacco smoking in the EU countries.Less
This chapter assesses the role of tobacco smoking as a cause of premature mortality in Europe, and its contribution to the health gap between the EU10 and EU15 countries, using several complementary approaches. It reviews the history of tobacco smoking in the EU10 countries and analyses the patterns of tobacco smoking. Since lung cancer is the cause of death most strongly associated with tobacco smoking, the chapter also analyses temporal trends in lung cancer mortality in Europe. Finally, it estimates the mortality attributable to tobacco smoking in the EU countries.
Diana Kuh and Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198578154
- eISBN:
- 9780191724039
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198578154.003.0005
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
It is widely believed that trends in ischemic heart disease (IHD) death rates in many countries have risen to a synchronized peak at every age and then declined. This has been taken as evidence that ...
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It is widely believed that trends in ischemic heart disease (IHD) death rates in many countries have risen to a synchronized peak at every age and then declined. This has been taken as evidence that the factors responsible for the rise and fall in rates have acted in adult life. It has also been taken as evidence against the important influence of early life factors on the incidence of disease. The argument is that early life factors would produce cohort effects, that is, changes in the rates that were synchronized according to year of birth rather than year of death. This chapter examines trends in IHD rates in England and Wales to assess whether this popular belief is true. It also analyzes cerebrovascular disease rates in England and Wales.Less
It is widely believed that trends in ischemic heart disease (IHD) death rates in many countries have risen to a synchronized peak at every age and then declined. This has been taken as evidence that the factors responsible for the rise and fall in rates have acted in adult life. It has also been taken as evidence against the important influence of early life factors on the incidence of disease. The argument is that early life factors would produce cohort effects, that is, changes in the rates that were synchronized according to year of birth rather than year of death. This chapter examines trends in IHD rates in England and Wales to assess whether this popular belief is true. It also analyzes cerebrovascular disease rates in England and Wales.
J. V. Joossens and H. Kesteloot
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198525738
- eISBN:
- 9780191724114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525738.003.0013
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter compares mortality trends and possible explanatory factors in three developed affluent countries: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Denmark. These countries have similar socio-economic ...
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This chapter compares mortality trends and possible explanatory factors in three developed affluent countries: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Denmark. These countries have similar socio-economic systems, and each has a social healthcare system covering the whole population, but they have important differences in employment. All-cause mortality is used as the ‘gold standard’ against which to validate cardiovascular mortality. To explore which factors might explain the observed changes in mortality in the three countries, levels and time-related changes in mortality rates in both sexes are compared with changes in lifestyle and in socio-economic factors, primarily unemployment.Less
This chapter compares mortality trends and possible explanatory factors in three developed affluent countries: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Denmark. These countries have similar socio-economic systems, and each has a social healthcare system covering the whole population, but they have important differences in employment. All-cause mortality is used as the ‘gold standard’ against which to validate cardiovascular mortality. To explore which factors might explain the observed changes in mortality in the three countries, levels and time-related changes in mortality rates in both sexes are compared with changes in lifestyle and in socio-economic factors, primarily unemployment.
Juris Krumins and Uldis Usackis
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198297413
- eISBN:
- 9780191685347
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198297413.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
During the 19th and 20th centuries, Latvia — as well as its neighbouring countries of Estonia and Lithuania forming the Baltic States — enjoyed a remarkable healthcare system resulting in a life ...
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During the 19th and 20th centuries, Latvia — as well as its neighbouring countries of Estonia and Lithuania forming the Baltic States — enjoyed a remarkable healthcare system resulting in a life expectancy of ten years longer than that of Russia’s. It’s life expectancy even exceeded the life expectancies of Italy, Germany and Austria. When Latvia was politically independent, its life expectancy further increased by two years. However, events like World War II, repression against civil population, collapse of the USSR, the persistent mismanagement of the USSR and the subsequent transition from command economy to market economy strongly influenced the population of Latvia. The chapter particularly studies the factors affecting the mortality rate of Latvia during the transition period which shall base its findings from statistical data.Less
During the 19th and 20th centuries, Latvia — as well as its neighbouring countries of Estonia and Lithuania forming the Baltic States — enjoyed a remarkable healthcare system resulting in a life expectancy of ten years longer than that of Russia’s. It’s life expectancy even exceeded the life expectancies of Italy, Germany and Austria. When Latvia was politically independent, its life expectancy further increased by two years. However, events like World War II, repression against civil population, collapse of the USSR, the persistent mismanagement of the USSR and the subsequent transition from command economy to market economy strongly influenced the population of Latvia. The chapter particularly studies the factors affecting the mortality rate of Latvia during the transition period which shall base its findings from statistical data.
Giovanni Andrea Cornia and Renato Paniccià (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198297413
- eISBN:
- 9780191685347
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198297413.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
In spite of widespread expectations of improvements in living standards and health conditions, in most of the countries of the former Soviet bloc the transition to the market economy was accompanied ...
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In spite of widespread expectations of improvements in living standards and health conditions, in most of the countries of the former Soviet bloc the transition to the market economy was accompanied by a sharp increase in (already high) death rates. Such an increase provoked an ‘excess mortality’ of some three million people over the period 1989–96 alone, an unprecedented phenomenon in peacetime. Such a crisis remains poorly explained, has generated a limited policy response in the countries concerned and international organizations, and is bound to generate important political and economic repercussions. This book is the first comprehensive assessment of the mortality crisis in transitional economies, of its causes, and of its remedies on the basis — among others — of micro data sets and quasi-panels on health trends which have never been used before. Contributions by demographers, economists, sociologists, epidemiologists, and health experts provide a rigorous analysis of the upsurge in mortality rates, with the aim of contributing to the launch of vigorous policies to tackle the crisis.Less
In spite of widespread expectations of improvements in living standards and health conditions, in most of the countries of the former Soviet bloc the transition to the market economy was accompanied by a sharp increase in (already high) death rates. Such an increase provoked an ‘excess mortality’ of some three million people over the period 1989–96 alone, an unprecedented phenomenon in peacetime. Such a crisis remains poorly explained, has generated a limited policy response in the countries concerned and international organizations, and is bound to generate important political and economic repercussions. This book is the first comprehensive assessment of the mortality crisis in transitional economies, of its causes, and of its remedies on the basis — among others — of micro data sets and quasi-panels on health trends which have never been used before. Contributions by demographers, economists, sociologists, epidemiologists, and health experts provide a rigorous analysis of the upsurge in mortality rates, with the aim of contributing to the launch of vigorous policies to tackle the crisis.
Jacek Moskalewicz, Bogdan Wojtyniak, and Daniel Rabczenko
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198297413
- eISBN:
- 9780191685347
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198297413.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter focuses on the contributions or effects of alcohol consumption to mortality rate at the time when Estonia, former GDR, Poland, Russia, Lithuania and Latvia are at the rapid pace of ...
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This chapter focuses on the contributions or effects of alcohol consumption to mortality rate at the time when Estonia, former GDR, Poland, Russia, Lithuania and Latvia are at the rapid pace of transforming to market economies. It also deals with the impact on mortality rate of alcohol consumption before the transition period and its difference to the post-transition period. Alcohol consumption affects mortality rates either as the direct cause of death or as the proximate cause of death arising from accidents, traumas, suicide or homicide. A large portion of deaths due to external causes like accident are attributable to alcohol consumption. However, in the countries stated above, liberalization of the economy is not a factor in considering why alcohol consumption affects mortality rate.Less
This chapter focuses on the contributions or effects of alcohol consumption to mortality rate at the time when Estonia, former GDR, Poland, Russia, Lithuania and Latvia are at the rapid pace of transforming to market economies. It also deals with the impact on mortality rate of alcohol consumption before the transition period and its difference to the post-transition period. Alcohol consumption affects mortality rates either as the direct cause of death or as the proximate cause of death arising from accidents, traumas, suicide or homicide. A large portion of deaths due to external causes like accident are attributable to alcohol consumption. However, in the countries stated above, liberalization of the economy is not a factor in considering why alcohol consumption affects mortality rate.
M. Ezzati and A. D. Lopez
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198525738
- eISBN:
- 9780191724114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525738.003.0010
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter employs the indirect smoking impact ratio method (Peto et al. 1992), which uses absolute lung cancer mortality in a population as a marker for accumulated hazards of smoking, to estimate ...
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This chapter employs the indirect smoking impact ratio method (Peto et al. 1992), which uses absolute lung cancer mortality in a population as a marker for accumulated hazards of smoking, to estimate the global impact of smoking on coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality. In 2000, an estimated 873,000 people died from CHD in the world due to smoking, accounting for 15% of global adult CHD mortality. This figure represents a significant proportion of the more than 4.8 million smoking-attributable deaths in 2000. Of these deaths, 359,000 were in developing countries, marking a transition to an era in which smoking kills a comparable number of people from CHD in developing countries as in industrialized nations.Less
This chapter employs the indirect smoking impact ratio method (Peto et al. 1992), which uses absolute lung cancer mortality in a population as a marker for accumulated hazards of smoking, to estimate the global impact of smoking on coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality. In 2000, an estimated 873,000 people died from CHD in the world due to smoking, accounting for 15% of global adult CHD mortality. This figure represents a significant proportion of the more than 4.8 million smoking-attributable deaths in 2000. Of these deaths, 359,000 were in developing countries, marking a transition to an era in which smoking kills a comparable number of people from CHD in developing countries as in industrialized nations.
Michael Marmot and Martin Bobak
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198297413
- eISBN:
- 9780191685347
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198297413.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter focuses on the effects of the social and economic changes during the transition period in the Central and Eastern European countries. It is established that before the transition era, ...
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This chapter focuses on the effects of the social and economic changes during the transition period in the Central and Eastern European countries. It is established that before the transition era, there was a substantial gap between the life expectancy of the Western and Eastern Nations. The study also provides for the effects of the psychosocial aspects of the people on their biological structure, which in turn affects mortality rate. This chapter, focusing on the biological aspect of the people in these countries, includes the food intake and the biochemical composition of their bodies. This chapter also describes the mechanism of the psychosocial factor in affecting the way people live their lives mostly in their food intake. These psychosocial and biological mechanisms indirectly affect the mortality rate.Less
This chapter focuses on the effects of the social and economic changes during the transition period in the Central and Eastern European countries. It is established that before the transition era, there was a substantial gap between the life expectancy of the Western and Eastern Nations. The study also provides for the effects of the psychosocial aspects of the people on their biological structure, which in turn affects mortality rate. This chapter, focusing on the biological aspect of the people in these countries, includes the food intake and the biochemical composition of their bodies. This chapter also describes the mechanism of the psychosocial factor in affecting the way people live their lives mostly in their food intake. These psychosocial and biological mechanisms indirectly affect the mortality rate.
R. Peto, J. Chen, T. C. Campbell, J. Li, J. Boreham, Z. Feng, and L. Youngman
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192622358
- eISBN:
- 9780191723636
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192622358.003.0030
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter describes a geographical correlation study involving age-standardized mortality rates from almost 100 separate causes or groups of causes in sixty-five rural counties in China, plus a ...
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This chapter describes a geographical correlation study involving age-standardized mortality rates from almost 100 separate causes or groups of causes in sixty-five rural counties in China, plus a representative survey of almost 300 characteristics of the populations in each of these counties. The study may be used either directly or indirectly for medical research. This study's direct value is as a source of correlations between diseases, between diseases and factors that might affect those diseases, or between one factor or another. Its indirect value is as a source of statistical information that can be used to develop an overall description of some recent large developments in preventive medicine in China.Less
This chapter describes a geographical correlation study involving age-standardized mortality rates from almost 100 separate causes or groups of causes in sixty-five rural counties in China, plus a representative survey of almost 300 characteristics of the populations in each of these counties. The study may be used either directly or indirectly for medical research. This study's direct value is as a source of correlations between diseases, between diseases and factors that might affect those diseases, or between one factor or another. Its indirect value is as a source of statistical information that can be used to develop an overall description of some recent large developments in preventive medicine in China.
Ralph Houlbrooke
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208761
- eISBN:
- 9780191678134
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208761.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Social History
This chapter discusses various demographic and physical facts about death. Fluctuations in mortality exercised a strong influence over population ...
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This chapter discusses various demographic and physical facts about death. Fluctuations in mortality exercised a strong influence over population trends between the 15th century and the mid-18th. In the period 1540—1750 there were eleven national crisis years when mortality rose 30% above trend. The estimated life expectancy was between 30 and 40 years. The first year of life was the most dangerous, seeing the largest numbers of deaths. Among the epidemic diseases, the most notorious experienced in late medieval and early modem times was bubonic plague, a disease of the summer and early autumn months.Less
This chapter discusses various demographic and physical facts about death. Fluctuations in mortality exercised a strong influence over population trends between the 15th century and the mid-18th. In the period 1540—1750 there were eleven national crisis years when mortality rose 30% above trend. The estimated life expectancy was between 30 and 40 years. The first year of life was the most dangerous, seeing the largest numbers of deaths. Among the epidemic diseases, the most notorious experienced in late medieval and early modem times was bubonic plague, a disease of the summer and early autumn months.
James D. Nichols, William L. Kendall, and Michael C. Runge
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198520863
- eISBN:
- 9780191706189
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198520863.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
The study of survival (or mortality) rates and movement patterns are central in bird population studies, but the collection and analysis of relevant data is sometimes difficult and beset with ...
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The study of survival (or mortality) rates and movement patterns are central in bird population studies, but the collection and analysis of relevant data is sometimes difficult and beset with potential biases. This chapter discusses the pros and cons of various methods of estimating the survival and movements of wild birds, including methods based on radio-telemetry, capture-recapture/re-sighting, and band recoveries — the latter often provided by members of the public. A large part of the chapter is concerned with the merits of the various statistical models available for analysing the resulting data. Advice is given on the selection of suitable methods and on which procedures are most appropriate in different situations.Less
The study of survival (or mortality) rates and movement patterns are central in bird population studies, but the collection and analysis of relevant data is sometimes difficult and beset with potential biases. This chapter discusses the pros and cons of various methods of estimating the survival and movements of wild birds, including methods based on radio-telemetry, capture-recapture/re-sighting, and band recoveries — the latter often provided by members of the public. A large part of the chapter is concerned with the merits of the various statistical models available for analysing the resulting data. Advice is given on the selection of suitable methods and on which procedures are most appropriate in different situations.
