Azar Gat
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207153
- eISBN:
- 9780191677519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207153.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Military History, History of Ideas
Fascism is primarily associated with the Mussolini's regime in Italy and Hitler's government in Germany. While these two countries exhibited an explosive effect, this study was only marginally ...
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Fascism is primarily associated with the Mussolini's regime in Italy and Hitler's government in Germany. While these two countries exhibited an explosive effect, this study was only marginally concerned with their actual practices, their ‘modernizing’ nature and impact and their role in perpetrating the Second World War. The main concern of this study was the concept of fascism as an idea and a cultural mood which attracted intellectuals before the World War I and before fascism was transformed into mass political movements. Fascism in internationally deprived countries such as Italy and Germany were seen as tools for strong revisionist foreign policy element and a militaristic tendency which aided for procuring power. On the whole, fascism was more about domestic affairs. It was a cultural and political response to the rise of mass society, urbanization, and secularization. Fascists belonging to the nineteenth century looked for an alternative way to modernity that would preserve ‘civilization’ and elite culture from the threat of democratic and socialism, that would include the masses without being dominated and subjugated by them and that would change the ‘disenchantment of life ’ linked with modern rationalism.Less
Fascism is primarily associated with the Mussolini's regime in Italy and Hitler's government in Germany. While these two countries exhibited an explosive effect, this study was only marginally concerned with their actual practices, their ‘modernizing’ nature and impact and their role in perpetrating the Second World War. The main concern of this study was the concept of fascism as an idea and a cultural mood which attracted intellectuals before the World War I and before fascism was transformed into mass political movements. Fascism in internationally deprived countries such as Italy and Germany were seen as tools for strong revisionist foreign policy element and a militaristic tendency which aided for procuring power. On the whole, fascism was more about domestic affairs. It was a cultural and political response to the rise of mass society, urbanization, and secularization. Fascists belonging to the nineteenth century looked for an alternative way to modernity that would preserve ‘civilization’ and elite culture from the threat of democratic and socialism, that would include the masses without being dominated and subjugated by them and that would change the ‘disenchantment of life ’ linked with modern rationalism.
Peter Goldie
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199253043
- eISBN:
- 9780191597510
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199253048.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
The central aim of the book is to give a deeper and wider understanding of emotion, and of related phenomena, such as consciousness, thought, feeling, imagination, expressive action, mood, and ...
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The central aim of the book is to give a deeper and wider understanding of emotion, and of related phenomena, such as consciousness, thought, feeling, imagination, expressive action, mood, and character. A key theme is the idea of a personal perspective or point of view, as contrasted with the impersonal stance of the empirical sciences. It is only from the personal perspective that thoughts, reasons, feelings, and actions—commonsense psychology—come into view. The book endorses the view that the emotions are intentional, but resists the thought that this intentionality can be fully captured without reference to feelings; this is a kind of over‐intellectualizing of the emotions. The notion of feeling towards is introduced to capture the intentionality of emotion. The book argues that the various elements of emotional experience—thought, feeling, bodily change, expression, and action—are tied together as part of a narrative structure.Less
The central aim of the book is to give a deeper and wider understanding of emotion, and of related phenomena, such as consciousness, thought, feeling, imagination, expressive action, mood, and character. A key theme is the idea of a personal perspective or point of view, as contrasted with the impersonal stance of the empirical sciences. It is only from the personal perspective that thoughts, reasons, feelings, and actions—commonsense psychology—come into view. The book endorses the view that the emotions are intentional, but resists the thought that this intentionality can be fully captured without reference to feelings; this is a kind of over‐intellectualizing of the emotions. The notion of feeling towards is introduced to capture the intentionality of emotion. The book argues that the various elements of emotional experience—thought, feeling, bodily change, expression, and action—are tied together as part of a narrative structure.
Walter Glannon
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195307788
- eISBN:
- 9780199867431
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307788.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter assesses the potential benefits and harms of actual and possible uses of psychopharmacological agents for prevention, therapy, and enhancement. These include using drugs to prevent or ...
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This chapter assesses the potential benefits and harms of actual and possible uses of psychopharmacological agents for prevention, therapy, and enhancement. These include using drugs to prevent or erase memories of fear-arousing events. They also include drugs that could alter the neural circuitry of violent offenders. Placebos as a psychological intervention and their effects on the brain and mind are considered, focusing on whether it can be ethical to give placebos to treat symptoms associated with different medical conditions. Finally, possible off-label uses of drugs for enhancing cognition and mood are discussed.Less
This chapter assesses the potential benefits and harms of actual and possible uses of psychopharmacological agents for prevention, therapy, and enhancement. These include using drugs to prevent or erase memories of fear-arousing events. They also include drugs that could alter the neural circuitry of violent offenders. Placebos as a psychological intervention and their effects on the brain and mind are considered, focusing on whether it can be ethical to give placebos to treat symptoms associated with different medical conditions. Finally, possible off-label uses of drugs for enhancing cognition and mood are discussed.
Mark Tushnet
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294962
- eISBN:
- 9780191598708
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294964.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Democracy’s Discontent has been so well received more because it expresses a mood than because it makes an argument. Middle-class professionals and managers are no longer ...
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Democracy’s Discontent has been so well received more because it expresses a mood than because it makes an argument. Middle-class professionals and managers are no longer experts offering professional and autonomous advice on how best to steer the economy, but employees subject to the market forces they had believed they controlled. Unsurprisingly, they might be interested in recapturing some control at the expense of some slight reduction in their material well-being, even if the effects on the material well-being of less privileged groups might be more substantial. Our different identities–our cosmopolitanism and our more particular commitments to family, friends, neighbors, nations, ethnic groups, and religious confreres–might sometimes conflict, but a public philosophy that acknowledges the possibility of internal conflicts, and treats such conflicts as an occasion for political deliberation and struggle, might inspire the allegiance that Sandel requires. To exercise effective control over transnational corporate power, people must participate in supranational institutions as democrats, not as Kurds or Quebecois–and, to that extent, as cosmopolitans.Less
Democracy’s Discontent has been so well received more because it expresses a mood than because it makes an argument. Middle-class professionals and managers are no longer experts offering professional and autonomous advice on how best to steer the economy, but employees subject to the market forces they had believed they controlled. Unsurprisingly, they might be interested in recapturing some control at the expense of some slight reduction in their material well-being, even if the effects on the material well-being of less privileged groups might be more substantial. Our different identities–our cosmopolitanism and our more particular commitments to family, friends, neighbors, nations, ethnic groups, and religious confreres–might sometimes conflict, but a public philosophy that acknowledges the possibility of internal conflicts, and treats such conflicts as an occasion for political deliberation and struggle, might inspire the allegiance that Sandel requires. To exercise effective control over transnational corporate power, people must participate in supranational institutions as democrats, not as Kurds or Quebecois–and, to that extent, as cosmopolitans.
Alessandra Lemma, Mary Target, and Peter Fonagy
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199602452
- eISBN:
- 9780191729232
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602452.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Health Psychology
Dynamic Interpersonal Therapy (DIT) is a brief psychodynamic psychotherapy developed for the treatment of mood disorders. It is being rolled out as part of the Improving Access to Psychological ...
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Dynamic Interpersonal Therapy (DIT) is a brief psychodynamic psychotherapy developed for the treatment of mood disorders. It is being rolled out as part of the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) initiative as the psychodynamic model for the treatment of depression. This book is a practical guide for the implementation of a brief psychodynamic intervention in routine clinical practice as well as in research protocols. It sets out clearly the theoretical framework, as well as the rationale and strategies for applying DIT with patients presenting with mood disorders (depression and anxiety). Throughout, it is illustrated with examples that help with implementing the approach in practice.Less
Dynamic Interpersonal Therapy (DIT) is a brief psychodynamic psychotherapy developed for the treatment of mood disorders. It is being rolled out as part of the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) initiative as the psychodynamic model for the treatment of depression. This book is a practical guide for the implementation of a brief psychodynamic intervention in routine clinical practice as well as in research protocols. It sets out clearly the theoretical framework, as well as the rationale and strategies for applying DIT with patients presenting with mood disorders (depression and anxiety). Throughout, it is illustrated with examples that help with implementing the approach in practice.
Michael S. Fanselow, Eric Eich, Steven M. Smith, and Mark E. Bouton
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195310443
- eISBN:
- 9780199865321
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310443.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This part presents four chapters on the concept of context. The first chapter develops a definition of what is meant by the term “context” that relates to the history of research that has made the ...
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This part presents four chapters on the concept of context. The first chapter develops a definition of what is meant by the term “context” that relates to the history of research that has made the term so common today. The second considers three specific problems—mood congruence, mood dependence and mood mediation—that present different sides to the general question of how affective states, such as happiness and sadness, function as internal or experiential contexts for memory and cognition. The third focuses on the relationship between memory and context. The fourth chapter presents a synthesis of the chapters in this part.Less
This part presents four chapters on the concept of context. The first chapter develops a definition of what is meant by the term “context” that relates to the history of research that has made the term so common today. The second considers three specific problems—mood congruence, mood dependence and mood mediation—that present different sides to the general question of how affective states, such as happiness and sadness, function as internal or experiential contexts for memory and cognition. The third focuses on the relationship between memory and context. The fourth chapter presents a synthesis of the chapters in this part.
Alessandra Lemma, Mary Target, and Peter Fonagy
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199602452
- eISBN:
- 9780191729232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602452.003.0051
- Subject:
- Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Health Psychology
This chapter presents answers to some frequently asked questions about DIT. Questions addressed are: How does DIT differ from interpersonal psychotherapy? How does DIT differ from other brief ...
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This chapter presents answers to some frequently asked questions about DIT. Questions addressed are: How does DIT differ from interpersonal psychotherapy? How does DIT differ from other brief psychodynamic therapies? Is DIT a supportive psychotherapy? Is DIT an adaptation of mentalization-based therapy for mood disorders? Is DIT suitable with patients with personality disorders? How central is working in the transference in DIT? What training is needed to practice DIT? Does the length of the therapy need to be restricted to sixteen sessions as set out in this protocol? Does the DIT therapist work with dreams and unconscious fantasies? Does the DIT therapist use the countertransference as the basis for intervening? Does DIT focus on the patient's past? What should be expected if the decision to train in DIT is chosen?Less
This chapter presents answers to some frequently asked questions about DIT. Questions addressed are: How does DIT differ from interpersonal psychotherapy? How does DIT differ from other brief psychodynamic therapies? Is DIT a supportive psychotherapy? Is DIT an adaptation of mentalization-based therapy for mood disorders? Is DIT suitable with patients with personality disorders? How central is working in the transference in DIT? What training is needed to practice DIT? Does the length of the therapy need to be restricted to sixteen sessions as set out in this protocol? Does the DIT therapist work with dreams and unconscious fantasies? Does the DIT therapist use the countertransference as the basis for intervening? Does DIT focus on the patient's past? What should be expected if the decision to train in DIT is chosen?
Leslie Iversen, Susan Iversen, Stephen Dunnett, and Anders Bjorklund (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195373035
- eISBN:
- 9780199865543
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373035.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, History of Neuroscience
The discovery of dopamine in 1957-8 was one of the seminal events in the development of modern neuroscience, and has been extremely important for the development of modern therapies of neurological ...
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The discovery of dopamine in 1957-8 was one of the seminal events in the development of modern neuroscience, and has been extremely important for the development of modern therapies of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Dopamine has a fundamental role in almost all aspects of behavior — from motor control to mood regulation, cognition and addiction and reward — and dopamine research has been unique within the neurosciences in the way it has bridged basic science and clinical practice. Over the decades, research into the role of dopamine in health and disease has been at the forefront of modern neuroscience.Less
The discovery of dopamine in 1957-8 was one of the seminal events in the development of modern neuroscience, and has been extremely important for the development of modern therapies of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Dopamine has a fundamental role in almost all aspects of behavior — from motor control to mood regulation, cognition and addiction and reward — and dopamine research has been unique within the neurosciences in the way it has bridged basic science and clinical practice. Over the decades, research into the role of dopamine in health and disease has been at the forefront of modern neuroscience.
Helen S. Mayberg
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195134971
- eISBN:
- 9780199864157
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134971.003.0024
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This chapter focuses on the use of various imaging techniques to elucidate the functional neuroanatomical substrates mediating normal and abnormal mood states. It is in this framework that a model of ...
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This chapter focuses on the use of various imaging techniques to elucidate the functional neuroanatomical substrates mediating normal and abnormal mood states. It is in this framework that a model of depression, emphasizing disruption of frontal-subcortical circuits, is discussed.Less
This chapter focuses on the use of various imaging techniques to elucidate the functional neuroanatomical substrates mediating normal and abnormal mood states. It is in this framework that a model of depression, emphasizing disruption of frontal-subcortical circuits, is discussed.
Patricia Canington
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198521945
- eISBN:
- 9780191688478
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198521945.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
In recent years modern forms of meditation have been developed which possess therapeutic properties. This chapter describes how these new forms, simplified and divested of ...
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In recent years modern forms of meditation have been developed which possess therapeutic properties. This chapter describes how these new forms, simplified and divested of esoteric trappings and religious overtones, can be applied in clinical practice to achieve specific objectives. The orientation presented here is based on supervision of the teaching of approximately 7,000 people in clinical settings during the past fourteen years. Most of these people were identified by a medical team or through other professional assessment as being under high stress. In the discussion, the chapter attempts to identify the major clinical benefits that can be expected from the practice of meditation, to outline some of the available training options and to present recommendations for professionals wishing to utilize this form of therapy.Less
In recent years modern forms of meditation have been developed which possess therapeutic properties. This chapter describes how these new forms, simplified and divested of esoteric trappings and religious overtones, can be applied in clinical practice to achieve specific objectives. The orientation presented here is based on supervision of the teaching of approximately 7,000 people in clinical settings during the past fourteen years. Most of these people were identified by a medical team or through other professional assessment as being under high stress. In the discussion, the chapter attempts to identify the major clinical benefits that can be expected from the practice of meditation, to outline some of the available training options and to present recommendations for professionals wishing to utilize this form of therapy.
Richard Sorabji
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199256600
- eISBN:
- 9780191712609
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199256600.003.0016
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
The ancients offered a huge range of therapeutic exercises. Some ward off future emotion, some deal with emotion that has already arisen from a past occurrence. Chrysippus' emphasis on re-evaluating ...
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The ancients offered a huge range of therapeutic exercises. Some ward off future emotion, some deal with emotion that has already arisen from a past occurrence. Chrysippus' emphasis on re-evaluating situations is a therapy for emotions, whereas Posidonius' reversion to Plato would have helped with moods as well. Pythagoreans, Democritus, Epicureans, Cynics, Aristo of Ceos (Aristotelian), Plutarch, and Galen all make contributions. The poet Ovid parodies the philosophers' therapies. All this is echoed in Christianity, but the Stoics are outstanding, Epictetus the ex-slave sterner, Seneca the aristocrat more adapted to ordinary discomforts. In recent times, Epictetus enabled Admiral Stockdale to withstand torture and solitary confinement, and his account shows how even the sterner therapies could work in practice.Less
The ancients offered a huge range of therapeutic exercises. Some ward off future emotion, some deal with emotion that has already arisen from a past occurrence. Chrysippus' emphasis on re-evaluating situations is a therapy for emotions, whereas Posidonius' reversion to Plato would have helped with moods as well. Pythagoreans, Democritus, Epicureans, Cynics, Aristo of Ceos (Aristotelian), Plutarch, and Galen all make contributions. The poet Ovid parodies the philosophers' therapies. All this is echoed in Christianity, but the Stoics are outstanding, Epictetus the ex-slave sterner, Seneca the aristocrat more adapted to ordinary discomforts. In recent times, Epictetus enabled Admiral Stockdale to withstand torture and solitary confinement, and his account shows how even the sterner therapies could work in practice.
Philip Kitcher and Richard Schacht
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195183603
- eISBN:
- 9780199850457
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183603.003.0022
- Subject:
- Music, Opera
Two of the five endings shown in Wagner’s Ring are evidently celebratory. Although this ecstatic mood is carried over two operas later, this chapter observes how these instances exhibit a deceptive ...
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Two of the five endings shown in Wagner’s Ring are evidently celebratory. Although this ecstatic mood is carried over two operas later, this chapter observes how these instances exhibit a deceptive feel. In one case, we experience arrogance and in the other, we notice unstable emotions. Despite how the other three endings in the drama exude a darker impression by accompanying situations of loss and defeat, all of these instances seem to be more affirmative. This chapter discusses the musical effects employed to make the atmosphere of the scenes more powerful and understandable. As the five endings structure the drama through providing deceptive triumph, hope, and other such emotions, the judgment of the closing plot is both affirmative and tragic. However, it is emphasized that as the world ends, it should be noted that the earth remains and is still capable of achieving renewal.Less
Two of the five endings shown in Wagner’s Ring are evidently celebratory. Although this ecstatic mood is carried over two operas later, this chapter observes how these instances exhibit a deceptive feel. In one case, we experience arrogance and in the other, we notice unstable emotions. Despite how the other three endings in the drama exude a darker impression by accompanying situations of loss and defeat, all of these instances seem to be more affirmative. This chapter discusses the musical effects employed to make the atmosphere of the scenes more powerful and understandable. As the five endings structure the drama through providing deceptive triumph, hope, and other such emotions, the judgment of the closing plot is both affirmative and tragic. However, it is emphasized that as the world ends, it should be noted that the earth remains and is still capable of achieving renewal.
Enoch Oladé Aboh
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195159905
- eISBN:
- 9780199788125
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195159905.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter discusses some aspects of the Gungbe clause structure in terms of the split-I and split-C hypotheses. It is argued that each of so-called ‘I-features’ is the head of a maximal projection ...
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This chapter discusses some aspects of the Gungbe clause structure in terms of the split-I and split-C hypotheses. It is argued that each of so-called ‘I-features’ is the head of a maximal projection that projects within the I-system. The first section provides a general overview of the Gungbe preverbal markers. It is shown that the Gungbe preverbal markers are of two types: negation, tense, and aspect markers, which encode I-features (i.e., IP-markers), and the markers that manifest the left periphery and express C-features (i.e., CP-markers). The next section discusses the distribution and the syntactic function of the IP-markers in the Gungbe sentences. The chapter then discusses the Gungbe mood markers.Less
This chapter discusses some aspects of the Gungbe clause structure in terms of the split-I and split-C hypotheses. It is argued that each of so-called ‘I-features’ is the head of a maximal projection that projects within the I-system. The first section provides a general overview of the Gungbe preverbal markers. It is shown that the Gungbe preverbal markers are of two types: negation, tense, and aspect markers, which encode I-features (i.e., IP-markers), and the markers that manifest the left periphery and express C-features (i.e., CP-markers). The next section discusses the distribution and the syntactic function of the IP-markers in the Gungbe sentences. The chapter then discusses the Gungbe mood markers.
Ellen M. Migo, Steve C.R. Williams, William R. Crum, Matthew J. Kempton, and Ulrich Ettinger
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195393804
- eISBN:
- 9780199863495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393804.003.0008
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
There is a clear need for biomarkers in neuro-degenerative and psychiatric disorders for both early and differential diagnosis, personalized prediction of treatment response, and in drug discovery. ...
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There is a clear need for biomarkers in neuro-degenerative and psychiatric disorders for both early and differential diagnosis, personalized prediction of treatment response, and in drug discovery. Non-invasive neuroimaging is a key area for biomarker development because it connects behavioural outcomes with structural, functional, and molecular mechanisms. This chapter discusses neuroimaging biomarkers in relation to dementia, schizophrenia, and mood disorders (bipolar and major depressive disorders). The current candidate biomarkers for each disorder are reviewed, across the full range of imaging modalities, followed by an evaluation of their future prospects. The chapter concludes that there has been substantial progress towards personalized neuroimaging-based biomarkers but much remains to be done. Such biomarkers must be validated for specific disorders and may include neuroimaging and non-neuroimaging components.Less
There is a clear need for biomarkers in neuro-degenerative and psychiatric disorders for both early and differential diagnosis, personalized prediction of treatment response, and in drug discovery. Non-invasive neuroimaging is a key area for biomarker development because it connects behavioural outcomes with structural, functional, and molecular mechanisms. This chapter discusses neuroimaging biomarkers in relation to dementia, schizophrenia, and mood disorders (bipolar and major depressive disorders). The current candidate biomarkers for each disorder are reviewed, across the full range of imaging modalities, followed by an evaluation of their future prospects. The chapter concludes that there has been substantial progress towards personalized neuroimaging-based biomarkers but much remains to be done. Such biomarkers must be validated for specific disorders and may include neuroimaging and non-neuroimaging components.
Jonathan Cole and Henrietta Spalding
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198566397
- eISBN:
- 9780191693564
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566397.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
We are defined by our faces. They give identity but, equally importantly, reveal our moods and emotions through facial expression. So what happens when the face cannot move? This book is about people ...
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We are defined by our faces. They give identity but, equally importantly, reveal our moods and emotions through facial expression. So what happens when the face cannot move? This book is about people who live with Möbius Syndrome, which has as its main feature an absence of movement of the muscles of facial expression from birth. People with Möbius cannot smile, frown, or look surprised or sad. Talking and eating are problematic, since their lips do not move. Even looking around is also difficult since the eyes cannot move either. The book gives those with Möbius a voice, allowing children and adults with the condition to explain what it is like. The biographies that this book contains reveal much about the relation between face and facial expression, and about the emotional expression and emotional experience that we normally take for granted. The narratives also show the creative ways in which those with Möbius construct their lives and how they come to terms with and express their identities with, and yet beyond, their faces. Some with Möbius have been thought to have learning difficulties and autism, since an impassive immobile face has been assumed to reflect inner cognitive problems. This book criticises such work and asks people to look not only at the face but beyond it to see the person.Less
We are defined by our faces. They give identity but, equally importantly, reveal our moods and emotions through facial expression. So what happens when the face cannot move? This book is about people who live with Möbius Syndrome, which has as its main feature an absence of movement of the muscles of facial expression from birth. People with Möbius cannot smile, frown, or look surprised or sad. Talking and eating are problematic, since their lips do not move. Even looking around is also difficult since the eyes cannot move either. The book gives those with Möbius a voice, allowing children and adults with the condition to explain what it is like. The biographies that this book contains reveal much about the relation between face and facial expression, and about the emotional expression and emotional experience that we normally take for granted. The narratives also show the creative ways in which those with Möbius construct their lives and how they come to terms with and express their identities with, and yet beyond, their faces. Some with Möbius have been thought to have learning difficulties and autism, since an impassive immobile face has been assumed to reflect inner cognitive problems. This book criticises such work and asks people to look not only at the face but beyond it to see the person.
Fred Feldman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199571178
- eISBN:
- 9780191722547
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571178.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
According to Attitudinal Hedonism about Happiness (AHH), to be happy at a time is to have a positive net balance of intrinsic occurrent attitudinal pleasure at that time. Happiness in an interval is ...
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According to Attitudinal Hedonism about Happiness (AHH), to be happy at a time is to have a positive net balance of intrinsic occurrent attitudinal pleasure at that time. Happiness in an interval is the integral of happiness at moments within the interval. Happiness in a domain of life is happiness taken in objects suitably associated with the domain. Happiness in life as a whole is happiness in the interval that is your whole life. Chapter 7 contains discussion of some objections to AHH. One of these objections involves the claim that AHH goes wrong in the case of “objectless moods”. The second is based on the idea that AHH ignores the “cheery feelings” that some think are a crucial element in happiness. Cases that were introduced earlier in connection with competing theories of happiness are revisited. The aim is to clarify AHH as well as to show that it is an attractive theory of happiness.Less
According to Attitudinal Hedonism about Happiness (AHH), to be happy at a time is to have a positive net balance of intrinsic occurrent attitudinal pleasure at that time. Happiness in an interval is the integral of happiness at moments within the interval. Happiness in a domain of life is happiness taken in objects suitably associated with the domain. Happiness in life as a whole is happiness in the interval that is your whole life. Chapter 7 contains discussion of some objections to AHH. One of these objections involves the claim that AHH goes wrong in the case of “objectless moods”. The second is based on the idea that AHH ignores the “cheery feelings” that some think are a crucial element in happiness. Cases that were introduced earlier in connection with competing theories of happiness are revisited. The aim is to clarify AHH as well as to show that it is an attractive theory of happiness.
Joanna Blaszczak, Anastasia Giannakidou, Dorota Klimek-Jankowska, and Krzysztof Migdalski (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226363523
- eISBN:
- 9780226363660
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226363660.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
Over the past several decades, linguistic theorizing of tense, aspect, and mood (TAM), along with a strongly growing body of crosslinguistic studies, have revealed complexity in the data that ...
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Over the past several decades, linguistic theorizing of tense, aspect, and mood (TAM), along with a strongly growing body of crosslinguistic studies, have revealed complexity in the data that challenges traditional distinctions and treatments of these categories. This book argues that it’s time to revisit our conventional assumptions and reconsider our foundational questions: What exactly is a linguistic category? What kinds of categories to labels such as “subjunctive,” “imperative,” “future,” and “modality” truly refer to? In short, how categorical are categories? Current literature assumes a straightforward link between grammatical category and semantic function, and descriptions of well-studied languages have cultivated a sense of predictability in patterns over time. However, this predictability and stability vanish in the study of lesser-known patterns and languages. The ten provocative essays gathered here present fascinating cutting-edge research demonstrating that the traditional grammatical distinctions are ultimately fluid, and perhaps even illusory. Developing groundbreaking and highly original theories, the contributors in this volume seek to unravel more general, fundamental principles of TAM that can help us better understand the nature of linguistic representations.Less
Over the past several decades, linguistic theorizing of tense, aspect, and mood (TAM), along with a strongly growing body of crosslinguistic studies, have revealed complexity in the data that challenges traditional distinctions and treatments of these categories. This book argues that it’s time to revisit our conventional assumptions and reconsider our foundational questions: What exactly is a linguistic category? What kinds of categories to labels such as “subjunctive,” “imperative,” “future,” and “modality” truly refer to? In short, how categorical are categories? Current literature assumes a straightforward link between grammatical category and semantic function, and descriptions of well-studied languages have cultivated a sense of predictability in patterns over time. However, this predictability and stability vanish in the study of lesser-known patterns and languages. The ten provocative essays gathered here present fascinating cutting-edge research demonstrating that the traditional grammatical distinctions are ultimately fluid, and perhaps even illusory. Developing groundbreaking and highly original theories, the contributors in this volume seek to unravel more general, fundamental principles of TAM that can help us better understand the nature of linguistic representations.
D. Gary Miller
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199583430
- eISBN:
- 9780191595288
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199583430.003.0009
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics, Theoretical Linguistics
Do underwent four main structural reanalyses. The first (merger in v) took do from a causative verb to a factual/evidential auxiliary. There was also a semantically empty variant ...
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Do underwent four main structural reanalyses. The first (merger in v) took do from a causative verb to a factual/evidential auxiliary. There was also a semantically empty variant that became more frequent as V‐to‐T movement was gradually lost over the period from c15 to ca.1730. The second reanalysis was to an interrogative marker [ca.1600]. Initially, do occurred only in questions with evidential semantics, but in yes‐no questions had multiple motivations. The third reanalysis was to Cinque's highest Mood/Modal categories (epistemic, evidential, evaluative, and speech act). The fourth reanalysis was restriction to verum focus and Force/Illocution (Mood speech act). All of these changes illustrate reanalysis to higher functional positions, in this case to the highest universal functional categories proposed by Rizzi and Cinque.Less
Do underwent four main structural reanalyses. The first (merger in v) took do from a causative verb to a factual/evidential auxiliary. There was also a semantically empty variant that became more frequent as V‐to‐T movement was gradually lost over the period from c15 to ca.1730. The second reanalysis was to an interrogative marker [ca.1600]. Initially, do occurred only in questions with evidential semantics, but in yes‐no questions had multiple motivations. The third reanalysis was to Cinque's highest Mood/Modal categories (epistemic, evidential, evaluative, and speech act). The fourth reanalysis was restriction to verum focus and Force/Illocution (Mood speech act). All of these changes illustrate reanalysis to higher functional positions, in this case to the highest universal functional categories proposed by Rizzi and Cinque.
Wayne A. Davis
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199261659
- eISBN:
- 9780191603099
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199261652.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
This chapter shows how the expression theory can account for four cases of nondescriptive meaning: interjections, syncategorematic terms, words with conventional implicatures, and non-declarative ...
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This chapter shows how the expression theory can account for four cases of nondescriptive meaning: interjections, syncategorematic terms, words with conventional implicatures, and non-declarative sentences. The meaning of interrogative and imperative sentences is explained in terms of non-propositional thoughts. Syncategorematic terms express thought-parts that are no more incomplete or dependent than those expressed by other terms. Interjections provide an exception to the rule that meaning consists in the expression of ideas; they express mental event types that are not thought parts (nor emotions). Conventional implicatures are explained in terms of appositional thoughts, complexes with a main thought and a subordinate thought.Less
This chapter shows how the expression theory can account for four cases of nondescriptive meaning: interjections, syncategorematic terms, words with conventional implicatures, and non-declarative sentences. The meaning of interrogative and imperative sentences is explained in terms of non-propositional thoughts. Syncategorematic terms express thought-parts that are no more incomplete or dependent than those expressed by other terms. Interjections provide an exception to the rule that meaning consists in the expression of ideas; they express mental event types that are not thought parts (nor emotions). Conventional implicatures are explained in terms of appositional thoughts, complexes with a main thought and a subordinate thought.
Carolyn A. Fredericks, Jessica H. Kalmar, and Hilary P. Blumberg
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198565741
- eISBN:
- 9780191723971
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565741.003.0021
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter reviews evidence supporting a prominent role for the ventral prefrontal cortex (vPFC) in the neuropathophysiology of mood disorders. Findings from multiple studies of mood disorders, ...
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This chapter reviews evidence supporting a prominent role for the ventral prefrontal cortex (vPFC) in the neuropathophysiology of mood disorders. Findings from multiple studies of mood disorders, using a variety of research methods, converge within a broad vPFC region that encompasses medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex, subgenual and pregenual anterior cingulate, as well as medial and rostral frontal cortices. Despite heterogeneity in the specific subregions of vPFC reported in these studies, the vPFC region emerges as a crucial node within a distributed cortico-limbic neural system disrupted in mood disorders. Research that has elucidated the functions of the vPFC and brain structures with significant connectivity to vPFC strongly implicates the vPFC and its connected circuitry in the deficits in emotional and behavioral regulation characteristic of major depression and bipolar disorder.Less
This chapter reviews evidence supporting a prominent role for the ventral prefrontal cortex (vPFC) in the neuropathophysiology of mood disorders. Findings from multiple studies of mood disorders, using a variety of research methods, converge within a broad vPFC region that encompasses medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex, subgenual and pregenual anterior cingulate, as well as medial and rostral frontal cortices. Despite heterogeneity in the specific subregions of vPFC reported in these studies, the vPFC region emerges as a crucial node within a distributed cortico-limbic neural system disrupted in mood disorders. Research that has elucidated the functions of the vPFC and brain structures with significant connectivity to vPFC strongly implicates the vPFC and its connected circuitry in the deficits in emotional and behavioral regulation characteristic of major depression and bipolar disorder.
