Norman A. Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195306750
- eISBN:
- 9780199790203
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306750.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Natural selection is not the only evolutionary “force” that can alter frequencies of genetic variants; random genetic drift (a sampling process) persistently changes the gene pool of populations, ...
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Natural selection is not the only evolutionary “force” that can alter frequencies of genetic variants; random genetic drift (a sampling process) persistently changes the gene pool of populations, especially in small populations. Moreover, at the molecular level, negative selection is more prevalent than positive selection as deleterious mutations occur much more than do advantageous mutations. Motoo Kimura, a Japanese evolutionary geneticist, expanded on Darwinian evolution and formulated what is now called the neutral theory of molecular evolution. According to Kimura, patterns of molecular evolution are determined primarily by mutation, genetic drift, and negative selection. This chapter discusses the development of the neutral theory, and explains how it lays the foundation to produce tests used to detect positive selection and balancing selection. It also contains a discussion of hypothesis testing.Less
Natural selection is not the only evolutionary “force” that can alter frequencies of genetic variants; random genetic drift (a sampling process) persistently changes the gene pool of populations, especially in small populations. Moreover, at the molecular level, negative selection is more prevalent than positive selection as deleterious mutations occur much more than do advantageous mutations. Motoo Kimura, a Japanese evolutionary geneticist, expanded on Darwinian evolution and formulated what is now called the neutral theory of molecular evolution. According to Kimura, patterns of molecular evolution are determined primarily by mutation, genetic drift, and negative selection. This chapter discusses the development of the neutral theory, and explains how it lays the foundation to produce tests used to detect positive selection and balancing selection. It also contains a discussion of hypothesis testing.
Xun Gu
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199213269
- eISBN:
- 9780191594762
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213269.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Biomathematics / Statistics and Data Analysis / Complexity Studies
Molecular evolution is the study of the process of evolution at the level of DNA, RNA, and proteins, in which the neutral or nearly neutral evolution model has provided the theoretical basis. Yet, ...
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Molecular evolution is the study of the process of evolution at the level of DNA, RNA, and proteins, in which the neutral or nearly neutral evolution model has provided the theoretical basis. Yet, the role of positive selection at the molecular level remains a controversial issue. Recent advances in genomics, including whole-genome sequencing, high-throughput protein characterization, and bioinformatics have led to a dramatic increase in studies in comparative and evolutionary genomics. This chapter introduces some widely-used methods in genomic analysis. These include distance method, parsimony methods, maximum-likelihood methods, Bayesian methods, and ancestral sequence inference.Less
Molecular evolution is the study of the process of evolution at the level of DNA, RNA, and proteins, in which the neutral or nearly neutral evolution model has provided the theoretical basis. Yet, the role of positive selection at the molecular level remains a controversial issue. Recent advances in genomics, including whole-genome sequencing, high-throughput protein characterization, and bioinformatics have led to a dramatic increase in studies in comparative and evolutionary genomics. This chapter introduces some widely-used methods in genomic analysis. These include distance method, parsimony methods, maximum-likelihood methods, Bayesian methods, and ancestral sequence inference.
Xun Gu
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199213269
- eISBN:
- 9780191594762
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213269.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Biomathematics / Statistics and Data Analysis / Complexity Studies
As evolutionary biologists have always been concerned with the genetic basis for the emergence of complex phenotypes, advances in genomics and systems biology are facilitating a paradigm shift of ...
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As evolutionary biologists have always been concerned with the genetic basis for the emergence of complex phenotypes, advances in genomics and systems biology are facilitating a paradigm shift of molecular evolutionary biology toward a better understanding of the relationship of genotypes and phenotypes. From an evolutionary perspective, the central question is whether natural selection is a necessary and/or sufficient force to explain the emergence of genomic and cellular features that underlie the building of complex organisms. Lynch has criticized the adaptive hypothesis for the origins of organismal complexity, claiming that nothing in evolution makes sense in light of population genetics that takes the effects of mutation, genetic drift, and natural selection into account. The importance of mutation types and genetic drifts on the phenotype evolution has also been emphasized by Nei and his associates. One plausible approach to resolving these fundamental issues is to model the features of biological complexity as parameters instead of emerged properties, under the principle of population genetics and molecular evolution. This chapter discusses some recent results in this trend.Less
As evolutionary biologists have always been concerned with the genetic basis for the emergence of complex phenotypes, advances in genomics and systems biology are facilitating a paradigm shift of molecular evolutionary biology toward a better understanding of the relationship of genotypes and phenotypes. From an evolutionary perspective, the central question is whether natural selection is a necessary and/or sufficient force to explain the emergence of genomic and cellular features that underlie the building of complex organisms. Lynch has criticized the adaptive hypothesis for the origins of organismal complexity, claiming that nothing in evolution makes sense in light of population genetics that takes the effects of mutation, genetic drift, and natural selection into account. The importance of mutation types and genetic drifts on the phenotype evolution has also been emphasized by Nei and his associates. One plausible approach to resolving these fundamental issues is to model the features of biological complexity as parameters instead of emerged properties, under the principle of population genetics and molecular evolution. This chapter discusses some recent results in this trend.
John O. Reiss
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520258938
- eISBN:
- 9780520944404
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520258938.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter explores the fundamental distinction between natural selection and genetic drift, starting from a consideration of how they are measured, and suggests that it may not be as fundamental ...
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This chapter explores the fundamental distinction between natural selection and genetic drift, starting from a consideration of how they are measured, and suggests that it may not be as fundamental as Wright suggested. It begins by examining the distinction between natural selection and genetic drift at the most basic, physical level—as part of the standardized variance in rate of increase observed in populations. The chapter then provides a brief historical overview of the origin of the concept of genetic drift in the work of Fisher and Wright. Finally, it examines some of the complexities of molecular evolution, such as hitchhiking, meiotic drive, variable selection, mutational bias, recombinational bias, jumping genes, and horizontal gene transfer.Less
This chapter explores the fundamental distinction between natural selection and genetic drift, starting from a consideration of how they are measured, and suggests that it may not be as fundamental as Wright suggested. It begins by examining the distinction between natural selection and genetic drift at the most basic, physical level—as part of the standardized variance in rate of increase observed in populations. The chapter then provides a brief historical overview of the origin of the concept of genetic drift in the work of Fisher and Wright. Finally, it examines some of the complexities of molecular evolution, such as hitchhiking, meiotic drive, variable selection, mutational bias, recombinational bias, jumping genes, and horizontal gene transfer.
Kevin J. Gaston
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199554232
- eISBN:
- 9780191720666
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199554232.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Kevin J. Gaston defines biodiversity and lays out obstacles to its better understanding in this chapter. Biodiversity is the variety of life in all of its many manifestations. This variety can ...
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Kevin J. Gaston defines biodiversity and lays out obstacles to its better understanding in this chapter. Biodiversity is the variety of life in all of its many manifestations. This variety can usefully be thought of in terms of three hierarchical sets of elements, which capture different facets: genetic diversity, organismal diversity, and ecological diversity. There is by definition no single measure of biodiversity, although two different kinds of measures (number and heterogeneity) can be distinguished. Pragmatically, and rather restrictively, biodiversity tends in the main to be measured in terms of a number measures of organismal diversity, and especially species richness. Biodiversity has been present for much of the history of the Earth, but the levels have changed dramatically and have proven challenging to document reliably. Biodiversity is variably distributed across the Earth, although some marked spatial gradients seem common to numerous higher taxonomic groups. The obstacles to an improved understanding of biodiversity are: (i) its sheer magnitude and complexity; (ii) the biases of the fossil record and the apparent variability in rates of molecular evolution; (iii) the relative paucity of quantitative sampling over much of the planet; and (iv) that levels and patterns of biodiversity are being profoundly altered by human activities.Less
Kevin J. Gaston defines biodiversity and lays out obstacles to its better understanding in this chapter. Biodiversity is the variety of life in all of its many manifestations. This variety can usefully be thought of in terms of three hierarchical sets of elements, which capture different facets: genetic diversity, organismal diversity, and ecological diversity. There is by definition no single measure of biodiversity, although two different kinds of measures (number and heterogeneity) can be distinguished. Pragmatically, and rather restrictively, biodiversity tends in the main to be measured in terms of a number measures of organismal diversity, and especially species richness. Biodiversity has been present for much of the history of the Earth, but the levels have changed dramatically and have proven challenging to document reliably. Biodiversity is variably distributed across the Earth, although some marked spatial gradients seem common to numerous higher taxonomic groups. The obstacles to an improved understanding of biodiversity are: (i) its sheer magnitude and complexity; (ii) the biases of the fossil record and the apparent variability in rates of molecular evolution; (iii) the relative paucity of quantitative sampling over much of the planet; and (iv) that levels and patterns of biodiversity are being profoundly altered by human activities.
Norman A. Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195306750
- eISBN:
- 9780199790203
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306750.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Positive natural selection, though rare in comparison with negative selection, is the main evolutionary force responsible for adaptive evolutionary change. Using the neutral theory to generate null ...
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Positive natural selection, though rare in comparison with negative selection, is the main evolutionary force responsible for adaptive evolutionary change. Using the neutral theory to generate null hypotheses, evolutionary geneticists have developed tests for detecting positive selection. Several of these tests make use of DNA sequence data sets that contain information on both variation existing within a species (polymorphism) and differences accumulated between species (divergence). This chapter focuses on the McDonald-Krietman test, a powerful but relatively simple test of detecting positive selection. Also discussed is how inferences about the action of selection can be made through the examination of linkage disequilibrium, patterns of correlations of genetic variants at different (but linked) sites. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the legacy of Kimura and his neutral theory of molecular evolution.Less
Positive natural selection, though rare in comparison with negative selection, is the main evolutionary force responsible for adaptive evolutionary change. Using the neutral theory to generate null hypotheses, evolutionary geneticists have developed tests for detecting positive selection. Several of these tests make use of DNA sequence data sets that contain information on both variation existing within a species (polymorphism) and differences accumulated between species (divergence). This chapter focuses on the McDonald-Krietman test, a powerful but relatively simple test of detecting positive selection. Also discussed is how inferences about the action of selection can be made through the examination of linkage disequilibrium, patterns of correlations of genetic variants at different (but linked) sites. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the legacy of Kimura and his neutral theory of molecular evolution.
Ziheng Yang
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199602605
- eISBN:
- 9780191782251
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602605.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Biomathematics / Statistics and Data Analysis / Complexity Studies, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This book summarizes the statistical models and computational algorithms for comparative analysis of genetic sequence data in the fields of molecular evolution, molecular phylogenetics, and ...
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This book summarizes the statistical models and computational algorithms for comparative analysis of genetic sequence data in the fields of molecular evolution, molecular phylogenetics, and statistical phylogeography. The book presents and explains the models of nucleotide, amino acid, and codon substitution, and their use in calculating pairwise sequence distances and in reconstruction of phylogenetic trees. All major methods for phylogeny reconstruction are covered in detail, including neighbour joining, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods. Using motivating examples, the book includes a comprehensive introduction to Bayesian computation using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). Advanced topics include estimation of species divergence times using the molecular clock, detection of molecular adaptation, simulation of molecular evolution, as well as species tree estimation and species delimitation using genomic sequence data.Less
This book summarizes the statistical models and computational algorithms for comparative analysis of genetic sequence data in the fields of molecular evolution, molecular phylogenetics, and statistical phylogeography. The book presents and explains the models of nucleotide, amino acid, and codon substitution, and their use in calculating pairwise sequence distances and in reconstruction of phylogenetic trees. All major methods for phylogeny reconstruction are covered in detail, including neighbour joining, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods. Using motivating examples, the book includes a comprehensive introduction to Bayesian computation using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). Advanced topics include estimation of species divergence times using the molecular clock, detection of molecular adaptation, simulation of molecular evolution, as well as species tree estimation and species delimitation using genomic sequence data.
Andreas Wagner
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- December 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199595372
- eISBN:
- 9780191774799
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199595372.003.0017
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
High-dimensional adaptive landscapes facilitate the origin of evolutionary adaptations and innovations, qualitatively new and beneficial phenotypes. This chapter discusses evidence for this assertion ...
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High-dimensional adaptive landscapes facilitate the origin of evolutionary adaptations and innovations, qualitatively new and beneficial phenotypes. This chapter discusses evidence for this assertion from three classes of systems important for evolutionary innovation, metabolic networks, gene regulation circuits, as well as protein and RNA macromolecules. In all three classes of systems, vast genotype networks — connected sets of genotypes with the same phenotype — exist and extend far through genotype space. These networks are essential for the ability of biological systems to explore many novel phenotypes, and they are a consequence of the high dimensionality of genotype spaces.Less
High-dimensional adaptive landscapes facilitate the origin of evolutionary adaptations and innovations, qualitatively new and beneficial phenotypes. This chapter discusses evidence for this assertion from three classes of systems important for evolutionary innovation, metabolic networks, gene regulation circuits, as well as protein and RNA macromolecules. In all three classes of systems, vast genotype networks — connected sets of genotypes with the same phenotype — exist and extend far through genotype space. These networks are essential for the ability of biological systems to explore many novel phenotypes, and they are a consequence of the high dimensionality of genotype spaces.
ZIHENG YANG
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198567028
- eISBN:
- 9780191728280
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567028.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter discusses basic techniques of computer simulation. Topics covered include random number generator, generation of continuous random variables, generation of discrete random variables, and ...
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This chapter discusses basic techniques of computer simulation. Topics covered include random number generator, generation of continuous random variables, generation of discrete random variables, and simulating molecular evolution. Exercises are provided at the end of the chapter.Less
This chapter discusses basic techniques of computer simulation. Topics covered include random number generator, generation of continuous random variables, generation of discrete random variables, and simulating molecular evolution. Exercises are provided at the end of the chapter.
Gregory A. Wray
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262513678
- eISBN:
- 9780262315142
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262513678.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter characterizes the consequences of a shift of focus from individual genes to gene networks. It describes some of the opportunities and challenges that the genomic era brings to ...
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This chapter characterizes the consequences of a shift of focus from individual genes to gene networks. It describes some of the opportunities and challenges that the genomic era brings to evolutionary biology, and some of the ways current research into genome evolution is extending the Modern Synthesis. The chapter also discusses three extensions to the Modern Synthesis that are emerging out of the tumult and excitement of evolutionary genomics. It suggests that applying the traditional approaches of population genetics, evolutionary genetics, and molecular evolution to genomic data sets presents nontrivial challenges.Less
This chapter characterizes the consequences of a shift of focus from individual genes to gene networks. It describes some of the opportunities and challenges that the genomic era brings to evolutionary biology, and some of the ways current research into genome evolution is extending the Modern Synthesis. The chapter also discusses three extensions to the Modern Synthesis that are emerging out of the tumult and excitement of evolutionary genomics. It suggests that applying the traditional approaches of population genetics, evolutionary genetics, and molecular evolution to genomic data sets presents nontrivial challenges.
Belinda S. W. Chang, Jingjing Du, Cameron J. Weadick, Johannes Müller, Constanze Bickelmann, D. David Yu, and James M. Morrow
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199601165
- eISBN:
- 9780191810114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199601165.003.0011
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter focuses on the use of codon models for ancestral sequence reconstruction, and for use in clade models of functional divergence. It first reviews codon-based ancestral reconstruction ...
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This chapter focuses on the use of codon models for ancestral sequence reconstruction, and for use in clade models of functional divergence. It first reviews codon-based ancestral reconstruction methods, followed by an example of their use in inferring synonymous evolution in mammalian rhodopsins. It then discusses clade models of molecular evolution, followed by a description of a recently proposed clade model likelihood test of divergence and its application to teleost short-wavelength visual pigments. The promise of both approaches lies in the possibility of generating specific hypotheses of molecular function, which can be then interpreted in the context of data on molecular structure and function, particularly for genes for which a variety of biochemical assays and other functional data exist.Less
This chapter focuses on the use of codon models for ancestral sequence reconstruction, and for use in clade models of functional divergence. It first reviews codon-based ancestral reconstruction methods, followed by an example of their use in inferring synonymous evolution in mammalian rhodopsins. It then discusses clade models of molecular evolution, followed by a description of a recently proposed clade model likelihood test of divergence and its application to teleost short-wavelength visual pigments. The promise of both approaches lies in the possibility of generating specific hypotheses of molecular function, which can be then interpreted in the context of data on molecular structure and function, particularly for genes for which a variety of biochemical assays and other functional data exist.
ZIHENG YANG
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198567028
- eISBN:
- 9780191728280
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567028.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter provides a brief introduction to the theory and computation of Bayesian statistics and its applications to molecular evolution. It uses simple examples, such as distance estimation under ...
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This chapter provides a brief introduction to the theory and computation of Bayesian statistics and its applications to molecular evolution. It uses simple examples, such as distance estimation under the JC69 model, to introduce the general principles. It discusses the application of Bayesian inference to reconstruction of phylogenetic trees and to population genetics analysis under the coalescent. Exercises are provided at the end of the chapter.Less
This chapter provides a brief introduction to the theory and computation of Bayesian statistics and its applications to molecular evolution. It uses simple examples, such as distance estimation under the JC69 model, to introduce the general principles. It discusses the application of Bayesian inference to reconstruction of phylogenetic trees and to population genetics analysis under the coalescent. Exercises are provided at the end of the chapter.
Jay F. Storz
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- December 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198810681
- eISBN:
- 9780191847929
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198810681.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics, Biochemistry / Molecular Biology
The aims of this book are to provide a synthesis of our current understanding of hemoglobin structure, function, and evolution, and to illustrate how research on this paradigmatic protein has ...
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The aims of this book are to provide a synthesis of our current understanding of hemoglobin structure, function, and evolution, and to illustrate how research on this paradigmatic protein has provided general insights into mechanisms of molecular evolution and biochemical adaptation. The book promotes an appreciation of how mechanistic insights into protein function can enrich our understanding of how evolution works and, reciprocally, it highlights how approaches in evolutionary genetics (such as phylogenetic comparative methods and ancestral sequence reconstruction) can be brought to bear on questions about the functional evolution of proteins. This treatise on the functional evolution of hemoglobin illustrates how research on a single, well-chosen model system can enhance our investigative acuity and bring key conceptual questions into sharp focus. Hemoglobin: Insights into Protein Structure, Function, and Evolution is suitable for a wide range of graduate level students taking interdisciplinary courses in biochemical physiology and protein evolution, and will serve as a key reference for researchers in molecular evolution, biochemistry, and comparative physiology.Less
The aims of this book are to provide a synthesis of our current understanding of hemoglobin structure, function, and evolution, and to illustrate how research on this paradigmatic protein has provided general insights into mechanisms of molecular evolution and biochemical adaptation. The book promotes an appreciation of how mechanistic insights into protein function can enrich our understanding of how evolution works and, reciprocally, it highlights how approaches in evolutionary genetics (such as phylogenetic comparative methods and ancestral sequence reconstruction) can be brought to bear on questions about the functional evolution of proteins. This treatise on the functional evolution of hemoglobin illustrates how research on a single, well-chosen model system can enhance our investigative acuity and bring key conceptual questions into sharp focus. Hemoglobin: Insights into Protein Structure, Function, and Evolution is suitable for a wide range of graduate level students taking interdisciplinary courses in biochemical physiology and protein evolution, and will serve as a key reference for researchers in molecular evolution, biochemistry, and comparative physiology.
Betul Kacar
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226401744
- eISBN:
- 9780226401911
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226401911.003.0012
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
Scientists have access to artifacts of evolutionary history, but they have limited ability to infer the exact events that produced today’s living world. An intriguing question to arise from this ...
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Scientists have access to artifacts of evolutionary history, but they have limited ability to infer the exact events that produced today’s living world. An intriguing question to arise from this limitation is whether the evolutionary paths of organisms are dominated by controlled processes, or whether they are inherently random, subject to different outcomes if repeated. Two experimental approaches, ancestral sequence reconstruction and experimental evolution, can be used to recapitulate ancient adaptive pathways and provide insights into the mutational steps that constitute an organism’s genetic heritage. Ancestral sequence reconstruction follows a backwards-from-present-day strategy in which ancestral forms of a gene or protein are reconstructed and studied mechanistically. Experimental evolution, by contrast, follows a forward-from-present-day strategy in which microbial populations are evolved in the laboratory under defined conditions. Here I describe a novel hybrid of these two methods, in which synthetic components constructed from inferred ancestral gene or protein sequences are placed into the genomes of modern organisms that are then experimentally evolved. Through this system, we aim to establish the comparative study of ancient phenotypes as a novel, statistically rigorous methodology with which to explore the impacts of biophysics and chance in evolution within the scope of the Extended Synthesis.Less
Scientists have access to artifacts of evolutionary history, but they have limited ability to infer the exact events that produced today’s living world. An intriguing question to arise from this limitation is whether the evolutionary paths of organisms are dominated by controlled processes, or whether they are inherently random, subject to different outcomes if repeated. Two experimental approaches, ancestral sequence reconstruction and experimental evolution, can be used to recapitulate ancient adaptive pathways and provide insights into the mutational steps that constitute an organism’s genetic heritage. Ancestral sequence reconstruction follows a backwards-from-present-day strategy in which ancestral forms of a gene or protein are reconstructed and studied mechanistically. Experimental evolution, by contrast, follows a forward-from-present-day strategy in which microbial populations are evolved in the laboratory under defined conditions. Here I describe a novel hybrid of these two methods, in which synthetic components constructed from inferred ancestral gene or protein sequences are placed into the genomes of modern organisms that are then experimentally evolved. Through this system, we aim to establish the comparative study of ancient phenotypes as a novel, statistically rigorous methodology with which to explore the impacts of biophysics and chance in evolution within the scope of the Extended Synthesis.
Christof Mast, Friederike Möller, Moritz Kreysing, Severin Schink, Benedikt Obermayer, Ulrich Gerland, and Dieter Braun
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- June 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780199674923
- eISBN:
- 9780191842702
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0039
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Development
How does inanimate matter become transformed into animate matter? Living systems evolve by replication and selection at the molecular level and this chapter considers how to establish a synthetic, ...
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How does inanimate matter become transformed into animate matter? Living systems evolve by replication and selection at the molecular level and this chapter considers how to establish a synthetic, minimal system that can support molecular evolution and thus life. Molecular evolution cannot be explained by starting with high concentrations of activated chemicals that react toward their chemical equilibrium; persistent non-equilibria are required to maintain continuous reactivity and we especially consider thermal gradients as an early driving force for Darwinian molecular evolution. The temperature difference across water-filled compartments implements a laminar fluid convection with periodic temperature oscillations that allow for the melting and replication of DNA. Simultaneously, dissolved molecules are moved along the thermal gradient by an effect called thermophoresis. The combined result is an efficient molecule trap that exponentially favors long over short DNA and thus maintains complexity. Future experiments will reveal how thermal gradients could actively drive the Darwinian process of replication and selection.Less
How does inanimate matter become transformed into animate matter? Living systems evolve by replication and selection at the molecular level and this chapter considers how to establish a synthetic, minimal system that can support molecular evolution and thus life. Molecular evolution cannot be explained by starting with high concentrations of activated chemicals that react toward their chemical equilibrium; persistent non-equilibria are required to maintain continuous reactivity and we especially consider thermal gradients as an early driving force for Darwinian molecular evolution. The temperature difference across water-filled compartments implements a laminar fluid convection with periodic temperature oscillations that allow for the melting and replication of DNA. Simultaneously, dissolved molecules are moved along the thermal gradient by an effect called thermophoresis. The combined result is an efficient molecule trap that exponentially favors long over short DNA and thus maintains complexity. Future experiments will reveal how thermal gradients could actively drive the Darwinian process of replication and selection.
Ziheng Yang
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199602605
- eISBN:
- 9780191782251
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199602605.003.0012
- Subject:
- Biology, Biomathematics / Statistics and Data Analysis / Complexity Studies, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter introduces computer simulation and in particular simulation of the molecular evolutionary process. It covers the generation of random numbers as well as other discrete and continuous ...
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This chapter introduces computer simulation and in particular simulation of the molecular evolutionary process. It covers the generation of random numbers as well as other discrete and continuous random variables. The chapter then discusses the simulation of the Poisson process, the variable-rate Poisson process, and discrete-time and continuous-time Markov chains. Different strategies for simulating sequence alignments through molecular evolution are then discussed.Less
This chapter introduces computer simulation and in particular simulation of the molecular evolutionary process. It covers the generation of random numbers as well as other discrete and continuous random variables. The chapter then discusses the simulation of the Poisson process, the variable-rate Poisson process, and discrete-time and continuous-time Markov chains. Different strategies for simulating sequence alignments through molecular evolution are then discussed.
Bruce Walsh and Michael Lynch
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198830870
- eISBN:
- 9780191868986
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198830870.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics, Biochemistry / Molecular Biology
Quantitative traits—be they morphological or physiological characters, aspects of behavior, or genome-level features such as the amount of RNA or protein expression for a specific gene—usually show ...
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Quantitative traits—be they morphological or physiological characters, aspects of behavior, or genome-level features such as the amount of RNA or protein expression for a specific gene—usually show considerable variation within and among populations. Quantitative genetics, also referred to as the genetics of complex traits, is the study of such characters and is based on mathematical models of evolution in which many genes influence the trait and in which non-genetic factors may also be important. Evolution and Selection of Quantitative Traits presents a holistic treatment of the subject, showing the interplay between theory and data with extensive discussions on statistical issues relating to the estimation of the biologically relevant parameters for these models. Quantitative genetics is viewed as the bridge between complex mathematical models of trait evolution and real-world data, and the authors have clearly framed their treatment as such. This is the second volume in a planned trilogy that summarizes the modern field of quantitative genetics, informed by empirical observations from wide-ranging fields (agriculture, evolution, ecology, and human biology) as well as population genetics, statistical theory, mathematical modeling, genetics, and genomics. Whilst volume 1 (1998) dealt with the genetics of such traits, the main focus of volume 2 is on their evolution, with a special emphasis on detecting selection (ranging from the use of genomic and historical data through to ecological field data) and examining its consequences. This extensive work of reference is suitable for graduate level students as well as professional researchers (both empiricists and theoreticians) in the fields of evolutionary biology, genetics, and genomics. It will also be of particular relevance and use to plant and animal breeders, human geneticists, and statisticians.Less
Quantitative traits—be they morphological or physiological characters, aspects of behavior, or genome-level features such as the amount of RNA or protein expression for a specific gene—usually show considerable variation within and among populations. Quantitative genetics, also referred to as the genetics of complex traits, is the study of such characters and is based on mathematical models of evolution in which many genes influence the trait and in which non-genetic factors may also be important. Evolution and Selection of Quantitative Traits presents a holistic treatment of the subject, showing the interplay between theory and data with extensive discussions on statistical issues relating to the estimation of the biologically relevant parameters for these models. Quantitative genetics is viewed as the bridge between complex mathematical models of trait evolution and real-world data, and the authors have clearly framed their treatment as such. This is the second volume in a planned trilogy that summarizes the modern field of quantitative genetics, informed by empirical observations from wide-ranging fields (agriculture, evolution, ecology, and human biology) as well as population genetics, statistical theory, mathematical modeling, genetics, and genomics. Whilst volume 1 (1998) dealt with the genetics of such traits, the main focus of volume 2 is on their evolution, with a special emphasis on detecting selection (ranging from the use of genomic and historical data through to ecological field data) and examining its consequences. This extensive work of reference is suitable for graduate level students as well as professional researchers (both empiricists and theoreticians) in the fields of evolutionary biology, genetics, and genomics. It will also be of particular relevance and use to plant and animal breeders, human geneticists, and statisticians.
Adrian Schneider and Gina M. Cannarozzi
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199601165
- eISBN:
- 9780191810114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199601165.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This background chapter summarizes some of the basic concepts used in molecular evolution, such as the use of Markov models in modelling sequence evolution as well as maximum-likelihood and Bayesian ...
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This background chapter summarizes some of the basic concepts used in molecular evolution, such as the use of Markov models in modelling sequence evolution as well as maximum-likelihood and Bayesian estimation. It also discusses comparisons of models and methods using likelihood-based tests, simulations, and empirical tests. The goal of this chapter is to provide consistent notation and common definitions, and to give the reader an introduction to those topics while avoiding repeated descriptions of the same concepts in several chapters.Less
This background chapter summarizes some of the basic concepts used in molecular evolution, such as the use of Markov models in modelling sequence evolution as well as maximum-likelihood and Bayesian estimation. It also discusses comparisons of models and methods using likelihood-based tests, simulations, and empirical tests. The goal of this chapter is to provide consistent notation and common definitions, and to give the reader an introduction to those topics while avoiding repeated descriptions of the same concepts in several chapters.
Guillaume Fertin, Anthony Labarre, Irena Rusu, Eric Tannier, and Steéphane Vialette
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262062824
- eISBN:
- 9780262258753
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262062824.003.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Mathematical Biology
This introductory chapter first discusses the molecular evolution and the birth of the combinatorics of genome rearrangements. It then describes the genome rearrangement problem; the scope of the ...
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This introductory chapter first discusses the molecular evolution and the birth of the combinatorics of genome rearrangements. It then describes the genome rearrangement problem; the scope of the present survey; an overview of the models; and the organization of the book.Less
This introductory chapter first discusses the molecular evolution and the birth of the combinatorics of genome rearrangements. It then describes the genome rearrangement problem; the scope of the present survey; an overview of the models; and the organization of the book.
Richard Highton
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520235922
- eISBN:
- 9780520929432
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520235922.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
Recent declines and extinctions of amphibian populations have been reported in many areas of the world. A majority of the documented declines are in easily detectable anuran species, including ...
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Recent declines and extinctions of amphibian populations have been reported in many areas of the world. A majority of the documented declines are in easily detectable anuran species, including flatwoods salamanders (Ambystoma cingulatum), southern dusky salamanders (Desmognathus auriculatus), and green salamanders (Aneides aeneus. However, other published reports indicate little change in eastern salamander populations. Since 1951, the author has done a great deal of fieldwork in eastern North America in the course of studies on the life histories, systematics, population genetics, and molecular evolution of the plethodontid genus Plethodon — the largest genus of salamanders in the United States (fifty-three presently recognized species). His findings indicate widespread declines in eastern North American populations of woodland salamanders in the region. The cause(s) of these population declines is (are) unknown, except that extensive habitat destruction by logging occurred at sixteen sites (twenty-two populations); but this accounts for only a small proportion of the observed declines.Less
Recent declines and extinctions of amphibian populations have been reported in many areas of the world. A majority of the documented declines are in easily detectable anuran species, including flatwoods salamanders (Ambystoma cingulatum), southern dusky salamanders (Desmognathus auriculatus), and green salamanders (Aneides aeneus. However, other published reports indicate little change in eastern salamander populations. Since 1951, the author has done a great deal of fieldwork in eastern North America in the course of studies on the life histories, systematics, population genetics, and molecular evolution of the plethodontid genus Plethodon — the largest genus of salamanders in the United States (fifty-three presently recognized species). His findings indicate widespread declines in eastern North American populations of woodland salamanders in the region. The cause(s) of these population declines is (are) unknown, except that extensive habitat destruction by logging occurred at sixteen sites (twenty-two populations); but this accounts for only a small proportion of the observed declines.
