Jonathan L. Kvanvig
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199282593
- eISBN:
- 9780191603587
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199282595.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
This chapter examines the logical structure of the knowability paradox, presenting the details of the proofs that underlie the paradox, and clarifying which elements of these proofs give rise to ...
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This chapter examines the logical structure of the knowability paradox, presenting the details of the proofs that underlie the paradox, and clarifying which elements of these proofs give rise to paradox. It argues that there is no simple and obvious logical mistake in the derivation of the knowability result. A paradox has deep significance only if it arises from plausible premises. Those in question in Fitch’s proof are the claim of epistemic modesty, that some truths will never be known, and the knowability principle that all truths are knowable. Although the second claim does not have the same intuitive pull as the first, there are substantive grounds in its favour; grounds that some hold show that all truths are knowable, but which show at the very least that it is plausible to maintain that all truths are knowable.Less
This chapter examines the logical structure of the knowability paradox, presenting the details of the proofs that underlie the paradox, and clarifying which elements of these proofs give rise to paradox. It argues that there is no simple and obvious logical mistake in the derivation of the knowability result. A paradox has deep significance only if it arises from plausible premises. Those in question in Fitch’s proof are the claim of epistemic modesty, that some truths will never be known, and the knowability principle that all truths are knowable. Although the second claim does not have the same intuitive pull as the first, there are substantive grounds in its favour; grounds that some hold show that all truths are knowable, but which show at the very least that it is plausible to maintain that all truths are knowable.
Nachman Ben-Yehuda
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199734863
- eISBN:
- 9780199895090
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199734863.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Between 1948-1998 there were quite a few Jewish underground groups that preached that Israel should become a Jewish theocracy – that is, run according to the Halakha, and practiced their beliefs, ...
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Between 1948-1998 there were quite a few Jewish underground groups that preached that Israel should become a Jewish theocracy – that is, run according to the Halakha, and practiced their beliefs, many times using harsh violence. The chapter details these groups, their history, activities, rise and demise. Among such groups one finds Hamahane and Brit Hakanaim, The 1980 Jewish Underground, Keshet, The Modesty Guards, and a few other such groups. Acts by such groups included burning secular establishments like kiosks, restaurants, bus stations, harassing seculars, threats, intimidations, beatings, considering to blow up the mosques on the Temple Mount.Less
Between 1948-1998 there were quite a few Jewish underground groups that preached that Israel should become a Jewish theocracy – that is, run according to the Halakha, and practiced their beliefs, many times using harsh violence. The chapter details these groups, their history, activities, rise and demise. Among such groups one finds Hamahane and Brit Hakanaim, The 1980 Jewish Underground, Keshet, The Modesty Guards, and a few other such groups. Acts by such groups included burning secular establishments like kiosks, restaurants, bus stations, harassing seculars, threats, intimidations, beatings, considering to blow up the mosques on the Temple Mount.
Mary Leng
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199280797
- eISBN:
- 9780191723452
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280797.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter clarifies and motivates the naturalist premise of the indispensability argument, which holds that we should look to our best scientific theories to discover what we have reason to ...
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This chapter clarifies and motivates the naturalist premise of the indispensability argument, which holds that we should look to our best scientific theories to discover what we have reason to believe. It distinguishes Quinean naturalism from an even more modest form of naturalism, according to which philosophers should hold back from questioning the truth of utterances made in the context of successful scientific theorizing. And it considers the debate between Carnap and Quine over ontological questions, following Quine in accepting that practical reasons to speak as if there are Fs can sometimes be viewed as providing evidence for the existence of Fs. It notes that Quine's claim that practical reasons are always evidential can only be plausible when applied to our best scientific theories, from which merely practical ways of speaking have been ironed out, hence the focus on the indispensability of mathematics to our best theories.Less
This chapter clarifies and motivates the naturalist premise of the indispensability argument, which holds that we should look to our best scientific theories to discover what we have reason to believe. It distinguishes Quinean naturalism from an even more modest form of naturalism, according to which philosophers should hold back from questioning the truth of utterances made in the context of successful scientific theorizing. And it considers the debate between Carnap and Quine over ontological questions, following Quine in accepting that practical reasons to speak as if there are Fs can sometimes be viewed as providing evidence for the existence of Fs. It notes that Quine's claim that practical reasons are always evidential can only be plausible when applied to our best scientific theories, from which merely practical ways of speaking have been ironed out, hence the focus on the indispensability of mathematics to our best theories.
Catherine Kovesi Killerby
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199247936
- eISBN:
- 9780191714733
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199247936.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter focuses on the attempts by governments to tackle the wider variety of problems presented by the changes due to sumptuary policy, as well as to cope with the problems of public order ...
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This chapter focuses on the attempts by governments to tackle the wider variety of problems presented by the changes due to sumptuary policy, as well as to cope with the problems of public order experienced by any state, no matter how stable. It demonstrates how sumptuary measures were used as a means of social and political control. It begins by discussing the governments' concern regarding modesty in outward apparel, and the avoidance of any clothing that might lead to, or encourage, immoral activities. It examines the governments' concern regarding behaviour at, and social practices during, public occasions such as weddings, funerals, christenings, and feasts in general. It adds that legislators were also concerned with the fundamental structure of society. This chapter also discusses laws that was supposed to apply to all citizens no matter what their status but did, however, make an extra distinction concerning servants and slaves.Less
This chapter focuses on the attempts by governments to tackle the wider variety of problems presented by the changes due to sumptuary policy, as well as to cope with the problems of public order experienced by any state, no matter how stable. It demonstrates how sumptuary measures were used as a means of social and political control. It begins by discussing the governments' concern regarding modesty in outward apparel, and the avoidance of any clothing that might lead to, or encourage, immoral activities. It examines the governments' concern regarding behaviour at, and social practices during, public occasions such as weddings, funerals, christenings, and feasts in general. It adds that legislators were also concerned with the fundamental structure of society. This chapter also discusses laws that was supposed to apply to all citizens no matter what their status but did, however, make an extra distinction concerning servants and slaves.
Anne Barnhill
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199855469
- eISBN:
- 9780199932788
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199855469.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
Sexual modesty is a feminist sexual virtue—in one sense, but not another. There are at least two distinct kinds of feminist sexual virtues: first, character traits that allow individual sexual ...
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Sexual modesty is a feminist sexual virtue—in one sense, but not another. There are at least two distinct kinds of feminist sexual virtues: first, character traits that allow individual sexual flourishing given the realities of sexism within a specific social context; second, character traits related to sex that encourage feminist change. Modesty is a feminist sexual virtue in the second sense—it encourages feminist change, however minimally. More precisely, modesty is a feminist sexual virtue for those women whose sexuality is overvalued, though not for those women whose sexuality is undervalued. Regrettably, I doubt that sexual modesty is a feminist sexual virtue in the first sense; given the realities of sexism, being modest doesn’t necessarily allow individual women to flourish sexually, but might in fact put a damper on their sex lives. In identifying sexual modesty as a feminist sexual virtue for women, I find a surprising point of agreement with conservative and feminist critic Roger Scruton, though we disagree about why sexual modesty is a virtue for women. However, I put myself at odds with those feminist writers who consider women’s sexually provocative display of their bodies and their sexuality to be a feminist act.Less
Sexual modesty is a feminist sexual virtue—in one sense, but not another. There are at least two distinct kinds of feminist sexual virtues: first, character traits that allow individual sexual flourishing given the realities of sexism within a specific social context; second, character traits related to sex that encourage feminist change. Modesty is a feminist sexual virtue in the second sense—it encourages feminist change, however minimally. More precisely, modesty is a feminist sexual virtue for those women whose sexuality is overvalued, though not for those women whose sexuality is undervalued. Regrettably, I doubt that sexual modesty is a feminist sexual virtue in the first sense; given the realities of sexism, being modest doesn’t necessarily allow individual women to flourish sexually, but might in fact put a damper on their sex lives. In identifying sexual modesty as a feminist sexual virtue for women, I find a surprising point of agreement with conservative and feminist critic Roger Scruton, though we disagree about why sexual modesty is a virtue for women. However, I put myself at odds with those feminist writers who consider women’s sexually provocative display of their bodies and their sexuality to be a feminist act.
William J. Talbott
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195173482
- eISBN:
- 9780199872176
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173482.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter applies the Millian epistemology to ground a robust, inalienable right to freedom of expression and to ground the other autonomy rights, as necessary for the process of the social ...
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This chapter applies the Millian epistemology to ground a robust, inalienable right to freedom of expression and to ground the other autonomy rights, as necessary for the process of the social process of the free give-and-take of opinion. The chapter considers a variety of exceptions to freedom of expression, including product advertising and political advertising. He uses the examples of Google and Wikipedia to provide empirical confirmation for Mill’s claims about the social process of the free give-and-take of opinion. He also shows how the Millian case for freedom of propositional expression can be extended to cover nonpropositional expression in art and literature. The chapter shows that the Millian argument does not limit freedom of expression to reasonable views. The chapter argues that the distinction between reasonable and unreasonable comprehensive views, which plays a large role in Rawls’s theory and in contemporary discussions of human rights, cannot support the weight that it is intended to bear. This leads to an extended discussion of intolerant subversive advocacy, in which the chapter argues that neither Habermas’s nor Rawls’s theory can explain why the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court upholding the Smith Act (which made membership in the Communist Party illegal) in Dennis v. U.S. was erroneous. The chapter also explains why Mill’s social process epistemology does not undermine his political philosophy. The author concludes by explaining why the main principle would endorse a human right to freedom of expression.Less
This chapter applies the Millian epistemology to ground a robust, inalienable right to freedom of expression and to ground the other autonomy rights, as necessary for the process of the social process of the free give-and-take of opinion. The chapter considers a variety of exceptions to freedom of expression, including product advertising and political advertising. He uses the examples of Google and Wikipedia to provide empirical confirmation for Mill’s claims about the social process of the free give-and-take of opinion. He also shows how the Millian case for freedom of propositional expression can be extended to cover nonpropositional expression in art and literature. The chapter shows that the Millian argument does not limit freedom of expression to reasonable views. The chapter argues that the distinction between reasonable and unreasonable comprehensive views, which plays a large role in Rawls’s theory and in contemporary discussions of human rights, cannot support the weight that it is intended to bear. This leads to an extended discussion of intolerant subversive advocacy, in which the chapter argues that neither Habermas’s nor Rawls’s theory can explain why the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court upholding the Smith Act (which made membership in the Communist Party illegal) in Dennis v. U.S. was erroneous. The chapter also explains why Mill’s social process epistemology does not undermine his political philosophy. The author concludes by explaining why the main principle would endorse a human right to freedom of expression.
Daniel Schwartz
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199205394
- eISBN:
- 9780191709265
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199205394.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
Aquinas believed that the reality of friendship is conditional on the friend's will because friendship requires some conformity of wills between the friends. This chapter considers two different ...
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Aquinas believed that the reality of friendship is conditional on the friend's will because friendship requires some conformity of wills between the friends. This chapter considers two different sources of the uncertainty that, according to Aquinas, surrounds the operations of others' wills: (1) The human heart cannot be scrutinized by other human beings; (2) We have no certain knowledge of future singular contingents. Future operations of others' wills are singular and contingent. This chapter has two sections. Section 5.1 discusses the presumption of authenticity as a possible device to overcome the problem posed by uncertainty about others' present wills. Section 5.2 discusses hope as an aid to overcome the problem posed by uncertainty about others' future wills. Both sections also explore the relationships between self-love and self-assessment that are presupposed by hope and the presumption of authenticity. It is argued that for Aquinas, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, we should presume that other persons' communicational acts reflect their will. He also thinks that hope, in being an aid to the motion of the will, reduces the uncertainty surrounding the attainment of one's goal. Both the presumption of authenticity and the habit of hope presuppose a certain degree of modesty.Less
Aquinas believed that the reality of friendship is conditional on the friend's will because friendship requires some conformity of wills between the friends. This chapter considers two different sources of the uncertainty that, according to Aquinas, surrounds the operations of others' wills: (1) The human heart cannot be scrutinized by other human beings; (2) We have no certain knowledge of future singular contingents. Future operations of others' wills are singular and contingent. This chapter has two sections. Section 5.1 discusses the presumption of authenticity as a possible device to overcome the problem posed by uncertainty about others' present wills. Section 5.2 discusses hope as an aid to overcome the problem posed by uncertainty about others' future wills. Both sections also explore the relationships between self-love and self-assessment that are presupposed by hope and the presumption of authenticity. It is argued that for Aquinas, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, we should presume that other persons' communicational acts reflect their will. He also thinks that hope, in being an aid to the motion of the will, reduces the uncertainty surrounding the attainment of one's goal. Both the presumption of authenticity and the habit of hope presuppose a certain degree of modesty.
Lucy Newlyn
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198187110
- eISBN:
- 9780191674631
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198187110.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
This chapter explores the place of women's poetry alongside and in the writing–reading diaclectic. In women's writing, across the full discursive range in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, it ...
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This chapter explores the place of women's poetry alongside and in the writing–reading diaclectic. In women's writing, across the full discursive range in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, it is difficult to distinguish between a genuine ‘anxiety of reception’ and a culturally induced rhetoric of self-deprecation. Mary Poovey has drawn attention to the ways in which the ideology of the ‘Proper Lady’ shaped women writers' representations themselves as modest and retiring in such a way as to lead to a divided self, and to the deployment of an ambivalent rhetoric. As the century advanced, women poets became steadily more visible on the cultural map. The rhetoric of modesty continued to pervade women's representations of themselves as writers. Anxiety was accentuated when a woman who lived in close proximity with a male role model began to experiment with writing, thus entering a terrain that was seen as his own.Less
This chapter explores the place of women's poetry alongside and in the writing–reading diaclectic. In women's writing, across the full discursive range in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, it is difficult to distinguish between a genuine ‘anxiety of reception’ and a culturally induced rhetoric of self-deprecation. Mary Poovey has drawn attention to the ways in which the ideology of the ‘Proper Lady’ shaped women writers' representations themselves as modest and retiring in such a way as to lead to a divided self, and to the deployment of an ambivalent rhetoric. As the century advanced, women poets became steadily more visible on the cultural map. The rhetoric of modesty continued to pervade women's representations of themselves as writers. Anxiety was accentuated when a woman who lived in close proximity with a male role model began to experiment with writing, thus entering a terrain that was seen as his own.
Robert J. Fogelin
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195387391
- eISBN:
- 9780199866489
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387391.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter stresses the seriousness of the radical skeptical doubts Hume expresses at the close of book 1 of the Treatise. Looking back at what started out as a voyage of discovery, Hume is ...
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This chapter stresses the seriousness of the radical skeptical doubts Hume expresses at the close of book 1 of the Treatise. Looking back at what started out as a voyage of discovery, Hume is appalled with what his investigations have revealed. We are protected from skepticism with regard to reason only in virtue of the “trivial property of the fancy”—that our mind soon flags when dealing with “remote views of things.” He also discovers that the imagination not only implants false beliefs, but also leads us to accept fictions that are literally empty of content. If that is the kind of mental machinery we have inherited, how then, Hume asks, can we pursue the science of human nature with hope of success? Hume's answer is that we pursue it in a skeptical spirit, modestly, with circumscribed goals, and do so primarily for the pleasure it can bring.Less
This chapter stresses the seriousness of the radical skeptical doubts Hume expresses at the close of book 1 of the Treatise. Looking back at what started out as a voyage of discovery, Hume is appalled with what his investigations have revealed. We are protected from skepticism with regard to reason only in virtue of the “trivial property of the fancy”—that our mind soon flags when dealing with “remote views of things.” He also discovers that the imagination not only implants false beliefs, but also leads us to accept fictions that are literally empty of content. If that is the kind of mental machinery we have inherited, how then, Hume asks, can we pursue the science of human nature with hope of success? Hume's answer is that we pursue it in a skeptical spirit, modestly, with circumscribed goals, and do so primarily for the pleasure it can bring.
Alan Bullock and F. W. D. Deakin
- Published in print:
- 1973
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198221043
- eISBN:
- 9780191678400
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198221043.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The family, as organised in France in these years, had an effect on people's lives as profound as any political regime or any economic force. It was a powerful institution, which resisted change with ...
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The family, as organised in France in these years, had an effect on people's lives as profound as any political regime or any economic force. It was a powerful institution, which resisted change with remarkable vitality; the counterpart, in private life, of the administrative centralisation of the ancien régime, which, for all the attacks on it, survived into the mid-twentieth century. In a work published in 1883, the marriages of the day were described as being of three kinds: those contracted for convenience, those produced by sympathy or love, and those entered into from duty. The history of the emotional relations between married couples is difficult to trace. The history of modesty and the history of repression in the name of public morality are both complicated subjects. The notion that homosexuality was a symptom of the aberrations in family life was very slow to be accepted.Less
The family, as organised in France in these years, had an effect on people's lives as profound as any political regime or any economic force. It was a powerful institution, which resisted change with remarkable vitality; the counterpart, in private life, of the administrative centralisation of the ancien régime, which, for all the attacks on it, survived into the mid-twentieth century. In a work published in 1883, the marriages of the day were described as being of three kinds: those contracted for convenience, those produced by sympathy or love, and those entered into from duty. The history of the emotional relations between married couples is difficult to trace. The history of modesty and the history of repression in the name of public morality are both complicated subjects. The notion that homosexuality was a symptom of the aberrations in family life was very slow to be accepted.
Paul Langford
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199246403
- eISBN:
- 9780191697586
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246403.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Social History
This chapter talks about decency and modesty in the view of the English people. It reveals that any act that is ‘problematic, suggesting moral weakness, and having a tendency to disproportionate and ...
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This chapter talks about decency and modesty in the view of the English people. It reveals that any act that is ‘problematic, suggesting moral weakness, and having a tendency to disproportionate and great violence’ is a barbarity. Sometimes, the lives of Englishmen contain natural violence, which is balanced by initiating acts of sportsmanship and fair play with their peers.Less
This chapter talks about decency and modesty in the view of the English people. It reveals that any act that is ‘problematic, suggesting moral weakness, and having a tendency to disproportionate and great violence’ is a barbarity. Sometimes, the lives of Englishmen contain natural violence, which is balanced by initiating acts of sportsmanship and fair play with their peers.
Sheila Carapico
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198290230
- eISBN:
- 9780191684807
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198290230.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Aside from the theory of Islam and the segmentation theory, this chapter states that the ‘harem theory’ is one of the three ‘theoretical metonyms’ used to describe the situation of women in ...
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Aside from the theory of Islam and the segmentation theory, this chapter states that the ‘harem theory’ is one of the three ‘theoretical metonyms’ used to describe the situation of women in anthropological studies of Arab countries. Because tribes are perceived to be male dominated, the stereotypical roles of Arab women entail power and individualism only within the ‘harem’ because of sexual modesty and theories of patriarchy. On the other hand, women are included in the study of women-in-development (WID) that looks into how modernization affects the lives of women, particularly in Arab and Islamic cultures in the Middle East. This chapter includes a national case study that aims to examine feminine roles within Islamic and tribal settings across various historical social strata. It then identifyies the impacts of political and economic changes experienced within the past thirty years.Less
Aside from the theory of Islam and the segmentation theory, this chapter states that the ‘harem theory’ is one of the three ‘theoretical metonyms’ used to describe the situation of women in anthropological studies of Arab countries. Because tribes are perceived to be male dominated, the stereotypical roles of Arab women entail power and individualism only within the ‘harem’ because of sexual modesty and theories of patriarchy. On the other hand, women are included in the study of women-in-development (WID) that looks into how modernization affects the lives of women, particularly in Arab and Islamic cultures in the Middle East. This chapter includes a national case study that aims to examine feminine roles within Islamic and tribal settings across various historical social strata. It then identifyies the impacts of political and economic changes experienced within the past thirty years.
Hero Chalmers
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199273270
- eISBN:
- 9780191706356
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273270.003.05
- Subject:
- Literature, Women's Literature
This introductory chapter establishes the context of English women's writing up to 1650 in order to demonstrate the decisive departure made by Cavendish, Philips, and Behn in their models of female ...
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This introductory chapter establishes the context of English women's writing up to 1650 in order to demonstrate the decisive departure made by Cavendish, Philips, and Behn in their models of female authorship. In particular, it adumbrates the way in which each of these authors tackles the prevalent assumption that female authorship is incompatible with the feminine virtues of modesty and chastity which dominate contemporary strictures on women's conduct. It also outlines the way in which existing studies of royalist literature and of seventeenth-century women's writing tend to leave out or over-simplify the complex relationship between politics and gender in considering the work of very differently positioned authors.Less
This introductory chapter establishes the context of English women's writing up to 1650 in order to demonstrate the decisive departure made by Cavendish, Philips, and Behn in their models of female authorship. In particular, it adumbrates the way in which each of these authors tackles the prevalent assumption that female authorship is incompatible with the feminine virtues of modesty and chastity which dominate contemporary strictures on women's conduct. It also outlines the way in which existing studies of royalist literature and of seventeenth-century women's writing tend to leave out or over-simplify the complex relationship between politics and gender in considering the work of very differently positioned authors.
Arménio Rego, Miguel Pina e Cunha, and Stewart Clegg
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199653867
- eISBN:
- 9780191742057
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199653867.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, HRM / IR
This chapter discusses how transcendent virtues (temperance and transcendence) enable global leaders to control impulses and emotions, and to act in favour of a high purpose—in short, to release ...
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This chapter discusses how transcendent virtues (temperance and transcendence) enable global leaders to control impulses and emotions, and to act in favour of a high purpose—in short, to release inner energies in favour of outer virtuous aims. The chapter starts by explaining the meaning of the virtue and its corresponding character strengths. References to the opposites and the excess of the strength are also made. Then the chapter explains how the strength contributes to the global leaders’ positive performance. Examples are provided to support the arguments. As in Chapters 3 and 4, this chapter discusses the golden mean paradigm.Less
This chapter discusses how transcendent virtues (temperance and transcendence) enable global leaders to control impulses and emotions, and to act in favour of a high purpose—in short, to release inner energies in favour of outer virtuous aims. The chapter starts by explaining the meaning of the virtue and its corresponding character strengths. References to the opposites and the excess of the strength are also made. Then the chapter explains how the strength contributes to the global leaders’ positive performance. Examples are provided to support the arguments. As in Chapters 3 and 4, this chapter discusses the golden mean paradigm.
JOANNA SUMMERS
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199271290
- eISBN:
- 9780191709586
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199271290.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature
This chapter examines the captivity of James I of Scotland, and discusses how the ‘I’ voice of The Kingis Quair may be read as James I's autobiographical identity. It examines how the identity James ...
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This chapter examines the captivity of James I of Scotland, and discusses how the ‘I’ voice of The Kingis Quair may be read as James I's autobiographical identity. It examines how the identity James I sculpts for himself is linked to the specifics of his actual situation, and how James's political self-portrayal often rests upon his redeployment of other texts. The chapter also discusses how the Quair borrows from Gower's Confessio Amantis, an influence that has been ignored in the text's critical history. The Quair's reference to Gower and Chaucer is not merely a mock-modesty topos, but has a political basis. The chapter examines how James presents his successful love-suit in dual form: as the conclusion to his imprisonment in England; and as the culmination of his reaching self-governance and maturity, as James appears to have read Gower's text within the 'governance of princes' tradition.Less
This chapter examines the captivity of James I of Scotland, and discusses how the ‘I’ voice of The Kingis Quair may be read as James I's autobiographical identity. It examines how the identity James I sculpts for himself is linked to the specifics of his actual situation, and how James's political self-portrayal often rests upon his redeployment of other texts. The chapter also discusses how the Quair borrows from Gower's Confessio Amantis, an influence that has been ignored in the text's critical history. The Quair's reference to Gower and Chaucer is not merely a mock-modesty topos, but has a political basis. The chapter examines how James presents his successful love-suit in dual form: as the conclusion to his imprisonment in England; and as the culmination of his reaching self-governance and maturity, as James appears to have read Gower's text within the 'governance of princes' tradition.
Anita L. Allen
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195141375
- eISBN:
- 9780199918126
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195141375.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy, General
This chapter argues that modesty attire, covering up, is a kind of privacy-seeking that liberal states should tolerate but not impose. As defined by philosophers, general modesty is a tendency to ...
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This chapter argues that modesty attire, covering up, is a kind of privacy-seeking that liberal states should tolerate but not impose. As defined by philosophers, general modesty is a tendency to avoid exaggerating or calling attention to one's virtues, material assets and accomplishments. Bodily modesty is a disposition to cloak or conceal the body, especially its eroticized zones. Both kinds of modesty have been described in philosophical literatures as virtues akin to humility, with both inherent and utilitarian value. In the United States modesty attire is worn by many, including Muslim, Amish, Catholic, and Orthodox Jewish women. The modesty attire worn by Muslim women and girls has become a source of controversy in nations around the world. The hijab, niqab and burqa are received as symbols of Islamic extremism and the oppression. Liberalism would seem to call for tolerating modesty attire women wear for religious or political reasons, especially the former. Yet the secularism that is deeply rooted in French liberalism, and preferred by some Americans, has led to calls for bans on the wearing of modesty attire by Muslims in public places or encounters with public authorities. Undressing Muslim girls from the neck up is a poor and an illiberal way to create a unified society. US constitutional law severely constrains the ability of the state to require a woman to remove a headscarf or face covering. A ban on the hijab in schools could not survive constitutional scrutiny. US women have experienced rejections of modesty attire modesty in workplaces, and in connection with state issued drivers licenses, jail visits, and courtroom appearances. The law should strictly scrutinize efforts to restrict modesty attire worn for religious purposes.Less
This chapter argues that modesty attire, covering up, is a kind of privacy-seeking that liberal states should tolerate but not impose. As defined by philosophers, general modesty is a tendency to avoid exaggerating or calling attention to one's virtues, material assets and accomplishments. Bodily modesty is a disposition to cloak or conceal the body, especially its eroticized zones. Both kinds of modesty have been described in philosophical literatures as virtues akin to humility, with both inherent and utilitarian value. In the United States modesty attire is worn by many, including Muslim, Amish, Catholic, and Orthodox Jewish women. The modesty attire worn by Muslim women and girls has become a source of controversy in nations around the world. The hijab, niqab and burqa are received as symbols of Islamic extremism and the oppression. Liberalism would seem to call for tolerating modesty attire women wear for religious or political reasons, especially the former. Yet the secularism that is deeply rooted in French liberalism, and preferred by some Americans, has led to calls for bans on the wearing of modesty attire by Muslims in public places or encounters with public authorities. Undressing Muslim girls from the neck up is a poor and an illiberal way to create a unified society. US constitutional law severely constrains the ability of the state to require a woman to remove a headscarf or face covering. A ban on the hijab in schools could not survive constitutional scrutiny. US women have experienced rejections of modesty attire modesty in workplaces, and in connection with state issued drivers licenses, jail visits, and courtroom appearances. The law should strictly scrutinize efforts to restrict modesty attire worn for religious purposes.
Anita L. Allen
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195141375
- eISBN:
- 9780199918126
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195141375.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy, General
This chapter argues that anti-nudity laws may be reasonable responses to danger and degradation, but in the 21st century, all such laws merit suspicion as illiberal impediments to personal choice. ...
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This chapter argues that anti-nudity laws may be reasonable responses to danger and degradation, but in the 21st century, all such laws merit suspicion as illiberal impediments to personal choice. Laws requiring nude dancers to cover-up are an instructive area of problematic, unpopular coerced privacy. The regulation of nude dancing in the United States and Canada reflects a continuing role for a particular vision of modesty as a human virtue. Laws restricting nudism and requiring adult entertainers to cover their nipples and genitalia impose an unpopular privacy on their supposed principal beneficiaries—the nudity-lovers and entertainers themselves. These sometimes curious regulations reflect ambivalent religious and moral values at play. The laws are resented by philosophical nudists and targeted club owners and dancers eager to maximize profits who also believe the constitution is on their side. US policymakers have coerced sexual modesty through laws demanding concealment of eroticized regions of male and female bodies. As might be expected of a free society, the coercion is restrained. But the coercion is ambiguously motivated by concerns about harm and morals, peculiarly limited to the pasty and G. String requirements. In Canada, whose nude-dancing jurisprudence is also considered, no-touching laws, set the limit of decency. Government should try to protect women's free modesty choices, limiting prohibitions to situations of extreme degradation and demonstrable risk of harm. Modesty mandates requiring ought to be reluctant and rare.Less
This chapter argues that anti-nudity laws may be reasonable responses to danger and degradation, but in the 21st century, all such laws merit suspicion as illiberal impediments to personal choice. Laws requiring nude dancers to cover-up are an instructive area of problematic, unpopular coerced privacy. The regulation of nude dancing in the United States and Canada reflects a continuing role for a particular vision of modesty as a human virtue. Laws restricting nudism and requiring adult entertainers to cover their nipples and genitalia impose an unpopular privacy on their supposed principal beneficiaries—the nudity-lovers and entertainers themselves. These sometimes curious regulations reflect ambivalent religious and moral values at play. The laws are resented by philosophical nudists and targeted club owners and dancers eager to maximize profits who also believe the constitution is on their side. US policymakers have coerced sexual modesty through laws demanding concealment of eroticized regions of male and female bodies. As might be expected of a free society, the coercion is restrained. But the coercion is ambiguously motivated by concerns about harm and morals, peculiarly limited to the pasty and G. String requirements. In Canada, whose nude-dancing jurisprudence is also considered, no-touching laws, set the limit of decency. Government should try to protect women's free modesty choices, limiting prohibitions to situations of extreme degradation and demonstrable risk of harm. Modesty mandates requiring ought to be reluctant and rare.
Joan Judge
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780520284364
- eISBN:
- 9780520959934
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520284364.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
The nuance and insight of women’s writings is apparent in their discussion of issues related to women’s reproductive health. Chapter 4 probes the complexity of obstetrical and gynecological ...
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The nuance and insight of women’s writings is apparent in their discussion of issues related to women’s reproductive health. Chapter 4 probes the complexity of obstetrical and gynecological discourses in the early twentieth century, a period of creative and chaotic encounters between Chinese medical principles and scientific biomedicine. The chapter examines the full range of materials related to women’s reproductive health in Funü shibao. These include Bao Tianxiao’s editorial promotion of a new biomedical imperative, advertisements for pharmaceutical products targeting women’s health, articles by obstetrical experts, and accounts of experience by women authors. The chapter highlights three tensions in the medical discourse: between reform and commerce, between experience and expertise, and between male constructions of pathologically modest women and women’s own graphically candid writings on childbirth, menstruation, and breast health.Less
The nuance and insight of women’s writings is apparent in their discussion of issues related to women’s reproductive health. Chapter 4 probes the complexity of obstetrical and gynecological discourses in the early twentieth century, a period of creative and chaotic encounters between Chinese medical principles and scientific biomedicine. The chapter examines the full range of materials related to women’s reproductive health in Funü shibao. These include Bao Tianxiao’s editorial promotion of a new biomedical imperative, advertisements for pharmaceutical products targeting women’s health, articles by obstetrical experts, and accounts of experience by women authors. The chapter highlights three tensions in the medical discourse: between reform and commerce, between experience and expertise, and between male constructions of pathologically modest women and women’s own graphically candid writings on childbirth, menstruation, and breast health.
Hawraa Al-Hassan
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781474441759
- eISBN:
- 9781474491341
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474441759.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
This chapter examines for the first time the phenomena of religious novel writing by Iraqi women. It argues that the conservative, and often reactionary religious discourses expounded by devout ...
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This chapter examines for the first time the phenomena of religious novel writing by Iraqi women. It argues that the conservative, and often reactionary religious discourses expounded by devout female authors represented a proxy attack on the Ba‘th’s supposed godlessness. As such, the female body becomes a site of resistance, with modest clothing and limited gender mixing forming part of a wider discourse on purity and contamination. The chapter ultimately concludes that the extremely popular religious novels produced by writers inside and outside Iraq can be considered as a form of counter-propaganda, and their views on women should not be taken at face value.Less
This chapter examines for the first time the phenomena of religious novel writing by Iraqi women. It argues that the conservative, and often reactionary religious discourses expounded by devout female authors represented a proxy attack on the Ba‘th’s supposed godlessness. As such, the female body becomes a site of resistance, with modest clothing and limited gender mixing forming part of a wider discourse on purity and contamination. The chapter ultimately concludes that the extremely popular religious novels produced by writers inside and outside Iraq can be considered as a form of counter-propaganda, and their views on women should not be taken at face value.
Khairudin Aljunied
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781474408882
- eISBN:
- 9781474430432
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474408882.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This chapter argues that women have contributed extensively to the promotion of gender cosmopolitanism in Southeast Asia. It showcases hijab activists as well as female intellectuals and their ...
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This chapter argues that women have contributed extensively to the promotion of gender cosmopolitanism in Southeast Asia. It showcases hijab activists as well as female intellectuals and their interrogation of the excesses of Western feminism. These women have questioned the insularity of a segment of the Southeast Asian community and have courageously campaigned for their inclusion in workplaces that are prejudiced against women who wear headscarves. In campaigning for the hijab and presenting the modesty of Muslim women in innovative ways and styles, these women have revolutionised the concept of modesty in modern societies while reformulating commonplace understandings of gender justice in Muslim Southeast Asia.Less
This chapter argues that women have contributed extensively to the promotion of gender cosmopolitanism in Southeast Asia. It showcases hijab activists as well as female intellectuals and their interrogation of the excesses of Western feminism. These women have questioned the insularity of a segment of the Southeast Asian community and have courageously campaigned for their inclusion in workplaces that are prejudiced against women who wear headscarves. In campaigning for the hijab and presenting the modesty of Muslim women in innovative ways and styles, these women have revolutionised the concept of modesty in modern societies while reformulating commonplace understandings of gender justice in Muslim Southeast Asia.
