Luis Ribot García
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198202141
- eISBN:
- 9780191675188
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202141.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter examines the types of armies in early modern Spain. It suggests that one of the most decisive agents in the formation of the Spanish army was the War of Granada between 1482 and 1492 and ...
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This chapter examines the types of armies in early modern Spain. It suggests that one of the most decisive agents in the formation of the Spanish army was the War of Granada between 1482 and 1492 and this war marked the turning point between medieval and modern warfare. Most of the combatants participated in the war effort as a result of mutual service obligations. These include the nobles, the hidalgos, and the acostamiento.Less
This chapter examines the types of armies in early modern Spain. It suggests that one of the most decisive agents in the formation of the Spanish army was the War of Granada between 1482 and 1492 and this war marked the turning point between medieval and modern warfare. Most of the combatants participated in the war effort as a result of mutual service obligations. These include the nobles, the hidalgos, and the acostamiento.
Yaron Jean
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199759392
- eISBN:
- 9780199918911
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199759392.003.0003
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter explores the sonic experience of the First World War from the perspective of soldiers on the ground, in the sea, and in the air. World War I, with its extensive employment of modern ...
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This chapter explores the sonic experience of the First World War from the perspective of soldiers on the ground, in the sea, and in the air. World War I, with its extensive employment of modern warfare technology, created a new sonic experience that was closely linked with the universal human need to survive. Soldiers developed the ability to translate their individual sonic experiences in the battlefield into a collective bipolar distinction between “sounds of safety” and “sounds of danger” and act upon this distinction, called “wartime sonic mindedness.” This sonic mindedness continued long after the First World War, when many heard the hectic sonic “battlefields” of the post-war era through the auditory lenses of war.Less
This chapter explores the sonic experience of the First World War from the perspective of soldiers on the ground, in the sea, and in the air. World War I, with its extensive employment of modern warfare technology, created a new sonic experience that was closely linked with the universal human need to survive. Soldiers developed the ability to translate their individual sonic experiences in the battlefield into a collective bipolar distinction between “sounds of safety” and “sounds of danger” and act upon this distinction, called “wartime sonic mindedness.” This sonic mindedness continued long after the First World War, when many heard the hectic sonic “battlefields” of the post-war era through the auditory lenses of war.
István Hargittai
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195178456
- eISBN:
- 9780199787012
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178456.003.0004
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
By the start of World War II, the Martians had become involved in politics. They helped the United States get ready for modern warfare, including advancements in air power, the atomic bomb, and an ...
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By the start of World War II, the Martians had become involved in politics. They helped the United States get ready for modern warfare, including advancements in air power, the atomic bomb, and an ever-enhanced application of the computer in weapons development. They initiated the Manhattan Project and participated in it. However, they became divided as to the desirability of actually using the atomic bomb after Germany’s defeat.Less
By the start of World War II, the Martians had become involved in politics. They helped the United States get ready for modern warfare, including advancements in air power, the atomic bomb, and an ever-enhanced application of the computer in weapons development. They initiated the Manhattan Project and participated in it. However, they became divided as to the desirability of actually using the atomic bomb after Germany’s defeat.
Boaz Ganor
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231172127
- eISBN:
- 9780231538916
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231172127.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter identifies terrorism as a multidimensional phenomenon concomitant with the historic and evolutionary trends of modern warfare. Far from being a traditional show of militaristic strength ...
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This chapter identifies terrorism as a multidimensional phenomenon concomitant with the historic and evolutionary trends of modern warfare. Far from being a traditional show of militaristic strength on the battlefield, terrorism also makes use of the media in discouraging military encounters via psychological warfare. At times, terrorist organizations might even challenge the legitimacy of those who govern by performing charitable deeds and the like—in a deft political maneuver that has since come to be known as “hybrid terrorism.” This highly adaptable and multidimensional nature of terrorism remains confounding to international think-tanks, who have yet to agree on a definition of terrorism. Beyond proposing a definition that makes a distinction between terrorism and guerrilla warfare, this chapter also notes that the usual Western tactic of implementing liberal democracy in Arab countries in order to snuff out terrorist inclinations can, in fact, be exploited by terrorist organizations to further their own agendas.Less
This chapter identifies terrorism as a multidimensional phenomenon concomitant with the historic and evolutionary trends of modern warfare. Far from being a traditional show of militaristic strength on the battlefield, terrorism also makes use of the media in discouraging military encounters via psychological warfare. At times, terrorist organizations might even challenge the legitimacy of those who govern by performing charitable deeds and the like—in a deft political maneuver that has since come to be known as “hybrid terrorism.” This highly adaptable and multidimensional nature of terrorism remains confounding to international think-tanks, who have yet to agree on a definition of terrorism. Beyond proposing a definition that makes a distinction between terrorism and guerrilla warfare, this chapter also notes that the usual Western tactic of implementing liberal democracy in Arab countries in order to snuff out terrorist inclinations can, in fact, be exploited by terrorist organizations to further their own agendas.
James Gow
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199327027
- eISBN:
- 9780199388127
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199327027.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
The laws of war have always been concerned with issues of necessity and proportionality, but how are these principles applied in modern warfare? What are the pressures on practitioners where an ...
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The laws of war have always been concerned with issues of necessity and proportionality, but how are these principles applied in modern warfare? What are the pressures on practitioners where an increasing emphasis on legality is the norm? Where do such boundaries lie in the contexts, means, and methods of contemporary war? What is wrong, or right, in the view of military-political practitioners, in how those concepts relate to today’s means and methods of war? These are among the issues addressed in this analysis of war and war crimes, which draws upon research conducted over many years with defence professionals from all over the world. Today more than ever, military strategy has to embrace justice and law, with both being deemed essential prerequisites for achieving success on the battlefield. And in a context where legitimacy defines success in warfare, but is a fragile and contested concept, no group has a greater interest in responding to these pressures and changes positively than the military. It is they who have the greatest need and desire to foster legitimacy in war by getting the politics–law–strategy nexus right, as well as developing a clear understanding of the relationship between war and war crimes, and calibrating where war becomes a war crime.Less
The laws of war have always been concerned with issues of necessity and proportionality, but how are these principles applied in modern warfare? What are the pressures on practitioners where an increasing emphasis on legality is the norm? Where do such boundaries lie in the contexts, means, and methods of contemporary war? What is wrong, or right, in the view of military-political practitioners, in how those concepts relate to today’s means and methods of war? These are among the issues addressed in this analysis of war and war crimes, which draws upon research conducted over many years with defence professionals from all over the world. Today more than ever, military strategy has to embrace justice and law, with both being deemed essential prerequisites for achieving success on the battlefield. And in a context where legitimacy defines success in warfare, but is a fragile and contested concept, no group has a greater interest in responding to these pressures and changes positively than the military. It is they who have the greatest need and desire to foster legitimacy in war by getting the politics–law–strategy nexus right, as well as developing a clear understanding of the relationship between war and war crimes, and calibrating where war becomes a war crime.
James Gow
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199327027
- eISBN:
- 9780199388127
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199327027.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter sheds new light on the relevance of understanding modern warfare. Its main focus is on the connection between the changed nature of warfare and strategy, as well as measuring success in ...
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This chapter sheds new light on the relevance of understanding modern warfare. Its main focus is on the connection between the changed nature of warfare and strategy, as well as measuring success in terms of the link between issues of justice and legitimacy. The discussion includes the Multidimensional Trinity Cubed (Plus), which was established by Carl von Clausewitz. This trinity is composed of the population, the armed forces, and the government, and is considered as an important element in understanding the concepts of both success and legitimacy within modern warfare.Less
This chapter sheds new light on the relevance of understanding modern warfare. Its main focus is on the connection between the changed nature of warfare and strategy, as well as measuring success in terms of the link between issues of justice and legitimacy. The discussion includes the Multidimensional Trinity Cubed (Plus), which was established by Carl von Clausewitz. This trinity is composed of the population, the armed forces, and the government, and is considered as an important element in understanding the concepts of both success and legitimacy within modern warfare.
Antonio Cassese
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199232918
- eISBN:
- 9780191696572
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232918.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
Technological progress has enabled belligerents in modern warfare to increasingly use extremely cruel weapons which inflict agonizing and terrible suffering. One need only think of nuclear weapons, ...
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Technological progress has enabled belligerents in modern warfare to increasingly use extremely cruel weapons which inflict agonizing and terrible suffering. One need only think of nuclear weapons, whose radiation causes either death or awesome diseases; incendiary weapons, containing napalm and phosphorus, which produce dreadful burnings; and fragmentation and cluster bombs, the latest generation of which consists of bombs containing pellets of plastic, which, having penetrated the human body, cannot be traced by X-ray. This chapter addresses the question of how international law faces these inhumane agencies of destruction. It considers the efforts so far made by international legislators to cope with modern progress of large-scale, industrialized cruelty, as well as to the basic deficiencies of the regulation that States have hitherto achieved.Less
Technological progress has enabled belligerents in modern warfare to increasingly use extremely cruel weapons which inflict agonizing and terrible suffering. One need only think of nuclear weapons, whose radiation causes either death or awesome diseases; incendiary weapons, containing napalm and phosphorus, which produce dreadful burnings; and fragmentation and cluster bombs, the latest generation of which consists of bombs containing pellets of plastic, which, having penetrated the human body, cannot be traced by X-ray. This chapter addresses the question of how international law faces these inhumane agencies of destruction. It considers the efforts so far made by international legislators to cope with modern progress of large-scale, industrialized cruelty, as well as to the basic deficiencies of the regulation that States have hitherto achieved.
Jason Lyall
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691192444
- eISBN:
- 9780691194158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691192444.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter argues for a causal connection between (rising) military inequality and (declining) battlefield performance. It does so by first exploring the nature and severity of ethnic inequalities ...
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This chapter argues for a causal connection between (rising) military inequality and (declining) battlefield performance. It does so by first exploring the nature and severity of ethnic inequalities within political communities before detailing how exposure to state policies can affect soldier beliefs and actions. Next, the chapter considers how military commanders, aware of possible issues arising from inequality, adopt a mixture of four strategies to manage soldiers from suspect populations. The chapter then examines how these strategies induce trade-offs between combat power and cohesion that actually undermine battlefield performance. Finally, the chapter considers how enemy actions can intensify these internal contradictions and trade-offs before concluding with a discussion of how several of the arguments' core assumptions can be relaxed.Less
This chapter argues for a causal connection between (rising) military inequality and (declining) battlefield performance. It does so by first exploring the nature and severity of ethnic inequalities within political communities before detailing how exposure to state policies can affect soldier beliefs and actions. Next, the chapter considers how military commanders, aware of possible issues arising from inequality, adopt a mixture of four strategies to manage soldiers from suspect populations. The chapter then examines how these strategies induce trade-offs between combat power and cohesion that actually undermine battlefield performance. Finally, the chapter considers how enemy actions can intensify these internal contradictions and trade-offs before concluding with a discussion of how several of the arguments' core assumptions can be relaxed.
Robyn Marasco
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231168663
- eISBN:
- 9780231538893
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231168663.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter compares Hegel's notion of modern warfare with that of Frantz Fanon. In the Philosophy of Right, Hegel considered how modern warfare differs from ancient forms and how the modern weapon ...
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This chapter compares Hegel's notion of modern warfare with that of Frantz Fanon. In the Philosophy of Right, Hegel considered how modern warfare differs from ancient forms and how the modern weapon of choice—the gun—both reflects and reinforces these differences. Warfare for the moderns, he writes, means the depersonalization of conflict and the mechanization of killing, and the gun marks the shift from personal expression of bravery to a universal expression of courage. In contrast, Fanon likened the modern weapon to a knife, pointing to the immediate brutality and bloodletting of the colonial system, as well as something reflecting and reinforcing the specific order of violence viewed elemental to colonial power. The knife also suggests the forms of critique—or, for the Greeks, the art of cutting—that scratch away at a system where violence is at once direct and atmospheric.Less
This chapter compares Hegel's notion of modern warfare with that of Frantz Fanon. In the Philosophy of Right, Hegel considered how modern warfare differs from ancient forms and how the modern weapon of choice—the gun—both reflects and reinforces these differences. Warfare for the moderns, he writes, means the depersonalization of conflict and the mechanization of killing, and the gun marks the shift from personal expression of bravery to a universal expression of courage. In contrast, Fanon likened the modern weapon to a knife, pointing to the immediate brutality and bloodletting of the colonial system, as well as something reflecting and reinforcing the specific order of violence viewed elemental to colonial power. The knife also suggests the forms of critique—or, for the Greeks, the art of cutting—that scratch away at a system where violence is at once direct and atmospheric.
William French
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195372427
- eISBN:
- 9780199949618
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372427.003.0012
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This essay describes strategies developed by the author for teaching a course on the Just War theory. The most prominent of the western religious traditions to articulate the conditions necessary for ...
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This essay describes strategies developed by the author for teaching a course on the Just War theory. The most prominent of the western religious traditions to articulate the conditions necessary for the moral use of armed force, the Just War tradition, with its roots in the medieval Catholic theology of Augustine and Aquinas, stipulates two sets of criteria, jus ad bellum (the discernment of the moral reasons for going to war), and jus in bello (the morality of the execution of the war itself). His course trains students in critical thinking about violence by emphasizing the careful analysis of wartime logic and the restraint of violence that this theological tradition has demanded. Students become empowered to exercise creative moral reasoning by exploring the possible expansion of the theory’s criteria, on the basis of the planet’s accumulated experience of 100 years of modern and nuclear warfare, to include a consideration of jus post bellum, the justice of a post-war circumstances, as part of the assessment of an action’s moral status.Less
This essay describes strategies developed by the author for teaching a course on the Just War theory. The most prominent of the western religious traditions to articulate the conditions necessary for the moral use of armed force, the Just War tradition, with its roots in the medieval Catholic theology of Augustine and Aquinas, stipulates two sets of criteria, jus ad bellum (the discernment of the moral reasons for going to war), and jus in bello (the morality of the execution of the war itself). His course trains students in critical thinking about violence by emphasizing the careful analysis of wartime logic and the restraint of violence that this theological tradition has demanded. Students become empowered to exercise creative moral reasoning by exploring the possible expansion of the theory’s criteria, on the basis of the planet’s accumulated experience of 100 years of modern and nuclear warfare, to include a consideration of jus post bellum, the justice of a post-war circumstances, as part of the assessment of an action’s moral status.
Raymond Fagel
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781526140869
- eISBN:
- 9781526155504
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7765/9781526140876.00007
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
The objective of this introduction is to bring the more historical outlook on war and the cultural perspective closer together by introducing the concept of the often overlooked ‘episodic ...
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The objective of this introduction is to bring the more historical outlook on war and the cultural perspective closer together by introducing the concept of the often overlooked ‘episodic narratives’, the detailed factual texts that decribe the actual stories of the war. It also pleads for the use of ‘Revolt in the Low Countries’ as a more accurate way of refering to what is commonly known as the Dutch Revolt, as not all inhabitants revolted, and the Revolt was not limited to the territory of the subsequent Dutch Republic. It is essential to study the creation of war narratives on the Revolt in a broader European context, reflecting the international character of early modern wars and the Revolt in particular. Moreover, though there are differences between early modern and contemporary war narratives, there is no reason why these texts cannot be studied in comparison.Less
The objective of this introduction is to bring the more historical outlook on war and the cultural perspective closer together by introducing the concept of the often overlooked ‘episodic narratives’, the detailed factual texts that decribe the actual stories of the war. It also pleads for the use of ‘Revolt in the Low Countries’ as a more accurate way of refering to what is commonly known as the Dutch Revolt, as not all inhabitants revolted, and the Revolt was not limited to the territory of the subsequent Dutch Republic. It is essential to study the creation of war narratives on the Revolt in a broader European context, reflecting the international character of early modern wars and the Revolt in particular. Moreover, though there are differences between early modern and contemporary war narratives, there is no reason why these texts cannot be studied in comparison.
Monica Kim
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691166223
- eISBN:
- 9780691185040
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691166223.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
Traditional histories of the Korean War have long focused on violations of the thirty-eighth parallel, the line drawn by American and Soviet officials in 1945 dividing the Korean peninsula. But this ...
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Traditional histories of the Korean War have long focused on violations of the thirty-eighth parallel, the line drawn by American and Soviet officials in 1945 dividing the Korean peninsula. But this book presents an entirely new narrative, shifting the perspective from the boundaries of the battlefield to inside the interrogation room. The book demonstrates how the Korean War evolved from a fight over territory to one over human interiority and the individual human subject, forging the template for the US wars of intervention that would predominate during the latter half of the twentieth century and beyond. The book looks at how, during the armistice negotiations, the United States and their allies proposed a new kind of interrogation room: one in which prisoners of war could exercise their “free will” and choose which country they would go to after the ceasefire. The global controversy that erupted exposed how interrogation rooms had become a flashpoint for the struggles between the ambitions of empire and the demands for decolonization, as the aim of interrogation was to produce subjects who attested to a nation's right to govern. The complex web of interrogators and prisoners that the book uncovers contradicts the simple story in US popular memory of “brainwashing” during the Korean War. Bringing together a vast range of sources that track two generations of people moving between three continents, the book delves into an essential yet overlooked aspect of modern warfare in the twentieth century.Less
Traditional histories of the Korean War have long focused on violations of the thirty-eighth parallel, the line drawn by American and Soviet officials in 1945 dividing the Korean peninsula. But this book presents an entirely new narrative, shifting the perspective from the boundaries of the battlefield to inside the interrogation room. The book demonstrates how the Korean War evolved from a fight over territory to one over human interiority and the individual human subject, forging the template for the US wars of intervention that would predominate during the latter half of the twentieth century and beyond. The book looks at how, during the armistice negotiations, the United States and their allies proposed a new kind of interrogation room: one in which prisoners of war could exercise their “free will” and choose which country they would go to after the ceasefire. The global controversy that erupted exposed how interrogation rooms had become a flashpoint for the struggles between the ambitions of empire and the demands for decolonization, as the aim of interrogation was to produce subjects who attested to a nation's right to govern. The complex web of interrogators and prisoners that the book uncovers contradicts the simple story in US popular memory of “brainwashing” during the Korean War. Bringing together a vast range of sources that track two generations of people moving between three continents, the book delves into an essential yet overlooked aspect of modern warfare in the twentieth century.
James Gow
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199327027
- eISBN:
- 9780199388127
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199327027.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
This chapter concludes the book with the point that strategy fully embraces law and justice, and that these two concepts are considered important to the success of military operations. It first poses ...
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This chapter concludes the book with the point that strategy fully embraces law and justice, and that these two concepts are considered important to the success of military operations. It first poses the question: ‘what adds up to war during a time of terror’? The discussion then highlights the uncertainty around international criminal justice initiatives and discusses the various trends that place civil justice into war. The chapter’s last section is about the power of wrongdoing and ‘rightdoing’ in modern warfare, and assesses the inborn mutuality of war and war crimes.Less
This chapter concludes the book with the point that strategy fully embraces law and justice, and that these two concepts are considered important to the success of military operations. It first poses the question: ‘what adds up to war during a time of terror’? The discussion then highlights the uncertainty around international criminal justice initiatives and discusses the various trends that place civil justice into war. The chapter’s last section is about the power of wrongdoing and ‘rightdoing’ in modern warfare, and assesses the inborn mutuality of war and war crimes.
Andrew Lincoln
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748626069
- eISBN:
- 9780748651870
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748626069.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This chapter discusses Scott's history that is far from the world of global communications and globalised markets, but which still focuses on issues such as commerce, commercial development and ...
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This chapter discusses Scott's history that is far from the world of global communications and globalised markets, but which still focuses on issues such as commerce, commercial development and capitalism. The first section takes a look at the novel Rob Roy, which presents a recent and modern history of highland dispossession and popular resistance to foreign imperial power. It is followed by a section on A Legend of the Wars of Montrose, where the assumption that modern warfare is, or could be, governed by ‘civilised’ norms of conduct is looked at. The chapter also examines highland violence and the mercenary.Less
This chapter discusses Scott's history that is far from the world of global communications and globalised markets, but which still focuses on issues such as commerce, commercial development and capitalism. The first section takes a look at the novel Rob Roy, which presents a recent and modern history of highland dispossession and popular resistance to foreign imperial power. It is followed by a section on A Legend of the Wars of Montrose, where the assumption that modern warfare is, or could be, governed by ‘civilised’ norms of conduct is looked at. The chapter also examines highland violence and the mercenary.
Jeremy M. Kaplan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814748114
- eISBN:
- 9780814749470
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814748114.003.0011
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This chapter examines the connection between the global flow of information and future wars, claiming that the same developments and technologies that enable global information flows among citizens ...
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This chapter examines the connection between the global flow of information and future wars, claiming that the same developments and technologies that enable global information flows among citizens can also be used for conducting wars. This notion of open flows of information in the context of a nation's wars seems counterintuitive for various reasons. For instance, with the existence of interoperable, interconnected networks, the transmission of the battlefield's operational and supply needs to the suppliers and vice versa will be a difficult task. The chapter also raises critical issues that emerge from such open net-centric military structures and compares them to net-related security, privacy, and information assurance issues that exist in the civilian and commercial world today.Less
This chapter examines the connection between the global flow of information and future wars, claiming that the same developments and technologies that enable global information flows among citizens can also be used for conducting wars. This notion of open flows of information in the context of a nation's wars seems counterintuitive for various reasons. For instance, with the existence of interoperable, interconnected networks, the transmission of the battlefield's operational and supply needs to the suppliers and vice versa will be a difficult task. The chapter also raises critical issues that emerge from such open net-centric military structures and compares them to net-related security, privacy, and information assurance issues that exist in the civilian and commercial world today.
Leora Auslander and Tara Zahra (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781501720079
- eISBN:
- 9781501720086
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501720079.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
Historians have become increasingly interested in material culture as both a category of analysis and as a teaching tool. What new insights can historians gain about the past by thinking about ...
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Historians have become increasingly interested in material culture as both a category of analysis and as a teaching tool. What new insights can historians gain about the past by thinking about things? A central object (and consequence) of modern warfare is the radical destruction and transformation of the material world. And yet we know little about the role of material culture in the history of war and forced displacement: objects carried in flight; objects stolen on battlefields; objects expropriated, reappropriated, and remembered. This book illuminates the ways in which people have used things to grapple with the social, cultural, and psychological upheavals wrought by war and forced displacement. Chapters consider theft and pillaging as strategies of conquest; soldiers' relationships with their weapons; and the use of clothing and domestic goods by prisoners of war, extermination camp inmates, freed people, and refugees to make claims and to create a kind of normalcy. While studies of migration and material culture have proliferated in recent years, as have histories of the Napoleonic, colonial, World Wars, and postcolonial wars, few have focused on the movement of people and things in times of war across two centuries. This focus, in combination with a broad temporal canvas, serves historians and others well as they seek to push beyond the written word.Less
Historians have become increasingly interested in material culture as both a category of analysis and as a teaching tool. What new insights can historians gain about the past by thinking about things? A central object (and consequence) of modern warfare is the radical destruction and transformation of the material world. And yet we know little about the role of material culture in the history of war and forced displacement: objects carried in flight; objects stolen on battlefields; objects expropriated, reappropriated, and remembered. This book illuminates the ways in which people have used things to grapple with the social, cultural, and psychological upheavals wrought by war and forced displacement. Chapters consider theft and pillaging as strategies of conquest; soldiers' relationships with their weapons; and the use of clothing and domestic goods by prisoners of war, extermination camp inmates, freed people, and refugees to make claims and to create a kind of normalcy. While studies of migration and material culture have proliferated in recent years, as have histories of the Napoleonic, colonial, World Wars, and postcolonial wars, few have focused on the movement of people and things in times of war across two centuries. This focus, in combination with a broad temporal canvas, serves historians and others well as they seek to push beyond the written word.
David Kennedy (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- February 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199895946
- eISBN:
- 9780190252663
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199895946.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
The advent of the all-volunteer force and the evolving nature of modern warfare have transformed our military, changing it in serious if subtle ways that few Americans are aware of. The book aims to ...
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The advent of the all-volunteer force and the evolving nature of modern warfare have transformed our military, changing it in serious if subtle ways that few Americans are aware of. The book aims to shed new light on the changes effecting today's armed forces. The book takes an historical approach as it explores the ever-changing strategic, political, and fiscal contexts in which the armed forces are trained and deployed, and the constantly shifting objectives that they are tasked to achieve in the post-9/11 environment. It also offers strong points of view. One chapter, for instance, takes the leadership to task for uncritically embracing the high-tech Revolution in Military Affairs when “conventional” warfare seems increasingly unlikely. Another chapter warns that the post-battle effects of what it terms “moral wounds” currently receive inadequate attention from the military and the medical profession. Perhaps most troubling, a further chapter raises the issue of the “political ownership” of the military in an era of all-volunteer service, citing the argument that, absent the political protest common to the draft era, government decision-makers felt free to carry out military operations in both Iraq and Afghanistan.Less
The advent of the all-volunteer force and the evolving nature of modern warfare have transformed our military, changing it in serious if subtle ways that few Americans are aware of. The book aims to shed new light on the changes effecting today's armed forces. The book takes an historical approach as it explores the ever-changing strategic, political, and fiscal contexts in which the armed forces are trained and deployed, and the constantly shifting objectives that they are tasked to achieve in the post-9/11 environment. It also offers strong points of view. One chapter, for instance, takes the leadership to task for uncritically embracing the high-tech Revolution in Military Affairs when “conventional” warfare seems increasingly unlikely. Another chapter warns that the post-battle effects of what it terms “moral wounds” currently receive inadequate attention from the military and the medical profession. Perhaps most troubling, a further chapter raises the issue of the “political ownership” of the military in an era of all-volunteer service, citing the argument that, absent the political protest common to the draft era, government decision-makers felt free to carry out military operations in both Iraq and Afghanistan.
Raymond Fagel, Leonor Álvarez Francés, and Beatriz Santiago Belmonte (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781526140869
- eISBN:
- 9781526155504
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7765/9781526140876
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
In the sixteenth century, many different stories on the Revolt in the Low Countries spread throughout Europe, written by very different authors with very different intentions. Over time this plethora ...
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In the sixteenth century, many different stories on the Revolt in the Low Countries spread throughout Europe, written by very different authors with very different intentions. Over time this plethora of sources and interpretations faded away, leaving us with only a couple of canonical narratives, extremely opposed in essence. In this way, the Dutch and Spanish national myths were forged on the basis of two different visions of the conflict: as a liberation war and act of rebellion against cruel Spanish oppressors or as a glorious part of the history of the Spanish Empire. This book revolves around the concept of episodic narratives, factual texts on the events and its protagonists, which can be seen at first sight as anecdotic, but that happen to be the building blocks of history. This approach renders the book thought-provoking for anybody interested in the history of the Revolt in the Low Countries, but also for those who wish to understand the dynamics of early modern narratives. Since it offers a wide array of sources in different languages it also provides readers with the chance to engage with texts they do not have easy access to. How did the Spanish write about the Revolt, what can we find in Italian chronicles, what were the Jesuits writing in their letters and how does the war look like from the perspective of a local nobleman or a Spanish commander?Less
In the sixteenth century, many different stories on the Revolt in the Low Countries spread throughout Europe, written by very different authors with very different intentions. Over time this plethora of sources and interpretations faded away, leaving us with only a couple of canonical narratives, extremely opposed in essence. In this way, the Dutch and Spanish national myths were forged on the basis of two different visions of the conflict: as a liberation war and act of rebellion against cruel Spanish oppressors or as a glorious part of the history of the Spanish Empire. This book revolves around the concept of episodic narratives, factual texts on the events and its protagonists, which can be seen at first sight as anecdotic, but that happen to be the building blocks of history. This approach renders the book thought-provoking for anybody interested in the history of the Revolt in the Low Countries, but also for those who wish to understand the dynamics of early modern narratives. Since it offers a wide array of sources in different languages it also provides readers with the chance to engage with texts they do not have easy access to. How did the Spanish write about the Revolt, what can we find in Italian chronicles, what were the Jesuits writing in their letters and how does the war look like from the perspective of a local nobleman or a Spanish commander?
Nicholas J. Saunders
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198722007
- eISBN:
- 9780191895746
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198722007.003.0010
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Non-Classical
This concluding chapter provides a summary of the discoveries of the Great Arab Revolt Project (GARP) from the conflict landscape of the Hejaz Railway. A decade in the desert revealed the ...
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This concluding chapter provides a summary of the discoveries of the Great Arab Revolt Project (GARP) from the conflict landscape of the Hejaz Railway. A decade in the desert revealed the anthropological archaeology of the Arab Revolt of 1916–18 to be more than the excavation of historically recent places or the survey of ruinous station buildings. It was rather an interdisciplinary study of the railway’s heritage from 1900 to the present, its role as a catalyst in creating a unique conflict landscape, and its intriguing relationships with earlier Hajj routes. The railway was also entangled with the beginnings of modern guerrilla warfare, the creation of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, and a complex and sometimes volatile mix of traditional Bedouin culture, modernity, religion, and local and national politics. Furthermore, the Revolt itself was embedded in the wider regional and geo-political framework of the First World War and its many aftermaths: the collapse of the Ottoman Empire; the creation of the modern Middle East; the rise of Arab Nationalism; the Second World War; the 2003 invasion and occupation of Iraq; the destructive legacy of the Islamic State’s short-lived Caliphate announced in 2014; and Syria’s descent into a tortuous and tragic civil war.Less
This concluding chapter provides a summary of the discoveries of the Great Arab Revolt Project (GARP) from the conflict landscape of the Hejaz Railway. A decade in the desert revealed the anthropological archaeology of the Arab Revolt of 1916–18 to be more than the excavation of historically recent places or the survey of ruinous station buildings. It was rather an interdisciplinary study of the railway’s heritage from 1900 to the present, its role as a catalyst in creating a unique conflict landscape, and its intriguing relationships with earlier Hajj routes. The railway was also entangled with the beginnings of modern guerrilla warfare, the creation of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, and a complex and sometimes volatile mix of traditional Bedouin culture, modernity, religion, and local and national politics. Furthermore, the Revolt itself was embedded in the wider regional and geo-political framework of the First World War and its many aftermaths: the collapse of the Ottoman Empire; the creation of the modern Middle East; the rise of Arab Nationalism; the Second World War; the 2003 invasion and occupation of Iraq; the destructive legacy of the Islamic State’s short-lived Caliphate announced in 2014; and Syria’s descent into a tortuous and tragic civil war.
Mark McNeilly
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- February 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199957859
- eISBN:
- 9780190252717
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199957859.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, International Relations and Politics
This introductory chapter begins by discussing the history of Sun Tzu’s The Art of War. It then identifies six principles extracted from the book that are relevant and applicable to modern warfare. ...
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This introductory chapter begins by discussing the history of Sun Tzu’s The Art of War. It then identifies six principles extracted from the book that are relevant and applicable to modern warfare. These are, firstly, win all without fighting; secondly, avoid strength, attack weakness; thirdly, deception and foreknowledge; fourthly, speed and preparation; fifthly, shaping the enemy; and finally, character-based leadership. This book discusses how each of these principles has been applied throughout history, using examples from ancient and modern battles, campaigns, and wars. These illustrate how the understanding or ignorance of these principles has led to success or failure.Less
This introductory chapter begins by discussing the history of Sun Tzu’s The Art of War. It then identifies six principles extracted from the book that are relevant and applicable to modern warfare. These are, firstly, win all without fighting; secondly, avoid strength, attack weakness; thirdly, deception and foreknowledge; fourthly, speed and preparation; fifthly, shaping the enemy; and finally, character-based leadership. This book discusses how each of these principles has been applied throughout history, using examples from ancient and modern battles, campaigns, and wars. These illustrate how the understanding or ignorance of these principles has led to success or failure.