Antony Black
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199533206
- eISBN:
- 9780191714498
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199533206.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
The problem of church and state initiated the development of Western political theory in Aquinas, John of Paris, and Marsilius. One difference between European and Islamic thought was the European ...
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The problem of church and state initiated the development of Western political theory in Aquinas, John of Paris, and Marsilius. One difference between European and Islamic thought was the European idea of a natural law which applied to, and could be known by, all humans. Islamic ethics derived solely from the Shari'a which was known only to Muslims and in which rights and duties differed according to religious affiliation. Another difference was the European prioritization of liberty. Natural law and liberty led to a doctrine of human rights. The modern Western idea of the state was based on a distinction between religion and politics, church and state. Aristotle's Politics helped legitimize partially democratic city republics. These did not exist in Islam.Less
The problem of church and state initiated the development of Western political theory in Aquinas, John of Paris, and Marsilius. One difference between European and Islamic thought was the European idea of a natural law which applied to, and could be known by, all humans. Islamic ethics derived solely from the Shari'a which was known only to Muslims and in which rights and duties differed according to religious affiliation. Another difference was the European prioritization of liberty. Natural law and liberty led to a doctrine of human rights. The modern Western idea of the state was based on a distinction between religion and politics, church and state. Aristotle's Politics helped legitimize partially democratic city republics. These did not exist in Islam.
QUENTIN SKINNER
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264584
- eISBN:
- 9780191734069
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264584.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This lecture presents the text of the speech about the genealogy of the modern state delivered by the author at the 2008 British Academy Lecture. It explains that to investigate the genealogy of the ...
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This lecture presents the text of the speech about the genealogy of the modern state delivered by the author at the 2008 British Academy Lecture. It explains that to investigate the genealogy of the state is to discover that there has never been any agreed concept to which the word state has answered. The lecture suggests that any moral or political term that has become so deeply enmeshed in so many ideological disputes over such a long period of time is bound to resist any efforts at definition.Less
This lecture presents the text of the speech about the genealogy of the modern state delivered by the author at the 2008 British Academy Lecture. It explains that to investigate the genealogy of the state is to discover that there has never been any agreed concept to which the word state has answered. The lecture suggests that any moral or political term that has become so deeply enmeshed in so many ideological disputes over such a long period of time is bound to resist any efforts at definition.
Neil Fligstein and Doug McAdam
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199859948
- eISBN:
- 9780199951178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199859948.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Theory
This chapter moves from the micro to the macro. In doing so it seeks to put the single field that is almost always the focus of scholarly attention into a broader field systemic context. It begins ...
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This chapter moves from the micro to the macro. In doing so it seeks to put the single field that is almost always the focus of scholarly attention into a broader field systemic context. It begins with a general discussion of the various ways that strategic action fields can be embedded in the broader system of fields and how these forms of embedding powerfully shape the prospects for stability and change in all fields. The second section offers a brief “excursus on formal organization” designed to render the concepts of formal organization and bureaucracy in terms of this book's perspective. Section three is devoted to an extended discussion of the modern state—conceived here as a dense and interconnected set of fields—and its role in helping to found, stabilize/certify, reproduce, and undermine/transform the great majority of nonstate fields. It then takes up the issue of “internal governance units” (IGUs). The chapter concludes by briefly discussing the proliferation of fields, the expansion of higher education, and the rise and spread of professions as three related and interdependent processes characteristic of modernity.Less
This chapter moves from the micro to the macro. In doing so it seeks to put the single field that is almost always the focus of scholarly attention into a broader field systemic context. It begins with a general discussion of the various ways that strategic action fields can be embedded in the broader system of fields and how these forms of embedding powerfully shape the prospects for stability and change in all fields. The second section offers a brief “excursus on formal organization” designed to render the concepts of formal organization and bureaucracy in terms of this book's perspective. Section three is devoted to an extended discussion of the modern state—conceived here as a dense and interconnected set of fields—and its role in helping to found, stabilize/certify, reproduce, and undermine/transform the great majority of nonstate fields. It then takes up the issue of “internal governance units” (IGUs). The chapter concludes by briefly discussing the proliferation of fields, the expansion of higher education, and the rise and spread of professions as three related and interdependent processes characteristic of modernity.
Bernhard R. Kroener
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198202141
- eISBN:
- 9780191675188
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202141.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter examines the military society in modern European states during the 18th century. It attempts to answer the question whether the early modern state created a military instrument ...
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This chapter examines the military society in modern European states during the 18th century. It attempts to answer the question whether the early modern state created a military instrument commensurate with its ambitions in the realm of power politics or whether the exigencies of martial rationality militarized the machinery of power in Europe from the 16th century onwards. It suggests that the correlation between the constitution of the state and that of the army, and between the armed forces and society, was an essential characteristic of the rise, maturity, and fall of the early modern state.Less
This chapter examines the military society in modern European states during the 18th century. It attempts to answer the question whether the early modern state created a military instrument commensurate with its ambitions in the realm of power politics or whether the exigencies of martial rationality militarized the machinery of power in Europe from the 16th century onwards. It suggests that the correlation between the constitution of the state and that of the army, and between the armed forces and society, was an essential characteristic of the rise, maturity, and fall of the early modern state.
John Tolan, Gilles Veinstein, and Henry Laurens
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147055
- eISBN:
- 9781400844753
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147055.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, World Medieval History
This chapter discusses the reformation of the Muslim state. By the Enlightenment period, the state's survival depended on it, in order to remain within the framework of the European balance of ...
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This chapter discusses the reformation of the Muslim state. By the Enlightenment period, the state's survival depended on it, in order to remain within the framework of the European balance of powers, which had become global via the Indian route. Although the need for reforms was a European imperative, given the universalization of its norms, it also corresponded to the needs of the societies being transformed. The chapter thus analyzes the processes under way, what was imposed collectively and forcibly by the great powers, what evolved in synchronism between Europe and the Muslim world (with the two finding similar solutions to similar problems), and what resulted from one side influencing or borrowing from the other.Less
This chapter discusses the reformation of the Muslim state. By the Enlightenment period, the state's survival depended on it, in order to remain within the framework of the European balance of powers, which had become global via the Indian route. Although the need for reforms was a European imperative, given the universalization of its norms, it also corresponded to the needs of the societies being transformed. The chapter thus analyzes the processes under way, what was imposed collectively and forcibly by the great powers, what evolved in synchronism between Europe and the Muslim world (with the two finding similar solutions to similar problems), and what resulted from one side influencing or borrowing from the other.
Thomas Barfield
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691145686
- eISBN:
- 9781400834532
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691145686.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter examines the erosion of traditional elite authority and new models of modern state building in the nineteenth century. The Anglo-Afghan wars were the crucibles that transformed the ...
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This chapter examines the erosion of traditional elite authority and new models of modern state building in the nineteenth century. The Anglo-Afghan wars were the crucibles that transformed the Afghan state and society. Here, the focus is less on the wars themselves than the consequences they had for Afghanistan. In terms of foreign relations, the rulers of Afghanistan found themselves in the paradoxical state of becoming ever more dependent on the subsidies from the British raj even as they pushed the Afghan people to become more antiforeign. Domestically successive rulers sought to make the central government more powerful, but did not succeed until Amir Abdur Rahman took the throne in 1880. Understanding what he did and at what cost remains significant for Afghanistan today.Less
This chapter examines the erosion of traditional elite authority and new models of modern state building in the nineteenth century. The Anglo-Afghan wars were the crucibles that transformed the Afghan state and society. Here, the focus is less on the wars themselves than the consequences they had for Afghanistan. In terms of foreign relations, the rulers of Afghanistan found themselves in the paradoxical state of becoming ever more dependent on the subsidies from the British raj even as they pushed the Afghan people to become more antiforeign. Domestically successive rulers sought to make the central government more powerful, but did not succeed until Amir Abdur Rahman took the throne in 1880. Understanding what he did and at what cost remains significant for Afghanistan today.
Gail Kligman and Katherine Verdery
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149721
- eISBN:
- 9781400840434
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149721.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This concluding chapter summarizes the main points of this analysis and seeks to extend it by addressing broader comparative questions about the socialist variant of modern state-making. The Soviet ...
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This concluding chapter summarizes the main points of this analysis and seeks to extend it by addressing broader comparative questions about the socialist variant of modern state-making. The Soviet Union exported the revolutionary technology of collectivization to its satellites, providing the blueprint along with Soviet advisors to guide them. This blueprint set out the parameters for establishing collectives: new methods to improve agricultural production, a new institutional infrastructure, and an arsenal of pedagogical techniques with which cadres were to enlighten peasants and discipline dissenters. However, collectivization was not carried out in a uniform manner anywhere. Blueprints may provide a plan, but social practices are not so easily hammered or welded into place. Romania's small and weak Communist Party, dependent on the Soviet Union, faced a largely agrarian population that offered heavy resistance. Complicating their task was the ongoing strength of the country's interwar fascist movement in both rural and urban areas, among all social strata.Less
This concluding chapter summarizes the main points of this analysis and seeks to extend it by addressing broader comparative questions about the socialist variant of modern state-making. The Soviet Union exported the revolutionary technology of collectivization to its satellites, providing the blueprint along with Soviet advisors to guide them. This blueprint set out the parameters for establishing collectives: new methods to improve agricultural production, a new institutional infrastructure, and an arsenal of pedagogical techniques with which cadres were to enlighten peasants and discipline dissenters. However, collectivization was not carried out in a uniform manner anywhere. Blueprints may provide a plan, but social practices are not so easily hammered or welded into place. Romania's small and weak Communist Party, dependent on the Soviet Union, faced a largely agrarian population that offered heavy resistance. Complicating their task was the ongoing strength of the country's interwar fascist movement in both rural and urban areas, among all social strata.
Peter Brooks
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151588
- eISBN:
- 9781400839698
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151588.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This introductory chapter provides an overview of some of the problems of identity. There would seem to be both public and private issues of identity. In the public sphere, in talk about crime, ...
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This introductory chapter provides an overview of some of the problems of identity. There would seem to be both public and private issues of identity. In the public sphere, in talk about crime, health, prostitution, and urbanism, the identities of those who make up the social body become a problem in a new way. In broad outline, this must have to do with the growth of cities, along with the institutionalization and increasing bureaucratization of the modern nation-state. The chapter then turns to the private or inner sense of identity that is at the very center of modern thought and imagination from the dawn of the modern world on—starting with the Renaissance, one might say, though one could push the date back to remarkable innovations from the twelfth century but gaining a new momentum and a new accent in the Enlightenment.Less
This introductory chapter provides an overview of some of the problems of identity. There would seem to be both public and private issues of identity. In the public sphere, in talk about crime, health, prostitution, and urbanism, the identities of those who make up the social body become a problem in a new way. In broad outline, this must have to do with the growth of cities, along with the institutionalization and increasing bureaucratization of the modern nation-state. The chapter then turns to the private or inner sense of identity that is at the very center of modern thought and imagination from the dawn of the modern world on—starting with the Renaissance, one might say, though one could push the date back to remarkable innovations from the twelfth century but gaining a new momentum and a new accent in the Enlightenment.
John Tolan, Gilles Veinstein, and Henry Laurens
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147055
- eISBN:
- 9781400844753
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147055.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, World Medieval History
This chapter discusses the major intellectual and technological revolutions of the eighteenth century, which was driven in large part by the printed word. The dizzying pace—made possible by the ...
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This chapter discusses the major intellectual and technological revolutions of the eighteenth century, which was driven in large part by the printed word. The dizzying pace—made possible by the printed word—at which knowledge accumulated demonstrates the essence of the Enlightenment as an effort at totalizing and deciphering that knowledge. Two distinct historical sources, moreover, provided the Enlightenment with its specific orientation. First, the European crisis of conscience in the wake of the Wars of Religion opened the way for a critique of religion, tending more in the direction of deism than of atheism. And second, the progress of the modern state tended to undermine the foundations of the old law-and-order societies.Less
This chapter discusses the major intellectual and technological revolutions of the eighteenth century, which was driven in large part by the printed word. The dizzying pace—made possible by the printed word—at which knowledge accumulated demonstrates the essence of the Enlightenment as an effort at totalizing and deciphering that knowledge. Two distinct historical sources, moreover, provided the Enlightenment with its specific orientation. First, the European crisis of conscience in the wake of the Wars of Religion opened the way for a critique of religion, tending more in the direction of deism than of atheism. And second, the progress of the modern state tended to undermine the foundations of the old law-and-order societies.
John Tolan, Gilles Veinstein, and Henry Laurens
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147055
- eISBN:
- 9781400844753
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147055.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, World Medieval History
This chapter considers how, during the nineteenth century, the Muslim regions that succeeded in preserving formal independence were caught up in a race between European encroachment or interference ...
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This chapter considers how, during the nineteenth century, the Muslim regions that succeeded in preserving formal independence were caught up in a race between European encroachment or interference and the establishment of a strong state, which also had to call on the Europeans for assistance. Because of that dynamic of change, it is difficult to determine what was borrowed pure and simple and what was the result of evolutionary synchronism: the complex question of the emancipation of non-Muslims in Islamic territory is a case in point. Other regions had to face the “colonial night” of European domination, which in certain places eventually adopted the form of settlement colonies. However, the Muslim world was far from passive when confronted with Europe's multifaceted advance. It entered a cycle of accelerated transformation, culminating in the adoption of the nationality principle as the new mode of social organization.Less
This chapter considers how, during the nineteenth century, the Muslim regions that succeeded in preserving formal independence were caught up in a race between European encroachment or interference and the establishment of a strong state, which also had to call on the Europeans for assistance. Because of that dynamic of change, it is difficult to determine what was borrowed pure and simple and what was the result of evolutionary synchronism: the complex question of the emancipation of non-Muslims in Islamic territory is a case in point. Other regions had to face the “colonial night” of European domination, which in certain places eventually adopted the form of settlement colonies. However, the Muslim world was far from passive when confronted with Europe's multifaceted advance. It entered a cycle of accelerated transformation, culminating in the adoption of the nationality principle as the new mode of social organization.
Patrick Carroll
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520247536
- eISBN:
- 9780520932807
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520247536.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Theory
This study explores the profound relationship between science and government to present a new understanding of modern state formation. Beginning with the experimental science of Robert Boyle in ...
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This study explores the profound relationship between science and government to present a new understanding of modern state formation. Beginning with the experimental science of Robert Boyle in seventeenth-century England, the book develops the concept of engine science to capture the centrality of engineering practices and technologies in the emerging mechanical philosophy. It traces the introduction of engine science into colonial Ireland, showing how that country subsequently became a laboratory for experiments in statecraft. The author's wide-ranging study, spanning institutions, political philosophy, and policy implementation, demonstrates that a number of new technological developments—from cartography, statistics, and natural history to geology, public health, and sanitary engineering—reveal how modern science came to engineer land, people, and the built environment into a material political state in an unprecedented way, creating the “modern” state. Shedding new light on sociology, the history of science and technology, and on the history of British colonial projects in Ireland from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries, this study has implications for understanding postcolonial occupations and nation-building ventures today and on contemporary dilemmas such as the role of science and government in environmental sustainability.Less
This study explores the profound relationship between science and government to present a new understanding of modern state formation. Beginning with the experimental science of Robert Boyle in seventeenth-century England, the book develops the concept of engine science to capture the centrality of engineering practices and technologies in the emerging mechanical philosophy. It traces the introduction of engine science into colonial Ireland, showing how that country subsequently became a laboratory for experiments in statecraft. The author's wide-ranging study, spanning institutions, political philosophy, and policy implementation, demonstrates that a number of new technological developments—from cartography, statistics, and natural history to geology, public health, and sanitary engineering—reveal how modern science came to engineer land, people, and the built environment into a material political state in an unprecedented way, creating the “modern” state. Shedding new light on sociology, the history of science and technology, and on the history of British colonial projects in Ireland from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries, this study has implications for understanding postcolonial occupations and nation-building ventures today and on contemporary dilemmas such as the role of science and government in environmental sustainability.
Nandini Gooptu
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199259885
- eISBN:
- 9780191744587
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199259885.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Asian History
This chapter explores the political legacy of colonialism in South Asia, with a focus on the state, democracy and identity politics, and discusses how the colonial inheritance has been understood ...
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This chapter explores the political legacy of colonialism in South Asia, with a focus on the state, democracy and identity politics, and discusses how the colonial inheritance has been understood from different analytical perspectives. Colonial political institutions and practices that have persisted in the post-colonial context are identified, followed by an enquiry into the reasons for their perpetuation. The causes are sought in the political dynamics of independent nations, rather than viewing the colonial legacy as a direct and uncomplicated transfer from the Raj without the possibility of alternative outcomes. The role of elites and their political motivations and strategies are juxtaposed against the significance of subaltern politics and pressures from below in determining the nature of continuity and change. The chapter interrogates the constitutive role of colonialism in shaping the nature of post-colonial politics and proposes a contextualised historical analysis of the legacy of colonialism in its many and varied manifestations and appropriations by South Asian political actors.Less
This chapter explores the political legacy of colonialism in South Asia, with a focus on the state, democracy and identity politics, and discusses how the colonial inheritance has been understood from different analytical perspectives. Colonial political institutions and practices that have persisted in the post-colonial context are identified, followed by an enquiry into the reasons for their perpetuation. The causes are sought in the political dynamics of independent nations, rather than viewing the colonial legacy as a direct and uncomplicated transfer from the Raj without the possibility of alternative outcomes. The role of elites and their political motivations and strategies are juxtaposed against the significance of subaltern politics and pressures from below in determining the nature of continuity and change. The chapter interrogates the constitutive role of colonialism in shaping the nature of post-colonial politics and proposes a contextualised historical analysis of the legacy of colonialism in its many and varied manifestations and appropriations by South Asian political actors.
Jennifer Nedelsky
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195147964
- eISBN:
- 9780199918133
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195147964.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
Chapter 3 argues against the idea of independence as a core dimension of autonomy, and explains why a relational conception of autonomy is especially well suited to the problems of the modern welfare ...
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Chapter 3 argues against the idea of independence as a core dimension of autonomy, and explains why a relational conception of autonomy is especially well suited to the problems of the modern welfare and regulatory state. The modern state must be able to make dependence on state services and regulation consistent with autonomy. American administrative law (which mediates between administrative agencies, such as welfare bureaucracies, and those subject to their decisions) serves to show how fair procedure can provide insights into how to structure bureaucratic power so that it enhances rather than undermines the autonomy of those who interact with it. I then look at various limitations to these legal solutions and at some of the most promising developments in Canadian administrative law. The chapter also looks at the subjective dimensions of autonomy, highlighting the difficulties in effecting a transformation of a central cultural value. And it closes by addressing the factors that make it difficult to restructure dependency relations so that they foster autonomy: both power disparities and entrenched beliefs about subordinate status can pose serious obstacles. Nevertheless, the very inevitability of hierarchies of power makes it essential to structure power relations so that they can foster rather than undermine autonomy.Less
Chapter 3 argues against the idea of independence as a core dimension of autonomy, and explains why a relational conception of autonomy is especially well suited to the problems of the modern welfare and regulatory state. The modern state must be able to make dependence on state services and regulation consistent with autonomy. American administrative law (which mediates between administrative agencies, such as welfare bureaucracies, and those subject to their decisions) serves to show how fair procedure can provide insights into how to structure bureaucratic power so that it enhances rather than undermines the autonomy of those who interact with it. I then look at various limitations to these legal solutions and at some of the most promising developments in Canadian administrative law. The chapter also looks at the subjective dimensions of autonomy, highlighting the difficulties in effecting a transformation of a central cultural value. And it closes by addressing the factors that make it difficult to restructure dependency relations so that they foster autonomy: both power disparities and entrenched beliefs about subordinate status can pose serious obstacles. Nevertheless, the very inevitability of hierarchies of power makes it essential to structure power relations so that they can foster rather than undermine autonomy.
Pierre Rosanvallon
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149486
- eISBN:
- 9781400838745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149486.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter argues that, in order to fully understand the significance of electoral legitimation, one has to study the way in which the individualistic legal requirement is embedded in a holistic ...
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This chapter argues that, in order to fully understand the significance of electoral legitimation, one has to study the way in which the individualistic legal requirement is embedded in a holistic vision—a vision that treats unanimity as an intrinsic moral, social, and political value. Democratic regimes had eventually adopted the principle of majority rule as a practical procedural necessity, since numerical unanimity was virtually impossible to achieve. Yet at the same time they remained under the sway of this older idea of substantive unanimity. Ultimately, this latent contradiction would eventually undermine the idea that legitimacy can spring from elections alone. In order to gauge the extent of the problem, the chapter embarks on a brief exploration of the old sense of unanimity.Less
This chapter argues that, in order to fully understand the significance of electoral legitimation, one has to study the way in which the individualistic legal requirement is embedded in a holistic vision—a vision that treats unanimity as an intrinsic moral, social, and political value. Democratic regimes had eventually adopted the principle of majority rule as a practical procedural necessity, since numerical unanimity was virtually impossible to achieve. Yet at the same time they remained under the sway of this older idea of substantive unanimity. Ultimately, this latent contradiction would eventually undermine the idea that legitimacy can spring from elections alone. In order to gauge the extent of the problem, the chapter embarks on a brief exploration of the old sense of unanimity.
Hilal Elver
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199769292
- eISBN:
- 9780199933136
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199769292.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter explores the historical roots of the current political crises associated with the headscarf controversy, taking account of its social, political and legal ramifications. Attention will ...
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This chapter explores the historical roots of the current political crises associated with the headscarf controversy, taking account of its social, political and legal ramifications. Attention will be devoted to the transformation of the Ottoman Empire into the Turkish Republic in the early 20th century; accompanying legal, cultural and political reforms that changed the society; a critical evaluation of the Turkish modernity project, stigmatizing part of the Turkish society while modernizing the other; and the connection between this modernization project and the current headscarf controversy. Finally the chapter analyzes the legal arguments of the Turkish legal establishment.Less
This chapter explores the historical roots of the current political crises associated with the headscarf controversy, taking account of its social, political and legal ramifications. Attention will be devoted to the transformation of the Ottoman Empire into the Turkish Republic in the early 20th century; accompanying legal, cultural and political reforms that changed the society; a critical evaluation of the Turkish modernity project, stigmatizing part of the Turkish society while modernizing the other; and the connection between this modernization project and the current headscarf controversy. Finally the chapter analyzes the legal arguments of the Turkish legal establishment.
Keith Hitchins
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205913
- eISBN:
- 9780191676857
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205913.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter discusses the beginnings of a modern state in Romania, which became perceptible between the outbreak of the Greek War for Independence in 1821 and the revolutions of 1848. Moldavia and ...
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This chapter discusses the beginnings of a modern state in Romania, which became perceptible between the outbreak of the Greek War for Independence in 1821 and the revolutions of 1848. Moldavia and Wallachia both became closer to union and independence, thanks to the unrelenting efforts of a new group of élite boiers and bourgeoisie. Even the society became more complex and cosmopolitan, and the production in industry and agriculture increased.Less
This chapter discusses the beginnings of a modern state in Romania, which became perceptible between the outbreak of the Greek War for Independence in 1821 and the revolutions of 1848. Moldavia and Wallachia both became closer to union and independence, thanks to the unrelenting efforts of a new group of élite boiers and bourgeoisie. Even the society became more complex and cosmopolitan, and the production in industry and agriculture increased.
Cormac Mac Amhlaigh, Claudio Michelon, and Neil Walker (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199669318
- eISBN:
- 9780191749353
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199669318.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
Public law has been conceived in many different ways, sometimes overlapping, often conflicting. However, in recent years a common theme running through the discussions of public law is one of loss. ...
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Public law has been conceived in many different ways, sometimes overlapping, often conflicting. However, in recent years a common theme running through the discussions of public law is one of loss. What function and future can public law have in this rapidly transforming landscape, where globalized states and supranational institutions have ever-increasing importance? This book takes stock of the idea, concepts, and values of public law as it has developed alongside the growth of the modern state, and assesses its continued usefulness as a distinct area of legal inquiry and normativity in light of various historical trends and contemporary pressures affecting the global configuration of law in general. Divided into three parts, the first provides a conceptual, philosophical, and historical understanding of the nature of public law, the nature of private law, and the relationship between the public, the private, and the concept of law. The second part focuses on the domains, values, and functions of public law in contemporary (state) legal practice, as seen, in part, through its relationship with private domains, values, and functions. The final part engages with the new legal scholarship on global transformation, analysing the changes in public law at the national level, including the new forms of interpenetration of public and private in the market state, as well as exploring the ubiquitous use of public law values and concepts beyond the state.Less
Public law has been conceived in many different ways, sometimes overlapping, often conflicting. However, in recent years a common theme running through the discussions of public law is one of loss. What function and future can public law have in this rapidly transforming landscape, where globalized states and supranational institutions have ever-increasing importance? This book takes stock of the idea, concepts, and values of public law as it has developed alongside the growth of the modern state, and assesses its continued usefulness as a distinct area of legal inquiry and normativity in light of various historical trends and contemporary pressures affecting the global configuration of law in general. Divided into three parts, the first provides a conceptual, philosophical, and historical understanding of the nature of public law, the nature of private law, and the relationship between the public, the private, and the concept of law. The second part focuses on the domains, values, and functions of public law in contemporary (state) legal practice, as seen, in part, through its relationship with private domains, values, and functions. The final part engages with the new legal scholarship on global transformation, analysing the changes in public law at the national level, including the new forms of interpenetration of public and private in the market state, as well as exploring the ubiquitous use of public law values and concepts beyond the state.
Richard Bonney (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204022
- eISBN:
- 9780191676093
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204022.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Economic History
This book builds up a comprehensive analysis of the fiscal history of Europe over six centuries. It forms a fundamental starting-point for an understanding of the distinctiveness of the emerging ...
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This book builds up a comprehensive analysis of the fiscal history of Europe over six centuries. It forms a fundamental starting-point for an understanding of the distinctiveness of the emerging European states, and highlights the issue of fiscal power as an essential prerequisite for the development of the modern state. The study underlines the importance of technical developments by the state, its capacity to innovate, and, however imperfect the techniques, the greater detail and sophistication of accounting practice towards the end of the period. New taxes had been developed, new wealth had been tapped, and new mechanisms of enforcement had been established. In general, these developments were made in western Europe; the lack of progress in some fiscal systems, especially those in eastern Europe, is an issue of historical importance in its own right and lends particular significance to the chapters on Poland and Russia. By the 18th century, ‘mountains of debt’ and high debt-revenue ratios had become the norm in western Europe, yet in the east only Russia was able to adapt to the western model by 1815. The capacity of governments to borrow, and the interaction of the constraints on borrowing and the power to tax had become the real test of the fiscal powers of the ‘modern state’ by 1800–15.Less
This book builds up a comprehensive analysis of the fiscal history of Europe over six centuries. It forms a fundamental starting-point for an understanding of the distinctiveness of the emerging European states, and highlights the issue of fiscal power as an essential prerequisite for the development of the modern state. The study underlines the importance of technical developments by the state, its capacity to innovate, and, however imperfect the techniques, the greater detail and sophistication of accounting practice towards the end of the period. New taxes had been developed, new wealth had been tapped, and new mechanisms of enforcement had been established. In general, these developments were made in western Europe; the lack of progress in some fiscal systems, especially those in eastern Europe, is an issue of historical importance in its own right and lends particular significance to the chapters on Poland and Russia. By the 18th century, ‘mountains of debt’ and high debt-revenue ratios had become the norm in western Europe, yet in the east only Russia was able to adapt to the western model by 1815. The capacity of governments to borrow, and the interaction of the constraints on borrowing and the power to tax had become the real test of the fiscal powers of the ‘modern state’ by 1800–15.
Helen Thompson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719077500
- eISBN:
- 9781781701607
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719077500.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter reports the development of representative democracy, and also explores the problem of the authority of the state in representative democracies. The modern state became a relationship of ...
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This chapter reports the development of representative democracy, and also explores the problem of the authority of the state in representative democracies. The modern state became a relationship of rule by human beings over human beings in an explicitly demarcated territory resting on the sovereign application of law, and, in the final instance, on a successful claim to a monopoly of legitimate violence. Effective nationhood created a reason for citizens to pay more taxes to the state, and to fight and die in its wars. Reason of state for the external world of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries became dominated by international politics. Competitive imperialism reduced the security of all European states. The modern democratic nation-state in Europe had proved just as vulnerable to internal instability and external collapse via international politics as ancient democracy and the Renaissance republic.Less
This chapter reports the development of representative democracy, and also explores the problem of the authority of the state in representative democracies. The modern state became a relationship of rule by human beings over human beings in an explicitly demarcated territory resting on the sovereign application of law, and, in the final instance, on a successful claim to a monopoly of legitimate violence. Effective nationhood created a reason for citizens to pay more taxes to the state, and to fight and die in its wars. Reason of state for the external world of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries became dominated by international politics. Competitive imperialism reduced the security of all European states. The modern democratic nation-state in Europe had proved just as vulnerable to internal instability and external collapse via international politics as ancient democracy and the Renaissance republic.
Patrick Carroll
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520247536
- eISBN:
- 9780520932807
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520247536.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Theory
This chapter discusses the arts of government in relation to the practices of engine science and suggests that a form of “engineering governmentality” develops that cuts across and undergirds ...
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This chapter discusses the arts of government in relation to the practices of engine science and suggests that a form of “engineering governmentality” develops that cuts across and undergirds different manifestations of the modern state. It draws out the implications of the analysis in association with the specific case of Ireland and the broader question of the character of the modern state. It examines the coupling of nation and state in the modern period, suggesting that the relationship between the two is by no means essential. It details the growing expansiveness of the government of nature, its continued modern character, and the implications with respect to freedom and police power, especially in terms of public health and safety, that is biosecurity. It concludes that freedoms are inextricably bound up with the modern state and that there is little chance of life-security absent scientifically informed government.Less
This chapter discusses the arts of government in relation to the practices of engine science and suggests that a form of “engineering governmentality” develops that cuts across and undergirds different manifestations of the modern state. It draws out the implications of the analysis in association with the specific case of Ireland and the broader question of the character of the modern state. It examines the coupling of nation and state in the modern period, suggesting that the relationship between the two is by no means essential. It details the growing expansiveness of the government of nature, its continued modern character, and the implications with respect to freedom and police power, especially in terms of public health and safety, that is biosecurity. It concludes that freedoms are inextricably bound up with the modern state and that there is little chance of life-security absent scientifically informed government.
