- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226891767
- eISBN:
- 9780226891798
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226891798.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter introduces some of the major internationally renowned human geneticists and eugenicists who laid the foundations of this new science since the turn of the twentieth century, including ...
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This chapter introduces some of the major internationally renowned human geneticists and eugenicists who laid the foundations of this new science since the turn of the twentieth century, including Charles B. Davenport, Harry H. Laughlin, and Francis Galton. It examines their intellectual and political concerns as expressed in their scientific publications and in personal correspondence with other researchers. The chapter also discusses the history of the rise of eugenics, which led to the origins of modern genetics during the period from 1890 to 1914, and considers the influence of the Great Depression on the radical turn in German eugenics.Less
This chapter introduces some of the major internationally renowned human geneticists and eugenicists who laid the foundations of this new science since the turn of the twentieth century, including Charles B. Davenport, Harry H. Laughlin, and Francis Galton. It examines their intellectual and political concerns as expressed in their scientific publications and in personal correspondence with other researchers. The chapter also discusses the history of the rise of eugenics, which led to the origins of modern genetics during the period from 1890 to 1914, and considers the influence of the Great Depression on the radical turn in German eugenics.
William Boyd
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520237612
- eISBN:
- 9780520937499
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520237612.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter explores the transformation of agricultural breeding efforts under the influence of modern genetics and molecular biology. It addresses the legal developments that have allowed both for ...
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This chapter explores the transformation of agricultural breeding efforts under the influence of modern genetics and molecular biology. It addresses the legal developments that have allowed both for the transformation of “novel” life forms and genetic sequences into new forms of property and for the reconfiguration of relationships between public and private science. The chapter then examines the organizational strategy employed by Monsanto and other first-movers to create a vertically integrated structure capable of capturing the economic value associated with these new forms of property through the acquisition of key germplasm resources, seed-delivery systems, and horizontal and vertical licensing arrangements. Chakrabarty, Cohen-Boyer, and Bayh-Dole represented a new legal infrastructure for the agricultural biotechnology complex. Leading firms, particularly Monsanto and DuPont, acquired major seed companies and developed a system of contract farming tailored to the new biotech crops.Less
This chapter explores the transformation of agricultural breeding efforts under the influence of modern genetics and molecular biology. It addresses the legal developments that have allowed both for the transformation of “novel” life forms and genetic sequences into new forms of property and for the reconfiguration of relationships between public and private science. The chapter then examines the organizational strategy employed by Monsanto and other first-movers to create a vertically integrated structure capable of capturing the economic value associated with these new forms of property through the acquisition of key germplasm resources, seed-delivery systems, and horizontal and vertical licensing arrangements. Chakrabarty, Cohen-Boyer, and Bayh-Dole represented a new legal infrastructure for the agricultural biotechnology complex. Leading firms, particularly Monsanto and DuPont, acquired major seed companies and developed a system of contract farming tailored to the new biotech crops.
Sheldon Krimsky
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231156974
- eISBN:
- 9780231527699
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231156974.003.0014
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This introductory chapter briefly examines the persistence of the concept of human races within science and the impact of the concept on disparities among people of different geographical ancestries. ...
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This introductory chapter briefly examines the persistence of the concept of human races within science and the impact of the concept on disparities among people of different geographical ancestries. It also discusses the role of modern genetics on reinscribing and objectifying the concept of “race” in science and society with the help of the Council for Responsible Genetics (CRG). Historically, the concept of race has been rejected by science, but nevertheless remains an indisputable part of discourse—becoming a scientific myth and a social reality. The idea of having a fixed, unalterable human morphological or genetic quality of certain population groups, transmitted from generation to generation, is disfavored by scientists. However, scholars in the early twentieth century began to apply modern genetics to racial classification, using it to sort humans into “categories,” which proves to be the main root of the concept's persistence.Less
This introductory chapter briefly examines the persistence of the concept of human races within science and the impact of the concept on disparities among people of different geographical ancestries. It also discusses the role of modern genetics on reinscribing and objectifying the concept of “race” in science and society with the help of the Council for Responsible Genetics (CRG). Historically, the concept of race has been rejected by science, but nevertheless remains an indisputable part of discourse—becoming a scientific myth and a social reality. The idea of having a fixed, unalterable human morphological or genetic quality of certain population groups, transmitted from generation to generation, is disfavored by scientists. However, scholars in the early twentieth century began to apply modern genetics to racial classification, using it to sort humans into “categories,” which proves to be the main root of the concept's persistence.
Sheldon Krimsky and Kathleen Sloan (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231156974
- eISBN:
- 9780231527699
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231156974.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
Do advances in genomic biology create a scientific rationale for long-discredited racial categories? Chapters based in the fields of law, medicine, biology, sociology, history, anthropology, and ...
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Do advances in genomic biology create a scientific rationale for long-discredited racial categories? Chapters based in the fields of law, medicine, biology, sociology, history, anthropology, and psychology examine the impact of modern genetics on the concept of race. Chapters trace the interplay between genetics and race in forensic DNA databanks, the biology of intelligence, DNA ancestry markers, and racialized medicine. Each chapter explores commonly held and unexamined assumptions and misperceptions about race in science and popular culture. The book begins with the historical origins and current uses of the concept of “race” in science. It follows with an analysis of the role of race in DNA databanks and racial disparities in the criminal justice system. Chapters then consider the rise of recreational genetics in the form of for-profit testing of genetic ancestry and the introduction of racialized medicine, specifically through an FDA-approved heart drug called BiDil, marketed to African American men. Concluding chapters discuss the contradictions between our scientific and cultural understandings of race and the continuing significance of race in educational and criminal justice policy.Less
Do advances in genomic biology create a scientific rationale for long-discredited racial categories? Chapters based in the fields of law, medicine, biology, sociology, history, anthropology, and psychology examine the impact of modern genetics on the concept of race. Chapters trace the interplay between genetics and race in forensic DNA databanks, the biology of intelligence, DNA ancestry markers, and racialized medicine. Each chapter explores commonly held and unexamined assumptions and misperceptions about race in science and popular culture. The book begins with the historical origins and current uses of the concept of “race” in science. It follows with an analysis of the role of race in DNA databanks and racial disparities in the criminal justice system. Chapters then consider the rise of recreational genetics in the form of for-profit testing of genetic ancestry and the introduction of racialized medicine, specifically through an FDA-approved heart drug called BiDil, marketed to African American men. Concluding chapters discuss the contradictions between our scientific and cultural understandings of race and the continuing significance of race in educational and criminal justice policy.
Peter A. Corning
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226116136
- eISBN:
- 9780226116334
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226116334.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter presents a critique of Neo-Darwinism and the case for Holistic Darwinism. It discusses the realization of the founding fathers of modern genetics and population biology concerning the ...
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This chapter presents a critique of Neo-Darwinism and the case for Holistic Darwinism. It discusses the realization of the founding fathers of modern genetics and population biology concerning the flaws of Neo-Darwinism, particularly in relation to group selection theory. These attacks on group selection theory began with William D. Hamilton's The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior and was fully elaborated in George C. Williams' Adaptation and Natural Selection. This chapter also highlights the key features of Holistic Darwinism and its theoretical superiority over Neo-Darwinism.Less
This chapter presents a critique of Neo-Darwinism and the case for Holistic Darwinism. It discusses the realization of the founding fathers of modern genetics and population biology concerning the flaws of Neo-Darwinism, particularly in relation to group selection theory. These attacks on group selection theory began with William D. Hamilton's The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior and was fully elaborated in George C. Williams' Adaptation and Natural Selection. This chapter also highlights the key features of Holistic Darwinism and its theoretical superiority over Neo-Darwinism.
