John S. Dryzek, David Downes, Christian Hunold, David Schlosberg, and Hans‐Kristian Hernes
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199249022
- eISBN:
- 9780191599095
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199249024.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter looks at the implications of inclusion in the state for the movement itself, especially in terms of moderation and bureaucratization. Groups themselves can change in two ways as a result ...
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This chapter looks at the implications of inclusion in the state for the movement itself, especially in terms of moderation and bureaucratization. Groups themselves can change in two ways as a result of being included within the state. First, they may have to moderate their positions substantially in order to be more consistent with the political mainstream—especially as conditioned by state imperatives. Second, they may have to develop a much more professional and bureaucratic character, replete with a large full‐time staff, internal hierarchy, and division of labour, and specialists in fund‐raising, organizational maintenance, and management. Moderation and bureaucratization compromise the ‘social movement’ character of environmental groups. Developments in the US, UK, Germany, and Norway are documented, and comparisons are made across time and space in their character and degree, and the possibility of movement resistance to them are considered.Less
This chapter looks at the implications of inclusion in the state for the movement itself, especially in terms of moderation and bureaucratization. Groups themselves can change in two ways as a result of being included within the state. First, they may have to moderate their positions substantially in order to be more consistent with the political mainstream—especially as conditioned by state imperatives. Second, they may have to develop a much more professional and bureaucratic character, replete with a large full‐time staff, internal hierarchy, and division of labour, and specialists in fund‐raising, organizational maintenance, and management. Moderation and bureaucratization compromise the ‘social movement’ character of environmental groups. Developments in the US, UK, Germany, and Norway are documented, and comparisons are made across time and space in their character and degree, and the possibility of movement resistance to them are considered.
Brigitte Granville
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691145402
- eISBN:
- 9781400846443
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691145402.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Finance, Accounting, and Banking
Today's global economy, with most developed nations experiencing very low inflation, seems a world apart from the “Great Inflation” that spanned the late 1960s to early 1980s. Yet, this book makes ...
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Today's global economy, with most developed nations experiencing very low inflation, seems a world apart from the “Great Inflation” that spanned the late 1960s to early 1980s. Yet, this book makes the case that monetary economists and policymakers need to keep the lessons learned during that period very much in mind, lest we return to them by making the same mistakes we made in the past. The book details the advances in macroeconomic thinking that gave rise to the “Great Moderation”—a period of stable inflation and economic growth, which lasted from the mid-1980s through the most recent financial crisis. The book makes the case that the central banks' management of monetary policy—hinging on expectations and credibility—brought about this period of stability, and traces the roots of this success back to the eighteenth-century foundations of modern monetary thought. Tackling fundamental questions such as the causes of inflation and its relation to unemployment and growth, the natural rate of inflation hypothesis, the fiscal theory of the price level, and the proper goals of central banks, the book aims above all to demonstrate the dangers of forgetting the role of credibility in establishing sound monetary policy. With the lessons of the past firmly in mind, the book presents stimulating ideas and proposals about inflation-targeting principles, which provide tools for present-day monetary authorities dealing with the forces of globalization, mercantilism, and reserve accumulation.Less
Today's global economy, with most developed nations experiencing very low inflation, seems a world apart from the “Great Inflation” that spanned the late 1960s to early 1980s. Yet, this book makes the case that monetary economists and policymakers need to keep the lessons learned during that period very much in mind, lest we return to them by making the same mistakes we made in the past. The book details the advances in macroeconomic thinking that gave rise to the “Great Moderation”—a period of stable inflation and economic growth, which lasted from the mid-1980s through the most recent financial crisis. The book makes the case that the central banks' management of monetary policy—hinging on expectations and credibility—brought about this period of stability, and traces the roots of this success back to the eighteenth-century foundations of modern monetary thought. Tackling fundamental questions such as the causes of inflation and its relation to unemployment and growth, the natural rate of inflation hypothesis, the fiscal theory of the price level, and the proper goals of central banks, the book aims above all to demonstrate the dangers of forgetting the role of credibility in establishing sound monetary policy. With the lessons of the past firmly in mind, the book presents stimulating ideas and proposals about inflation-targeting principles, which provide tools for present-day monetary authorities dealing with the forces of globalization, mercantilism, and reserve accumulation.
Marc Benamou
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195189438
- eISBN:
- 9780199864232
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189438.003.0004
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
Chapter 4 attempts to weave together musical affect and musical context, aesthetics and sociology. For in assessing who or what has rasa, we are led back to the Javanese categories of geography, ...
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Chapter 4 attempts to weave together musical affect and musical context, aesthetics and sociology. For in assessing who or what has rasa, we are led back to the Javanese categories of geography, gender, and social status first described in chapter 1. That is, this chapter looks for patterns in just which performances—and, more particularly, which performers—are said to have more or less rasa than others. Three large themes are identified: veneration, the inside/outside metaphor, and moderation and suitability. Some attention to changing preferences is also given.Less
Chapter 4 attempts to weave together musical affect and musical context, aesthetics and sociology. For in assessing who or what has rasa, we are led back to the Javanese categories of geography, gender, and social status first described in chapter 1. That is, this chapter looks for patterns in just which performances—and, more particularly, which performers—are said to have more or less rasa than others. Three large themes are identified: veneration, the inside/outside metaphor, and moderation and suitability. Some attention to changing preferences is also given.
Dorota M. Dutsch
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199533381
- eISBN:
- 9780191714757
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199533381.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter is concerned with the instability of gender boundaries in comedy and with the gendering of instability in Roman culture. After a brief discussion of comedy's association of modus with ...
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This chapter is concerned with the instability of gender boundaries in comedy and with the gendering of instability in Roman culture. After a brief discussion of comedy's association of modus with masculinity, it turns to those instances in which the scripts of Plautus graft (allegedly) masculine attitudes onto feminine utterances or vice versa. The blending of genders in comedy is then compared with the rhetoric surrounding the suppression (in 186 BCE) of the Bacchic cult, which was criticized for endangering the masculinity of its initiates. It argues that Plautine comedy stresses the instability of gender roles and can be read as one voice adding to a larger ongoing debate on gender and boundaries.Less
This chapter is concerned with the instability of gender boundaries in comedy and with the gendering of instability in Roman culture. After a brief discussion of comedy's association of modus with masculinity, it turns to those instances in which the scripts of Plautus graft (allegedly) masculine attitudes onto feminine utterances or vice versa. The blending of genders in comedy is then compared with the rhetoric surrounding the suppression (in 186 BCE) of the Bacchic cult, which was criticized for endangering the masculinity of its initiates. It argues that Plautine comedy stresses the instability of gender roles and can be read as one voice adding to a larger ongoing debate on gender and boundaries.
Richard Sorabji
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199256600
- eISBN:
- 9780191712609
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199256600.003.0027
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
Augustine was attacked by Pelagians as still being a Manichaean who deplored marriage. In fact, Augustine now thought that in marriage — a bad thing, lust — was put to a good use, procreation, but he ...
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Augustine was attacked by Pelagians as still being a Manichaean who deplored marriage. In fact, Augustine now thought that in marriage — a bad thing, lust — was put to a good use, procreation, but he could not agree with Pelagians that in marriage lust was good in moderation. He chose a weak ground for calling lust a bad thing, namely that it was disobedient to will. He thought that in the Garden of Eden, either sex would have been possible without lust, or lust would have been obedient to will. The Pelagian, Bishop Julian of Eclanum, replied that the desire to eat or drink, salivation, digestion, and sleep are also not commanded by will, but like lust, have the consent of will, and sleep, like lust, impedes thought, yet Augustine does not deplore them. Elsewhere, Augustine worried whether lustful dreams were sinful, for the opposite reason that the will does consent.Less
Augustine was attacked by Pelagians as still being a Manichaean who deplored marriage. In fact, Augustine now thought that in marriage — a bad thing, lust — was put to a good use, procreation, but he could not agree with Pelagians that in marriage lust was good in moderation. He chose a weak ground for calling lust a bad thing, namely that it was disobedient to will. He thought that in the Garden of Eden, either sex would have been possible without lust, or lust would have been obedient to will. The Pelagian, Bishop Julian of Eclanum, replied that the desire to eat or drink, salivation, digestion, and sleep are also not commanded by will, but like lust, have the consent of will, and sleep, like lust, impedes thought, yet Augustine does not deplore them. Elsewhere, Augustine worried whether lustful dreams were sinful, for the opposite reason that the will does consent.
Peter Hinds
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264430
- eISBN:
- 9780191733994
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264430.003.0012
- Subject:
- Literature, 17th-century and Restoration Literature
This concluding chapter discusses the realizations and attempts that were made in the previous chapters. It focuses on Roger L'Estrange, who was preoccupied with authority and used metaphors to ...
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This concluding chapter discusses the realizations and attempts that were made in the previous chapters. It focuses on Roger L'Estrange, who was preoccupied with authority and used metaphors to describe disguise and opacity. He was a prolific writer of pamphlets and periodicals, and was also fully alive to the manipulations and distortions of political discourse. Roger L'Estrange is also shown to have professed moderation, but he was found to be frequently guilty of zeal and running to extremes. The representation of Catholics is revealed to have been crucial for the credit of the plot.Less
This concluding chapter discusses the realizations and attempts that were made in the previous chapters. It focuses on Roger L'Estrange, who was preoccupied with authority and used metaphors to describe disguise and opacity. He was a prolific writer of pamphlets and periodicals, and was also fully alive to the manipulations and distortions of political discourse. Roger L'Estrange is also shown to have professed moderation, but he was found to be frequently guilty of zeal and running to extremes. The representation of Catholics is revealed to have been crucial for the credit of the plot.
Aurelian Craiutu
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691146768
- eISBN:
- 9781400842421
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691146768.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
Political moderation is the touchstone of democracy, which could not function without compromise and bargaining, yet it is one of the most understudied concepts in political theory. How can we ...
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Political moderation is the touchstone of democracy, which could not function without compromise and bargaining, yet it is one of the most understudied concepts in political theory. How can we explain this striking paradox? Why do we often underestimate the virtue of moderation? Seeking to answer these questions, this book examines moderation in modern French political thought and sheds light on the French Revolution and its legacy. The book begins with classical thinkers who extolled the virtues of a moderate approach to politics, such as Aristotle and Cicero. It then shows how Montesquieu inaugurated the modern rebirth of this tradition by laying the intellectual foundations for moderate government. The book looks at important figures such as Jacques Necker, Germaine de Staël, and Benjamin Constant, not only in the context of revolutionary France but throughout Europe. It traces how moderation evolves from an individual moral virtue into a set of institutional arrangements calculated to protect individual liberty, and explores the deep affinity between political moderation and constitutional complexity. The book demonstrates how moderation navigates between political extremes, and it challenges the common notion that moderation is an essentially conservative virtue, stressing instead its eclectic nature. Drawing on a broad range of writings in political theory, the history of political thought, philosophy, and law, the book reveals how the virtue of political moderation can address the profound complexities of the world today.Less
Political moderation is the touchstone of democracy, which could not function without compromise and bargaining, yet it is one of the most understudied concepts in political theory. How can we explain this striking paradox? Why do we often underestimate the virtue of moderation? Seeking to answer these questions, this book examines moderation in modern French political thought and sheds light on the French Revolution and its legacy. The book begins with classical thinkers who extolled the virtues of a moderate approach to politics, such as Aristotle and Cicero. It then shows how Montesquieu inaugurated the modern rebirth of this tradition by laying the intellectual foundations for moderate government. The book looks at important figures such as Jacques Necker, Germaine de Staël, and Benjamin Constant, not only in the context of revolutionary France but throughout Europe. It traces how moderation evolves from an individual moral virtue into a set of institutional arrangements calculated to protect individual liberty, and explores the deep affinity between political moderation and constitutional complexity. The book demonstrates how moderation navigates between political extremes, and it challenges the common notion that moderation is an essentially conservative virtue, stressing instead its eclectic nature. Drawing on a broad range of writings in political theory, the history of political thought, philosophy, and law, the book reveals how the virtue of political moderation can address the profound complexities of the world today.
Gerard O'Daly
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199263950
- eISBN:
- 9780191741364
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199263950.003.0005
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval, Poetry and Poets: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter discusses the themes of the poem: praise of the Trinity; the motif of divine nourishment for body and soul; moderation in diet and behaviour; the narrative of Daniel in the lions' den, ...
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This chapter discusses the themes of the poem: praise of the Trinity; the motif of divine nourishment for body and soul; moderation in diet and behaviour; the narrative of Daniel in the lions' den, and its symbolic interpretation as the spiritual sustenance of biblical prophecy; and the theme of Christians as martyrs, victims of hate and injustice (the possible contemporary significance of this theme — the emperor Julian's anti-Christian policies, the suppression of Priscillianism — is discussed).Less
This chapter discusses the themes of the poem: praise of the Trinity; the motif of divine nourishment for body and soul; moderation in diet and behaviour; the narrative of Daniel in the lions' den, and its symbolic interpretation as the spiritual sustenance of biblical prophecy; and the theme of Christians as martyrs, victims of hate and injustice (the possible contemporary significance of this theme — the emperor Julian's anti-Christian policies, the suppression of Priscillianism — is discussed).
John Kekes
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199546923
- eISBN:
- 9780191720109
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546923.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Looking at Hume's life and work it can be seen that Hume led an admirable life, fully enjoyed. Its style was reflective, its attitude sceptical, its manner moderate, and its project was a literary ...
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Looking at Hume's life and work it can be seen that Hume led an admirable life, fully enjoyed. Its style was reflective, its attitude sceptical, its manner moderate, and its project was a literary life that was Hume's ruling passion. He made the most of his talents and possibilities, he was eminently reasonable, and he lived and died contented. It can be seen how a reasonable person can cope with adversity, poverty, lack of appreciation, and yet prevail and enjoy success calmly without vindictiveness.Less
Looking at Hume's life and work it can be seen that Hume led an admirable life, fully enjoyed. Its style was reflective, its attitude sceptical, its manner moderate, and its project was a literary life that was Hume's ruling passion. He made the most of his talents and possibilities, he was eminently reasonable, and he lived and died contented. It can be seen how a reasonable person can cope with adversity, poverty, lack of appreciation, and yet prevail and enjoy success calmly without vindictiveness.
Timothy A. Salthouse
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372151
- eISBN:
- 9780199776948
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372151.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter discusses two analytical procedures — mediation and moderation — which can be informative about potential causes of age-cognition relations. Both are based on the principle that although ...
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This chapter discusses two analytical procedures — mediation and moderation — which can be informative about potential causes of age-cognition relations. Both are based on the principle that although correlation does not imply causation, in many cases causation does imply correlation. Results from mediation and moderation analyses with cross-sectional data have been informative in suggesting that some hypothesized causes — such as amount of education, health status, sensory ability, amount of physical or cognitive exercise, and level of personality or mood — do not appear plausible as major determinants of the relations between age and cognitive functioning. Some variables, such as amount of education, health status, and sensory ability have been found to influence the age—cognition relations, but they do not appear to be primary causes because substantial relations between age and measures of cognitive functioning are still evident at every level of these variables. Longitudinal research investigating moderation or mediation of age—cognition relations has been very limited, and primarily restricted to the period of late adulthood.Less
This chapter discusses two analytical procedures — mediation and moderation — which can be informative about potential causes of age-cognition relations. Both are based on the principle that although correlation does not imply causation, in many cases causation does imply correlation. Results from mediation and moderation analyses with cross-sectional data have been informative in suggesting that some hypothesized causes — such as amount of education, health status, sensory ability, amount of physical or cognitive exercise, and level of personality or mood — do not appear plausible as major determinants of the relations between age and cognitive functioning. Some variables, such as amount of education, health status, and sensory ability have been found to influence the age—cognition relations, but they do not appear to be primary causes because substantial relations between age and measures of cognitive functioning are still evident at every level of these variables. Longitudinal research investigating moderation or mediation of age—cognition relations has been very limited, and primarily restricted to the period of late adulthood.
Jelle Visser and Marc van der Meer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199590742
- eISBN:
- 9780191728891
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590742.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, Political Economy
The Dutch chapter demonstrates that social pacts are the standard operating procedure in times of crisis in the Netherlands. After the early Wassenaar agreement, pacts became the institutional ...
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The Dutch chapter demonstrates that social pacts are the standard operating procedure in times of crisis in the Netherlands. After the early Wassenaar agreement, pacts became the institutional alternative to state intervention. The chapter calculates that eleven of the thirty years since 1980 have been covered by pacts on wage moderation, and in non-pact years there has been a fair amount of coordination as well. By contrast with other weaker forms of social pacting studied in other chapters in this volume, this analysis confirms the picture of the Netherlands as a coordinated market economy of the corporatist variant, characterized by a high degree of mutual cooperation between unions and employers, and regular consultations with the government. But the chapter also reveals that coordination and consultation cannot be taken for granted, but are occasionally rewired to meet new conditions via conflict and tough bargaining over diverse interests.Less
The Dutch chapter demonstrates that social pacts are the standard operating procedure in times of crisis in the Netherlands. After the early Wassenaar agreement, pacts became the institutional alternative to state intervention. The chapter calculates that eleven of the thirty years since 1980 have been covered by pacts on wage moderation, and in non-pact years there has been a fair amount of coordination as well. By contrast with other weaker forms of social pacting studied in other chapters in this volume, this analysis confirms the picture of the Netherlands as a coordinated market economy of the corporatist variant, characterized by a high degree of mutual cooperation between unions and employers, and regular consultations with the government. But the chapter also reveals that coordination and consultation cannot be taken for granted, but are occasionally rewired to meet new conditions via conflict and tough bargaining over diverse interests.
R. R. Palmer
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691161280
- eISBN:
- 9781400850228
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691161280.003.0022
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter details events following the end of the Terror and the political and emotional crisis of the Year II. The question that a great many Frenchmen put to themselves both in France and in the ...
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This chapter details events following the end of the Terror and the political and emotional crisis of the Year II. The question that a great many Frenchmen put to themselves both in France and in the emigration, and a question to which observers throughout Europe and America awaited the answer, was whether some kind of moderate or constitutional regime would be durably established. The next four years showed that constitutional quietude was still far away. The difficulty was that not everyone agreed on what either moderation or justice should consist in. Justice, for some, required the punishment of all revolutionaries and their sympathizers. For others, it meant a continuing battle against kings, priests, aristocrats, and the comfortable middle classes. Both groups saw in “moderation” a mere tactic of the opposition, and moderates as the dupes of the opposite extreme. Compromise for them meant the surrender of principle. It meant truckling with an enemy that could never be trusted, and had no real intention of compromise.Less
This chapter details events following the end of the Terror and the political and emotional crisis of the Year II. The question that a great many Frenchmen put to themselves both in France and in the emigration, and a question to which observers throughout Europe and America awaited the answer, was whether some kind of moderate or constitutional regime would be durably established. The next four years showed that constitutional quietude was still far away. The difficulty was that not everyone agreed on what either moderation or justice should consist in. Justice, for some, required the punishment of all revolutionaries and their sympathizers. For others, it meant a continuing battle against kings, priests, aristocrats, and the comfortable middle classes. Both groups saw in “moderation” a mere tactic of the opposition, and moderates as the dupes of the opposite extreme. Compromise for them meant the surrender of principle. It meant truckling with an enemy that could never be trusted, and had no real intention of compromise.
Aurelian Craiutu
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691146768
- eISBN:
- 9781400842421
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691146768.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This epilogue argues that the authors studied in this book demonstrate that political moderation is neither a lukewarm middle between extremes, nor a synonym for indecisiveness or lukewarmness, but ...
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This epilogue argues that the authors studied in this book demonstrate that political moderation is neither a lukewarm middle between extremes, nor a synonym for indecisiveness or lukewarmness, but rather a bold virtue for courageous minds. With the exception of Montesquieu, these writers were caught in the orbit of the French Revolution. They acknowledged the complex nature of politics and the fragility of political liberty and the social order, and attempted “to disintoxicate minds and calm fanaticism.” This epilogue also uses the “animated moderation”—defined as that virtue which allows us to see things in the right proportions and makes us willing to refrain from using hyperbole and violence—to describe the ideas of these moderates. It concludes with a discussion of ten conclusions in the form of a “Decalogue” sui generis about the nature of political moderation.Less
This epilogue argues that the authors studied in this book demonstrate that political moderation is neither a lukewarm middle between extremes, nor a synonym for indecisiveness or lukewarmness, but rather a bold virtue for courageous minds. With the exception of Montesquieu, these writers were caught in the orbit of the French Revolution. They acknowledged the complex nature of politics and the fragility of political liberty and the social order, and attempted “to disintoxicate minds and calm fanaticism.” This epilogue also uses the “animated moderation”—defined as that virtue which allows us to see things in the right proportions and makes us willing to refrain from using hyperbole and violence—to describe the ideas of these moderates. It concludes with a discussion of ten conclusions in the form of a “Decalogue” sui generis about the nature of political moderation.
Charles S. Maier
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691169798
- eISBN:
- 9781400873708
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691169798.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter examines the politics of reparation in France, Germany, and Italy. The reparation issue was not settled at the Paris Peace Conference. Woodrow Wilson resisted the most extensive demands ...
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This chapter examines the politics of reparation in France, Germany, and Italy. The reparation issue was not settled at the Paris Peace Conference. Woodrow Wilson resisted the most extensive demands of the European allies, but recompense for civilian damages, which he sanctioned, was bound to be enormous. Furthermore, Britain won the principle that separation allowances and pensions for veterans or dependents must also be shouldered by Germany. To forestall divisive arguments, it was agreed that a Reparations Commission would determine the total damages and levy a final bill by May 1, 1921. The chapter discusses issues relating to reparation, taxes, and the German heavy industry. It also considers how with French Prime Minister Aristide Briand and German Chancellor Joseph Wirth sought support on the basis of a reformist or moderate position and found themselves stalemated, suggesting that both men were hostage to each other's moderation on reparations.Less
This chapter examines the politics of reparation in France, Germany, and Italy. The reparation issue was not settled at the Paris Peace Conference. Woodrow Wilson resisted the most extensive demands of the European allies, but recompense for civilian damages, which he sanctioned, was bound to be enormous. Furthermore, Britain won the principle that separation allowances and pensions for veterans or dependents must also be shouldered by Germany. To forestall divisive arguments, it was agreed that a Reparations Commission would determine the total damages and levy a final bill by May 1, 1921. The chapter discusses issues relating to reparation, taxes, and the German heavy industry. It also considers how with French Prime Minister Aristide Briand and German Chancellor Joseph Wirth sought support on the basis of a reformist or moderate position and found themselves stalemated, suggesting that both men were hostage to each other's moderation on reparations.
Khairudin Aljunied
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781501724565
- eISBN:
- 9781501724589
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501724565.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This book analyzes the ideas of a prominent twentieth century reformer, Haji Abdullah Malik Abdul Karim Amrullah, more commonly known as Hamka. It employs the term “cosmopolitan reform” to describe ...
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This book analyzes the ideas of a prominent twentieth century reformer, Haji Abdullah Malik Abdul Karim Amrullah, more commonly known as Hamka. It employs the term “cosmopolitan reform” to describe Hamka’s attempts at harmonizing the many streams of Islamic and Western thought and his diagnoses as well as solutions to the various challenges facing Muslims in the Malay world. Among the major themes explored in this book are questions concerning reason and revelation, moderation and extremism, social justice, the state of women in society, Sufism in the modern age as well as the importance of history in reforming the minds of modern Muslims. This book shows that Hamka demonstrated intellectual openness and inclusiveness towards a whole range of thoughts and philosophies to develop his own imaginary and vocabulary of reform. This attests to his cosmopolitan outlook and his unique ability to function as a conduit for varying Islamic and secular groups that were opposing one another in his lifetime.Less
This book analyzes the ideas of a prominent twentieth century reformer, Haji Abdullah Malik Abdul Karim Amrullah, more commonly known as Hamka. It employs the term “cosmopolitan reform” to describe Hamka’s attempts at harmonizing the many streams of Islamic and Western thought and his diagnoses as well as solutions to the various challenges facing Muslims in the Malay world. Among the major themes explored in this book are questions concerning reason and revelation, moderation and extremism, social justice, the state of women in society, Sufism in the modern age as well as the importance of history in reforming the minds of modern Muslims. This book shows that Hamka demonstrated intellectual openness and inclusiveness towards a whole range of thoughts and philosophies to develop his own imaginary and vocabulary of reform. This attests to his cosmopolitan outlook and his unique ability to function as a conduit for varying Islamic and secular groups that were opposing one another in his lifetime.
Joshua A. Braun
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300197501
- eISBN:
- 9780300216240
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300197501.003.0013
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This chapter examines Newsvine's new group commenting architecture that was designed to help make governable the behavior and (frequent lack of) norms exhibited by users. It first describes ...
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This chapter examines Newsvine's new group commenting architecture that was designed to help make governable the behavior and (frequent lack of) norms exhibited by users. It first describes Newsvine's so-called “pre-moderation” strategy, which subjected all user comments on MSNBC.com blogs to moderation before they appeared anywhere on the site. It then considers the notion of “mass reach without mass mediation” to describe the increasingly common relationship between niche brands and editorial cultures on the one hand, and developers building highly flexible software architectures on the other. It also discusses Newsvine's decision to launch a new comment moderation system in 2010 and concludes with an assessment of how provincialism was affected by the coordination involved in the rise of niche brands and flexible platforms.Less
This chapter examines Newsvine's new group commenting architecture that was designed to help make governable the behavior and (frequent lack of) norms exhibited by users. It first describes Newsvine's so-called “pre-moderation” strategy, which subjected all user comments on MSNBC.com blogs to moderation before they appeared anywhere on the site. It then considers the notion of “mass reach without mass mediation” to describe the increasingly common relationship between niche brands and editorial cultures on the one hand, and developers building highly flexible software architectures on the other. It also discusses Newsvine's decision to launch a new comment moderation system in 2010 and concludes with an assessment of how provincialism was affected by the coordination involved in the rise of niche brands and flexible platforms.
David Clark
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199654307
- eISBN:
- 9780191742071
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654307.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature, Early and Medieval Literature
This chapter considers the changing attitudes to clerical and secular vengeance in medieval Iceland. It adduces evidence from a range of legal, political, and ecclesiastical documents to ...
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This chapter considers the changing attitudes to clerical and secular vengeance in medieval Iceland. It adduces evidence from a range of legal, political, and ecclesiastical documents to contextualize a study of the representation of revenge in family and contemporary sagas in the light of ecclesiastical precepts. The analysis points to a growing perception on the part of Norse authors that secular revenge must be tempered with moderation, and that clerics should not involve themselves in acts of vengeance, although this is often difficult for them because the failure to take revenge can often seem to impugn their masculinity. Within the sagas, religious figures are employed variously as the moderating voice, and as those implicated in the turmoil of the Sturlung Age. The analysis indicates that revenge comes to be viewed in the sagas as something that belongs to the past, but with a stranglehold on the present which is hard to shake off.Less
This chapter considers the changing attitudes to clerical and secular vengeance in medieval Iceland. It adduces evidence from a range of legal, political, and ecclesiastical documents to contextualize a study of the representation of revenge in family and contemporary sagas in the light of ecclesiastical precepts. The analysis points to a growing perception on the part of Norse authors that secular revenge must be tempered with moderation, and that clerics should not involve themselves in acts of vengeance, although this is often difficult for them because the failure to take revenge can often seem to impugn their masculinity. Within the sagas, religious figures are employed variously as the moderating voice, and as those implicated in the turmoil of the Sturlung Age. The analysis indicates that revenge comes to be viewed in the sagas as something that belongs to the past, but with a stranglehold on the present which is hard to shake off.
Gerard O'Daly
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199263950
- eISBN:
- 9780191741364
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199263950.003.0009
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval, Poetry and Poets: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter discusses the poem's themes: enjoyment of food after the fast; moderation in food, dress, and comportment; Christ the good shepherd; the symbolism of the rescued sick sheep; the locus ...
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This chapter discusses the poem's themes: enjoyment of food after the fast; moderation in food, dress, and comportment; Christ the good shepherd; the symbolism of the rescued sick sheep; the locus amoenus motif; paradise imagery; medical imagery; and dropsy.Less
This chapter discusses the poem's themes: enjoyment of food after the fast; moderation in food, dress, and comportment; Christ the good shepherd; the symbolism of the rescued sick sheep; the locus amoenus motif; paradise imagery; medical imagery; and dropsy.
Ellen D. Wu
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691157825
- eISBN:
- 9781400848874
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691157825.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This concluding chapter discusses how, by the twilight of the civil rights era, the success stories of Japanese and Chinese America had themselves become success stories. The cross pressures of ...
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This concluding chapter discusses how, by the twilight of the civil rights era, the success stories of Japanese and Chinese America had themselves become success stories. The cross pressures of exigencies and desires both within and beyond the ethnic communities had effectively midwifed the rebirth of the Asiatic as the model minority. Since then, the model minority has remained a fixture of the nation's racial landscape, ever present yet constantly evolving to speak to a host of new imperatives in the late twentieth century and early twenty-first. Recent iterations depart from the original in notable ways, but retain many of the themes that first coalesced in the postwar period: self-reliance, valorization of family, reverence for education, and political moderation.Less
This concluding chapter discusses how, by the twilight of the civil rights era, the success stories of Japanese and Chinese America had themselves become success stories. The cross pressures of exigencies and desires both within and beyond the ethnic communities had effectively midwifed the rebirth of the Asiatic as the model minority. Since then, the model minority has remained a fixture of the nation's racial landscape, ever present yet constantly evolving to speak to a host of new imperatives in the late twentieth century and early twenty-first. Recent iterations depart from the original in notable ways, but retain many of the themes that first coalesced in the postwar period: self-reliance, valorization of family, reverence for education, and political moderation.
Franz Traxler, Sabine Blaschke, and Bernhard Kittel
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198295549
- eISBN:
- 9780191685132
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295549.003.0014
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR, Political Economy
The organization of interests gives rise to several issues. Because interest organizations are believed to reduce efficiency, a fully competitive market is seen as preferable. Since this is not ...
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The organization of interests gives rise to several issues. Because interest organizations are believed to reduce efficiency, a fully competitive market is seen as preferable. Since this is not possible, the second-best solution would be to encompass domains. This makes associations adopt a ‘responsible’ policy line that internalizes externalities while taking the interests of outsiders into account. Another issue of concern is how centralization is hypothesized as a precondition for wage moderation since associational control over pay-fixing must be ensured. The last issue involves how membership strength, whether at the primary or secondary base of associational power, affects performance. This chapter separately discusses the three distinct organizational issues: representational domains, associational centralization, and associational power.Less
The organization of interests gives rise to several issues. Because interest organizations are believed to reduce efficiency, a fully competitive market is seen as preferable. Since this is not possible, the second-best solution would be to encompass domains. This makes associations adopt a ‘responsible’ policy line that internalizes externalities while taking the interests of outsiders into account. Another issue of concern is how centralization is hypothesized as a precondition for wage moderation since associational control over pay-fixing must be ensured. The last issue involves how membership strength, whether at the primary or secondary base of associational power, affects performance. This chapter separately discusses the three distinct organizational issues: representational domains, associational centralization, and associational power.
