W. K. Estes
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195073355
- eISBN:
- 9780199867899
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195073355.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of classification and cognition, focusing on the terms concepts and categories, active and passive approaches to categorization, and categorization ...
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This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of classification and cognition, focusing on the terms concepts and categories, active and passive approaches to categorization, and categorization and induction. It then describes the array model framework.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of classification and cognition, focusing on the terms concepts and categories, active and passive approaches to categorization, and categorization and induction. It then describes the array model framework.
Rafal Goebel, Ricardo G. Sanfelice, and Andrew R. Teel
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153896
- eISBN:
- 9781400842636
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153896.003.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This chapter presents the model of a hybrid system to be used in this volume. The focus is on the data structure and on modeling. The model suggests that the flow set, the flow map, the jump set, and ...
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This chapter presents the model of a hybrid system to be used in this volume. The focus is on the data structure and on modeling. The model suggests that the flow set, the flow map, the jump set, and the jump map can be specialized to capture the dynamics of purely continuous-time or discrete-time systems on ℝn. The former corresponds to a flow set equal to ℝn and an empty jump set, while the latter can be captured with an empty flow set and a jump set defined as ℝn. In addition, several examples of hybrid systems are given, including models of hybrid control systems. The model of a hybrid system is then related to other modeling frameworks; such as hybrid automata, impulsive differential equations, and switching systems.Less
This chapter presents the model of a hybrid system to be used in this volume. The focus is on the data structure and on modeling. The model suggests that the flow set, the flow map, the jump set, and the jump map can be specialized to capture the dynamics of purely continuous-time or discrete-time systems on ℝn. The former corresponds to a flow set equal to ℝn and an empty jump set, while the latter can be captured with an empty flow set and a jump set defined as ℝn. In addition, several examples of hybrid systems are given, including models of hybrid control systems. The model of a hybrid system is then related to other modeling frameworks; such as hybrid automata, impulsive differential equations, and switching systems.
Erik Voeten
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780691207322
- eISBN:
- 9780691207339
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691207322.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter proposes a simple spatial modeling framework to analyze how variations in interdependence and ideology shape incentives for cooperation and competition. The goal is to present a ...
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This chapter proposes a simple spatial modeling framework to analyze how variations in interdependence and ideology shape incentives for cooperation and competition. The goal is to present a framework that is as simple as the prisoner's dilemma, coordination dilemma, battle of the sexes, and other two-by-two games that have served as mental models for rationalist analyses of cooperation. The spatial model easily accommodates multiple actors and distributive conflict and allows for analyses of how institutions structure choices. It starts from the assumption that actors have ideal points in a common low-dimensional ideological space. Yet their utilities are determined not just by their own policies but also by the policies of other actors. This interdependence creates incentives for cooperation. In this context, institutions may help actors achieve mutually beneficial outcomes, but they also have distributive implications. Institutions help shift policy status quos in particular directions.Less
This chapter proposes a simple spatial modeling framework to analyze how variations in interdependence and ideology shape incentives for cooperation and competition. The goal is to present a framework that is as simple as the prisoner's dilemma, coordination dilemma, battle of the sexes, and other two-by-two games that have served as mental models for rationalist analyses of cooperation. The spatial model easily accommodates multiple actors and distributive conflict and allows for analyses of how institutions structure choices. It starts from the assumption that actors have ideal points in a common low-dimensional ideological space. Yet their utilities are determined not just by their own policies but also by the policies of other actors. This interdependence creates incentives for cooperation. In this context, institutions may help actors achieve mutually beneficial outcomes, but they also have distributive implications. Institutions help shift policy status quos in particular directions.
William D. Collins and Masaki Satoh
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262012874
- eISBN:
- 9780262255448
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262012874.003.0020
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Climate
This chapter describes the global simulations of climate change based on traditional cloud and cumulus parameterizations and the open issues in the global simulation of perturbed clouds. It discusses ...
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This chapter describes the global simulations of climate change based on traditional cloud and cumulus parameterizations and the open issues in the global simulation of perturbed clouds. It discusses the emerging approaches in global process-oriented cloud modeling, which include global cloud-resolving models (GCRMs) and the multiscale modeling framework. In addition, the chapter considers cloud responses to an idealized global warming in a GCRM.Less
This chapter describes the global simulations of climate change based on traditional cloud and cumulus parameterizations and the open issues in the global simulation of perturbed clouds. It discusses the emerging approaches in global process-oriented cloud modeling, which include global cloud-resolving models (GCRMs) and the multiscale modeling framework. In addition, the chapter considers cloud responses to an idealized global warming in a GCRM.
Pierre-Loïc Garoche
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691181301
- eISBN:
- 9780691189581
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691181301.003.0008
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This chapter claims that code generation can be adapted to enable the expression of system-level properties at code level, and be later proved with respect to the code semantics. All previous ...
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This chapter claims that code generation can be adapted to enable the expression of system-level properties at code level, and be later proved with respect to the code semantics. All previous analyses were performed on discrete dynamical systems models. However, once the control-level properties have been expressed and analyzed at model level, their validity must be asserted on the code artifact extracted from the model. Luckily, this extraction of code from models is largely automatized thanks to autocoding framework generating embedded code from dataflow models. Indeed, code generation from dataflow language is now effective and widely used in the industry. With these in mind, the chapter first gives an overview of the modeling framework, enabling the expression of properties at model and code level. A second part explains the generation of such code annotations, while a last part focuses on their verification.Less
This chapter claims that code generation can be adapted to enable the expression of system-level properties at code level, and be later proved with respect to the code semantics. All previous analyses were performed on discrete dynamical systems models. However, once the control-level properties have been expressed and analyzed at model level, their validity must be asserted on the code artifact extracted from the model. Luckily, this extraction of code from models is largely automatized thanks to autocoding framework generating embedded code from dataflow models. Indeed, code generation from dataflow language is now effective and widely used in the industry. With these in mind, the chapter first gives an overview of the modeling framework, enabling the expression of properties at model and code level. A second part explains the generation of such code annotations, while a last part focuses on their verification.
Jack M. Balkin
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- April 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198754527
- eISBN:
- 9780191816161
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198754527.003.0013
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
The author argues that the constitution is in a way the product of interpretation—what it is is always in the process of being constructed. At most we have a framework for that construction, but the ...
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The author argues that the constitution is in a way the product of interpretation—what it is is always in the process of being constructed. At most we have a framework for that construction, but the framework is itself vulnerable to reconstruction over time. While, as the author acknowledges, his framework model has some affinity with the interpretive approach to law recommended by Dworkin, he distinguishes his argument from Dworkin’s by emphasizing the role of politics and political movements in the construction process. In light of this role, the appearance of judicial supremacy in the US legal order is deceptive since judges are far more responsive to politics than is ordinarily appreciated, which makes political movements and the individuals in them as much interpreters of the constitution as the judiciary.Less
The author argues that the constitution is in a way the product of interpretation—what it is is always in the process of being constructed. At most we have a framework for that construction, but the framework is itself vulnerable to reconstruction over time. While, as the author acknowledges, his framework model has some affinity with the interpretive approach to law recommended by Dworkin, he distinguishes his argument from Dworkin’s by emphasizing the role of politics and political movements in the construction process. In light of this role, the appearance of judicial supremacy in the US legal order is deceptive since judges are far more responsive to politics than is ordinarily appreciated, which makes political movements and the individuals in them as much interpreters of the constitution as the judiciary.
Pablo A. Iglesias and Brian P. Ingalls (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262013345
- eISBN:
- 9780262258906
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262013345.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Biomathematics / Statistics and Data Analysis / Complexity Studies
Issues of regulation and control are central to the study of biological and biochemical systems. Thus it is not surprising that the tools of feedback control theory—engineering techniques developed ...
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Issues of regulation and control are central to the study of biological and biochemical systems. Thus it is not surprising that the tools of feedback control theory—engineering techniques developed to design and analyze self-regulating systems—have proven useful in the study of these biological mechanisms. Such interdisciplinary work requires knowledge of the results, tools, and techniques of another discipline, as well as an understanding of the culture of an unfamiliar research community. This book attempts to bridge the gap between disciplines by presenting applications of systems and control theory to cell biology that range from surveys of established material to descriptions of new developments in the field. The first chapter offers a primer on concepts from dynamical systems and control theory, which allows the life scientist with no background in control theory to understand the concepts presented in the rest of the book. Following the introduction of ordinary differential equation-based modeling in the first chapter, the second and third chapters discuss alternative modeling frameworks. The remaining chapters sample a variety of applications, considering such topics as quantitative measures of dynamic behavior, modularity, stoichiometry, robust control techniques, and network identification.Less
Issues of regulation and control are central to the study of biological and biochemical systems. Thus it is not surprising that the tools of feedback control theory—engineering techniques developed to design and analyze self-regulating systems—have proven useful in the study of these biological mechanisms. Such interdisciplinary work requires knowledge of the results, tools, and techniques of another discipline, as well as an understanding of the culture of an unfamiliar research community. This book attempts to bridge the gap between disciplines by presenting applications of systems and control theory to cell biology that range from surveys of established material to descriptions of new developments in the field. The first chapter offers a primer on concepts from dynamical systems and control theory, which allows the life scientist with no background in control theory to understand the concepts presented in the rest of the book. Following the introduction of ordinary differential equation-based modeling in the first chapter, the second and third chapters discuss alternative modeling frameworks. The remaining chapters sample a variety of applications, considering such topics as quantitative measures of dynamic behavior, modularity, stoichiometry, robust control techniques, and network identification.
David Garcia, Antonios Garas, and Frank Schweitzer
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199659180
- eISBN:
- 9780191772238
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199659180.003.0026
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Developmental Psychology
Collective emotions in online social systems emerge through the interaction of thousands of Internet users. Their digital traces, i.e., the messages posted in chatrooms, fora, or product review ...
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Collective emotions in online social systems emerge through the interaction of thousands of Internet users. Their digital traces, i.e., the messages posted in chatrooms, fora, or product review communities, can be analyzed by means of statistical methods and sentiment detection, to reveal patterns in their online activity and emotional expressions. These findings are reproduced by agent-based models, in which agents’ emotional states are characterized by their individual valence (pleasantness or unpleasantness) and their arousal (the activity level associated with the emotion). Both variables change according to a stochastic dynamics, which follows the concept of Brownian agents. Regarding the emotional influence, different hypotheses about the agents’ responses to emotional information provided through the online medium are tested in this chapter. The chapter outlines the authors’ general framework of emotional communication, applying it to model emotional influence in product reviews communities and chatrooms. Further comments on the baseline of emotional expressions in text, and on the sharing of messages dependent on their emotional content are presented.Less
Collective emotions in online social systems emerge through the interaction of thousands of Internet users. Their digital traces, i.e., the messages posted in chatrooms, fora, or product review communities, can be analyzed by means of statistical methods and sentiment detection, to reveal patterns in their online activity and emotional expressions. These findings are reproduced by agent-based models, in which agents’ emotional states are characterized by their individual valence (pleasantness or unpleasantness) and their arousal (the activity level associated with the emotion). Both variables change according to a stochastic dynamics, which follows the concept of Brownian agents. Regarding the emotional influence, different hypotheses about the agents’ responses to emotional information provided through the online medium are tested in this chapter. The chapter outlines the authors’ general framework of emotional communication, applying it to model emotional influence in product reviews communities and chatrooms. Further comments on the baseline of emotional expressions in text, and on the sharing of messages dependent on their emotional content are presented.
Wayne C. Myrvold
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198814979
- eISBN:
- 9780191852817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198814979.003.0012
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
Chapter 12 argues that there is good reason for being realist about quantum states. Though a research programme of attempting to construct a plausible theory that accounts for quantum phenomena ...
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Chapter 12 argues that there is good reason for being realist about quantum states. Though a research programme of attempting to construct a plausible theory that accounts for quantum phenomena without ontic quantum states is well motivated, that research programme is confronted by considerable obstacles. Two theorems are considered that place restrictions on a theory of that sort: a theorem due to Barrett, Cavalcanti, Lal, and Maroney, and an extension, by the author, of the Pusey-BarrettRudolph theorem, that employs an assumption weaker than their Cartesian Product Assumption. These theorems have assumptions, of course. If there were powerful evidence against the conclusion that quantum states correspond to something in physical reality, it might be reasonable to reject these assumptions. But the current situation is the opposite: there is no evidence at all supporting irrealism about quantum states.Less
Chapter 12 argues that there is good reason for being realist about quantum states. Though a research programme of attempting to construct a plausible theory that accounts for quantum phenomena without ontic quantum states is well motivated, that research programme is confronted by considerable obstacles. Two theorems are considered that place restrictions on a theory of that sort: a theorem due to Barrett, Cavalcanti, Lal, and Maroney, and an extension, by the author, of the Pusey-BarrettRudolph theorem, that employs an assumption weaker than their Cartesian Product Assumption. These theorems have assumptions, of course. If there were powerful evidence against the conclusion that quantum states correspond to something in physical reality, it might be reasonable to reject these assumptions. But the current situation is the opposite: there is no evidence at all supporting irrealism about quantum states.
