Keith M. Martin
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- July 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198788003
- eISBN:
- 9780191829956
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198788003.003.0004
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Computational Mathematics / Optimization, Logic / Computer Science / Mathematical Philosophy
In this chapter, we focus on symmetric encryption. We begin by identifying two different types of symmetric encryption algorithm, namely, stream and block ciphers. We discuss the basic idea behind a ...
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In this chapter, we focus on symmetric encryption. We begin by identifying two different types of symmetric encryption algorithm, namely, stream and block ciphers. We discuss the basic idea behind a stream cipher and consider their properties and applications. We then introduce block ciphers. We focus on two extremely important and influential block cipher algorithms, the Data Encryption Standard and the Advanced Encryption Standard, discussing the history of their development as well as their basic design. We then introduce the modes of operation of a block cipher, explaining why different modes have been proposed. We examine in detail four of the most well-established modes of operation and their core properties, as well as classifying other modes of operation.Less
In this chapter, we focus on symmetric encryption. We begin by identifying two different types of symmetric encryption algorithm, namely, stream and block ciphers. We discuss the basic idea behind a stream cipher and consider their properties and applications. We then introduce block ciphers. We focus on two extremely important and influential block cipher algorithms, the Data Encryption Standard and the Advanced Encryption Standard, discussing the history of their development as well as their basic design. We then introduce the modes of operation of a block cipher, explaining why different modes have been proposed. We examine in detail four of the most well-established modes of operation and their core properties, as well as classifying other modes of operation.
Alain Pottage and Brad Sherman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- April 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199595631
- eISBN:
- 9780191807282
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199595631.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
This chapter examines the ‘principle’ of a machine within the context of invention. It first considers the patent jurisprudence concerning the ‘principle’ of a machine before turning to William ...
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This chapter examines the ‘principle’ of a machine within the context of invention. It first considers the patent jurisprudence concerning the ‘principle’ of a machine before turning to William Robinson's claim that ‘principle’ was ‘a term of two meanings’: as ‘a natural power or energy’ or as ‘the spirit of the invention’. It then explores when or how nature is ‘transformed’ or ‘applied’ by an artificial arrangement as to become invention, how an idea becomes ‘embodied’ in a material form without losing its immaterial form, and how structure and function articulate so as to generate the ‘mode of operation’ of a machine. It also discusses the invention as an idea of means and the extent to which this theory is represented in practice.Less
This chapter examines the ‘principle’ of a machine within the context of invention. It first considers the patent jurisprudence concerning the ‘principle’ of a machine before turning to William Robinson's claim that ‘principle’ was ‘a term of two meanings’: as ‘a natural power or energy’ or as ‘the spirit of the invention’. It then explores when or how nature is ‘transformed’ or ‘applied’ by an artificial arrangement as to become invention, how an idea becomes ‘embodied’ in a material form without losing its immaterial form, and how structure and function articulate so as to generate the ‘mode of operation’ of a machine. It also discusses the invention as an idea of means and the extent to which this theory is represented in practice.
Angela H. Arthington
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780520273696
- eISBN:
- 9780520953451
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520273696.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Dams store and release water in different ways depending upon the climatic and catchment setting, purpose, design, and mode of operation. These factors influence the impact of a dam on sediment, ...
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Dams store and release water in different ways depending upon the climatic and catchment setting, purpose, design, and mode of operation. These factors influence the impact of a dam on sediment, thermal, and chemical regimes downstream of the impoundment. Storage of floodwaters and high flows deprives the river below a dam of “flushing flows” that would normally flush out accumulated sediments and rejuvenate stream habitat. Vertically stratified impoundments release deep cold water, which is often oxygen deficient as well as colder than normal stream water. Alterations to the volume, frequency, duration, and timing of floods directly affect nitrogen cycling in alluvial soils by controlling the duration of inundation and of aerobic and anaerobic phases. These changes impact severely on aquatic biota.Less
Dams store and release water in different ways depending upon the climatic and catchment setting, purpose, design, and mode of operation. These factors influence the impact of a dam on sediment, thermal, and chemical regimes downstream of the impoundment. Storage of floodwaters and high flows deprives the river below a dam of “flushing flows” that would normally flush out accumulated sediments and rejuvenate stream habitat. Vertically stratified impoundments release deep cold water, which is often oxygen deficient as well as colder than normal stream water. Alterations to the volume, frequency, duration, and timing of floods directly affect nitrogen cycling in alluvial soils by controlling the duration of inundation and of aerobic and anaerobic phases. These changes impact severely on aquatic biota.
Kathleen R. Arnold
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780190262280
- eISBN:
- 9780190262303
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190262280.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, American Politics
Definitional issues of abuse have led to a situation in which abuse is either nonexistent (i.e., symmetrical) or must be so egregious that almost no case of abuse fits the definition. This binary ...
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Definitional issues of abuse have led to a situation in which abuse is either nonexistent (i.e., symmetrical) or must be so egregious that almost no case of abuse fits the definition. This binary mode of operation reflects the unacknowledged acceptance of the link between sex and intimacy and coercion and violence, as Catharine MacKinnon and Kimberlé Crenshaw have argued in the past. As both authors have argued, the law has not prohibited emotional control and intimate violence so much as regulated it, treating all targets hierarchically but particularly disadvantaging women who suffer multiple, intersecting forms of subordination. This chapter argues for a revised notion of political realism that eschews the current ethical turn in some political philosophy and analytic theory but also the real politik of the Cold War. Instead, it calls for a realism of the second sex, the wretched of the earth, and of the subaltern.Less
Definitional issues of abuse have led to a situation in which abuse is either nonexistent (i.e., symmetrical) or must be so egregious that almost no case of abuse fits the definition. This binary mode of operation reflects the unacknowledged acceptance of the link between sex and intimacy and coercion and violence, as Catharine MacKinnon and Kimberlé Crenshaw have argued in the past. As both authors have argued, the law has not prohibited emotional control and intimate violence so much as regulated it, treating all targets hierarchically but particularly disadvantaging women who suffer multiple, intersecting forms of subordination. This chapter argues for a revised notion of political realism that eschews the current ethical turn in some political philosophy and analytic theory but also the real politik of the Cold War. Instead, it calls for a realism of the second sex, the wretched of the earth, and of the subaltern.
