Huatong Sun
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199744763
- eISBN:
- 9780199932993
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199744763.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Models and Architectures
A demanding challenge in cross-cultural design is how to make a usable technology meaningful to local users. This book examines the disconnect of action and meaning in cross-cultural design and ...
More
A demanding challenge in cross-cultural design is how to make a usable technology meaningful to local users. This book examines the disconnect of action and meaning in cross-cultural design and presents an innovative framework “Culturally Localized User Experience (CLUE)” to tackle the problem. Drawing from three strands of practice theories—activity theory, British cultural studies, and rhetorical genre theory, the CLUE approach regards local culture as the dynamic nexus of contextual interactions and integrates action and meaning through a dialogical, cyclical design process in order to design a technology that would engage local users within meaningful social practices. With five in-depth case studies of mobile text messaging use in American and Chinese contexts, this book demonstrates that a technology creating for a culturally localized user experience mediates both instrumental practices and social meanings. It calls for a change in cross-cultural design practices from simply applying cultural conventions in design to localizing for social affordances with rich understandings of use activities in context. Meanwhile, the vivid user stories at sites of technology-in-use show the power of “user localization” in connecting design and use, which the book believes essential for the success of an emerging technology like mobile messaging in an era of participatory culture. This book is divided into three parts: theoretical grounding for key concepts, case histories, and scholarly implications. It explores how to create culture-sensitive technology for local users in this increasingly globalized world with a rising participatory culture.Less
A demanding challenge in cross-cultural design is how to make a usable technology meaningful to local users. This book examines the disconnect of action and meaning in cross-cultural design and presents an innovative framework “Culturally Localized User Experience (CLUE)” to tackle the problem. Drawing from three strands of practice theories—activity theory, British cultural studies, and rhetorical genre theory, the CLUE approach regards local culture as the dynamic nexus of contextual interactions and integrates action and meaning through a dialogical, cyclical design process in order to design a technology that would engage local users within meaningful social practices. With five in-depth case studies of mobile text messaging use in American and Chinese contexts, this book demonstrates that a technology creating for a culturally localized user experience mediates both instrumental practices and social meanings. It calls for a change in cross-cultural design practices from simply applying cultural conventions in design to localizing for social affordances with rich understandings of use activities in context. Meanwhile, the vivid user stories at sites of technology-in-use show the power of “user localization” in connecting design and use, which the book believes essential for the success of an emerging technology like mobile messaging in an era of participatory culture. This book is divided into three parts: theoretical grounding for key concepts, case histories, and scholarly implications. It explores how to create culture-sensitive technology for local users in this increasingly globalized world with a rising participatory culture.
Lynn Schofield Clark
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199899616
- eISBN:
- 9780199980161
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199899616.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Marriage and the Family
How are families responding to the challenges of parenting young people in the digital age? This book draws on in-depth interviews with families from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds in order to ...
More
How are families responding to the challenges of parenting young people in the digital age? This book draws on in-depth interviews with families from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds in order to trace the difference that social class makes in how families are making decisions about digital and mobile media use. This book finds that upper income families employ an ethic of expressive empowerment, in which parents encourage their children to use these media in relation to education and self-development and to avoid use that might distract them from goals of achievement. Lower income families, in contrast, embrace an ethic of respectful connectedness, in which family members are encouraged to use digital and mobile media in ways that are respectful, compliant toward parents, and family focused. Each approach has its own benefits and drawbacks, as upper income families are increasingly tempted to employ communication technologies in helicopter and surveillance parenting, and lower income families may use technologies in ways that strengthen interfamilial and neighborhood bonds while inadvertently reinforcing social isolation from other groups. The book challenges the hope that digital and mobile media might assist in bridging cultural and economic divides. It concludes that as U.S. families experience lives that are increasingly isolated from those whose economic circumstances differ from their own, the different roles that digital and mobile media are playing in family lives are reinforcing rather than alleviating what continues to be a troubling economic and social gap in U.S. society.Less
How are families responding to the challenges of parenting young people in the digital age? This book draws on in-depth interviews with families from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds in order to trace the difference that social class makes in how families are making decisions about digital and mobile media use. This book finds that upper income families employ an ethic of expressive empowerment, in which parents encourage their children to use these media in relation to education and self-development and to avoid use that might distract them from goals of achievement. Lower income families, in contrast, embrace an ethic of respectful connectedness, in which family members are encouraged to use digital and mobile media in ways that are respectful, compliant toward parents, and family focused. Each approach has its own benefits and drawbacks, as upper income families are increasingly tempted to employ communication technologies in helicopter and surveillance parenting, and lower income families may use technologies in ways that strengthen interfamilial and neighborhood bonds while inadvertently reinforcing social isolation from other groups. The book challenges the hope that digital and mobile media might assist in bridging cultural and economic divides. It concludes that as U.S. families experience lives that are increasingly isolated from those whose economic circumstances differ from their own, the different roles that digital and mobile media are playing in family lives are reinforcing rather than alleviating what continues to be a troubling economic and social gap in U.S. society.
Rory Fox
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199285754
- eISBN:
- 9780191603563
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199285756.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter examines 13th century views on issues of measurement, particularly temporal measurement. It shows that 13th century thinkers distinguished between a variety of ways in which the word ...
More
This chapter examines 13th century views on issues of measurement, particularly temporal measurement. It shows that 13th century thinkers distinguished between a variety of ways in which the word ‘measure’ (mensura) could be used; distinguishing between Platonic senses which were typically used to compare particulars in relation to their ontological perfection, and Aristotelian senses of the word ‘measure’ which were used to give an account of the metric of time. When applying measurement theory, 13th century thinkers would typically distinguish between the intrinsic and extrinsic measure. The intrinsic measure was the ‘subject’ of a particular kind of measure; the perfect standard which was the actual measure used in measuring other particulars of that same kind. When it came to carrying out actual measurements, the extrinsic measure was the ruler or clock, or other type of measure, which was an instance of the perfect standard laid down by the intrinsic measure, and which could then be used in concrete practical situations to carry out actual measurements.Less
This chapter examines 13th century views on issues of measurement, particularly temporal measurement. It shows that 13th century thinkers distinguished between a variety of ways in which the word ‘measure’ (mensura) could be used; distinguishing between Platonic senses which were typically used to compare particulars in relation to their ontological perfection, and Aristotelian senses of the word ‘measure’ which were used to give an account of the metric of time. When applying measurement theory, 13th century thinkers would typically distinguish between the intrinsic and extrinsic measure. The intrinsic measure was the ‘subject’ of a particular kind of measure; the perfect standard which was the actual measure used in measuring other particulars of that same kind. When it came to carrying out actual measurements, the extrinsic measure was the ruler or clock, or other type of measure, which was an instance of the perfect standard laid down by the intrinsic measure, and which could then be used in concrete practical situations to carry out actual measurements.
Rory Fox
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199285754
- eISBN:
- 9780191603563
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199285756.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter examines the criteria which medieval thinkers used to determine whether a particular should be located in time, and the terminology and phrases used to suggest that particulars were ...
More
This chapter examines the criteria which medieval thinkers used to determine whether a particular should be located in time, and the terminology and phrases used to suggest that particulars were outside, beyond, or existing alongside time. There were at least nine factors which 13th century thinkers were inclined to identify as implying temporality, factors which actually identified two broadly different kinds of time. There was time in its most general sense as simply a duration in which particulars undergo successive states and experience decay, and then there was a more precise or more proper sense of time in which the changing states of particulars were thought to be measured by the metric determined by the Primum Mobile. When 13th century figures spoke of particulars as existing outside, above, or with time, they were intending to exclude such particulars from the scope of ‘time’, but were not always clear about which account of time they were referring to.Less
This chapter examines the criteria which medieval thinkers used to determine whether a particular should be located in time, and the terminology and phrases used to suggest that particulars were outside, beyond, or existing alongside time. There were at least nine factors which 13th century thinkers were inclined to identify as implying temporality, factors which actually identified two broadly different kinds of time. There was time in its most general sense as simply a duration in which particulars undergo successive states and experience decay, and then there was a more precise or more proper sense of time in which the changing states of particulars were thought to be measured by the metric determined by the Primum Mobile. When 13th century figures spoke of particulars as existing outside, above, or with time, they were intending to exclude such particulars from the scope of ‘time’, but were not always clear about which account of time they were referring to.
Lea Shaver
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780300226003
- eISBN:
- 9780300249316
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300226003.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility
Worldwide, billions of people suffer from book hunger. For them, books are too few, too expensive, or do not even exist in their languages. This book argues that this is an educational crisis: the ...
More
Worldwide, billions of people suffer from book hunger. For them, books are too few, too expensive, or do not even exist in their languages. This book argues that this is an educational crisis: the most reliable predictor of children's achievement is the size of their families' book collections. This book highlights innovative nonprofit solutions to expand access to print. First Book, for example, offers diverse books to teachers at bargain prices. Imagination Library mails picture books to support early literacy in book deserts. Worldreader promotes mobile reading in developing countries by turning phones into digital libraries. Pratham Books creates open access stories that anyone may freely copy, adapt, and translate. Can such efforts expand to bring books to the next billion would-be readers? The book reveals the powerful roles of copyright law and licensing, and sounds the clarion call for readers to contribute their own talents to the fight against book hunger.Less
Worldwide, billions of people suffer from book hunger. For them, books are too few, too expensive, or do not even exist in their languages. This book argues that this is an educational crisis: the most reliable predictor of children's achievement is the size of their families' book collections. This book highlights innovative nonprofit solutions to expand access to print. First Book, for example, offers diverse books to teachers at bargain prices. Imagination Library mails picture books to support early literacy in book deserts. Worldreader promotes mobile reading in developing countries by turning phones into digital libraries. Pratham Books creates open access stories that anyone may freely copy, adapt, and translate. Can such efforts expand to bring books to the next billion would-be readers? The book reveals the powerful roles of copyright law and licensing, and sounds the clarion call for readers to contribute their own talents to the fight against book hunger.
Laura Wright
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197266557
- eISBN:
- 9780191905377
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266557.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
The railway age brought about an increase in suburban housing. From the 1840s, London outer-suburb house-name categories were the transferred place-name (Cintra Villa), the nostalgically rural (Oak ...
More
The railway age brought about an increase in suburban housing. From the 1840s, London outer-suburb house-name categories were the transferred place-name (Cintra Villa), the nostalgically rural (Oak Lodge), the commemorative (Albert Villa), the upwardly-mobile (Tudor Lodge), and the latest fashion or fad (Ferndale, referencing the then-prevaling fashion for fernery). Post mid-century the ‘pick & mix’ category came into being, whereby house-namers uncoupled existing placename elements and recombined them to create authentic-sounding, yet new, names (Penthwaite). Post 1860s purpose-built blocks of flats took the final element -mansions.
Post 1880s jocular names began to occur (Wee Neste) and post 1895 purpose-built blocks of flats took the final element -court. Overall, shifts in naming trends were caused by movements of people, both socially and geographically, but in the main house-names were consistently conservative across time and place.Less
The railway age brought about an increase in suburban housing. From the 1840s, London outer-suburb house-name categories were the transferred place-name (Cintra Villa), the nostalgically rural (Oak Lodge), the commemorative (Albert Villa), the upwardly-mobile (Tudor Lodge), and the latest fashion or fad (Ferndale, referencing the then-prevaling fashion for fernery). Post mid-century the ‘pick & mix’ category came into being, whereby house-namers uncoupled existing placename elements and recombined them to create authentic-sounding, yet new, names (Penthwaite). Post 1860s purpose-built blocks of flats took the final element -mansions.
Post 1880s jocular names began to occur (Wee Neste) and post 1895 purpose-built blocks of flats took the final element -court. Overall, shifts in naming trends were caused by movements of people, both socially and geographically, but in the main house-names were consistently conservative across time and place.
Philip N. Howard
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199736416
- eISBN:
- 9780199866441
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199736416.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Democratization
Around the developing world, political leaders face a dilemma: the very information and communication technologies that boost economic fortunes also undermine power structures. Globally, one in ten ...
More
Around the developing world, political leaders face a dilemma: the very information and communication technologies that boost economic fortunes also undermine power structures. Globally, one in ten internet users is a Muslim living in a populous Muslim community. In these countries, young people are developing their political identities—including a transnational Muslim identity—online. In countries where political parties are illegal, the internet is the only infrastructure for democratic discourse. In others, digital technologies such as mobile phones and the internet have given key actors an information infrastructure that is independent of the state. And in countries with large Muslim communities, mobile phones and the internet are helping civil society build systems of political communication independent of the state and beyond easy manipulation by cultural or religious elites. This book looks at the role that communications technologies play in advancing democratic transitions in Muslim countries. As such, its central question is whether technology holds the potential to substantially enhance democracy. Certainly, no democratic transition has occurred solely because of the internet. But, as the book argues, no democratic transition can occur today without the internet. According to this book, the major (and perhaps only meaningful) forum for civic debate in most Muslim countries today is online. Activists both within diasporic communities and within authoritarian states—including Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan—are the drivers of this debate, which centers around issues such as the interpretation of Islamic texts, gender roles, and security issues. Drawing upon material from interviews with telecommunications policy makers and activists in Azerbaijan, Egypt, Tajikistan, and Tanzania and a comparative study of seventy-four countries with large Muslim populations, this book demonstrates that these forums have been the means to organize activist movements that have lead to successful democratic insurgencies.Less
Around the developing world, political leaders face a dilemma: the very information and communication technologies that boost economic fortunes also undermine power structures. Globally, one in ten internet users is a Muslim living in a populous Muslim community. In these countries, young people are developing their political identities—including a transnational Muslim identity—online. In countries where political parties are illegal, the internet is the only infrastructure for democratic discourse. In others, digital technologies such as mobile phones and the internet have given key actors an information infrastructure that is independent of the state. And in countries with large Muslim communities, mobile phones and the internet are helping civil society build systems of political communication independent of the state and beyond easy manipulation by cultural or religious elites. This book looks at the role that communications technologies play in advancing democratic transitions in Muslim countries. As such, its central question is whether technology holds the potential to substantially enhance democracy. Certainly, no democratic transition has occurred solely because of the internet. But, as the book argues, no democratic transition can occur today without the internet. According to this book, the major (and perhaps only meaningful) forum for civic debate in most Muslim countries today is online. Activists both within diasporic communities and within authoritarian states—including Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan—are the drivers of this debate, which centers around issues such as the interpretation of Islamic texts, gender roles, and security issues. Drawing upon material from interviews with telecommunications policy makers and activists in Azerbaijan, Egypt, Tajikistan, and Tanzania and a comparative study of seventy-four countries with large Muslim populations, this book demonstrates that these forums have been the means to organize activist movements that have lead to successful democratic insurgencies.
Alessio Corti, James McKernan, and Hiromichi Takagi
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198570615
- eISBN:
- 9780191717703
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570615.003.0006
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Geometry / Topology
This chapter studies some of the simple examples of saturated mobile b-divisor. In particular, a classification is given of saturated mobile b-divisors on del Pezzo surfaces. The examples reveal a ...
More
This chapter studies some of the simple examples of saturated mobile b-divisor. In particular, a classification is given of saturated mobile b-divisors on del Pezzo surfaces. The examples reveal a surprisingly intricate structure theory and suggest further conjectures and applications in higher dimensions.Less
This chapter studies some of the simple examples of saturated mobile b-divisor. In particular, a classification is given of saturated mobile b-divisors on del Pezzo surfaces. The examples reveal a surprisingly intricate structure theory and suggest further conjectures and applications in higher dimensions.
Anindya Ghose
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262036276
- eISBN:
- 9780262340427
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262036276.003.0014
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter predicts that several emerging technologies will soon be integrated with the mobile ecosystem and further amplify the power of the nine forces discussed in this book. All these ...
More
This chapter predicts that several emerging technologies will soon be integrated with the mobile ecosystem and further amplify the power of the nine forces discussed in this book. All these technologies will create captive audiences, enhance connectivity, harness more robust data from new sources, and offer better experiences. Business solutions will thrive in the mobile ecosystem, which will remain the hub for many applications and will power amazing business and societal solutions. Some of the biggest advancements will come via wearable technologies that will harness consumers' biometric, neurological, and physiological data, giving birth to a new force that leverages a consumer's physical state of being.Less
This chapter predicts that several emerging technologies will soon be integrated with the mobile ecosystem and further amplify the power of the nine forces discussed in this book. All these technologies will create captive audiences, enhance connectivity, harness more robust data from new sources, and offer better experiences. Business solutions will thrive in the mobile ecosystem, which will remain the hub for many applications and will power amazing business and societal solutions. Some of the biggest advancements will come via wearable technologies that will harness consumers' biometric, neurological, and physiological data, giving birth to a new force that leverages a consumer's physical state of being.
Denis J. Murphy
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199207145
- eISBN:
- 9780191708893
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207145.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
This chapter reviews new research findings that are changing our ideas of the nature of genomes and of biological species. All genomes, from bacteria to humans, are constantly changing with DNA being ...
More
This chapter reviews new research findings that are changing our ideas of the nature of genomes and of biological species. All genomes, from bacteria to humans, are constantly changing with DNA being added and lost, frequently between different species. Some species, including many crops, contain over 90% non-coding ‘extra DNA’. This DNA was originally believed to be parasitic or non-functional, but is now increasingly recognized as having many important roles in the development of organisms from rice to humans. Thanks to molecular genetics, the species concept is becoming less useful, especially in many plants, as the increasingly blurred boundaries between supposedly distinct species are recognized. It is now clear that the detailed genome organization of our major crops, particularly the close physical linkages between domestication syndrome genes, was a major contributor to their amenability to cultivation by early farmers.Less
This chapter reviews new research findings that are changing our ideas of the nature of genomes and of biological species. All genomes, from bacteria to humans, are constantly changing with DNA being added and lost, frequently between different species. Some species, including many crops, contain over 90% non-coding ‘extra DNA’. This DNA was originally believed to be parasitic or non-functional, but is now increasingly recognized as having many important roles in the development of organisms from rice to humans. Thanks to molecular genetics, the species concept is becoming less useful, especially in many plants, as the increasingly blurred boundaries between supposedly distinct species are recognized. It is now clear that the detailed genome organization of our major crops, particularly the close physical linkages between domestication syndrome genes, was a major contributor to their amenability to cultivation by early farmers.
Jacques Anis
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195304794
- eISBN:
- 9780199788248
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304794.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
The abbreviated and often nonstandard orthography and grammar used in SMS messages have provoked the ire of language purists in France. This chapter presents a systematic linguistic analysis of ...
More
The abbreviated and often nonstandard orthography and grammar used in SMS messages have provoked the ire of language purists in France. This chapter presents a systematic linguistic analysis of neography in French SMS. Central to the study is the development of a typology of neographical transformations — involving phonetic reductions, syllabograms, and logograms — based on a corpus of examples. The analysis illuminates the heterogeneity, polyvalence, and high degree of variation in SMS spellings. Neography is proposed to be a dynamic phenomenon based on local combinations of general mechanisms, driven by natural linguistic and semiotic processes and produced under pressures from various constraints. Finally, SMS features are compared with those of other communication media and future directions for research are suggested to expand investigation to other alphabetical and nonalphabetical CMC phenomena.Less
The abbreviated and often nonstandard orthography and grammar used in SMS messages have provoked the ire of language purists in France. This chapter presents a systematic linguistic analysis of neography in French SMS. Central to the study is the development of a typology of neographical transformations — involving phonetic reductions, syllabograms, and logograms — based on a corpus of examples. The analysis illuminates the heterogeneity, polyvalence, and high degree of variation in SMS spellings. Neography is proposed to be a dynamic phenomenon based on local combinations of general mechanisms, driven by natural linguistic and semiotic processes and produced under pressures from various constraints. Finally, SMS features are compared with those of other communication media and future directions for research are suggested to expand investigation to other alphabetical and nonalphabetical CMC phenomena.
John C. Avise
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195393439
- eISBN:
- 9780199775415
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195393439.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter treats repetitive DNA elements in the human genome, ranging from duplicons and pseudogenes (dead genes) to microsatellites to several classes of ubiquitous mobile elements that look and ...
More
This chapter treats repetitive DNA elements in the human genome, ranging from duplicons and pseudogenes (dead genes) to microsatellites to several classes of ubiquitous mobile elements that look and act like intracellular viruses. Incredibly, active or deceased copies of these latter elements make up at least 45% and perhaps 75% or more of the human genome. All of these categories of repetitive elements are known to be associated with legions of genetic disabilities, again prompting a consideration of how various theological excuses for molecular flaws contrast with rationales that emerge from the evolutionary sciences.Less
This chapter treats repetitive DNA elements in the human genome, ranging from duplicons and pseudogenes (dead genes) to microsatellites to several classes of ubiquitous mobile elements that look and act like intracellular viruses. Incredibly, active or deceased copies of these latter elements make up at least 45% and perhaps 75% or more of the human genome. All of these categories of repetitive elements are known to be associated with legions of genetic disabilities, again prompting a consideration of how various theological excuses for molecular flaws contrast with rationales that emerge from the evolutionary sciences.
Varadharajan Sridhar
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198075530
- eISBN:
- 9780199081042
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198075530.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter discusses the technologies, market structure, and licensing process of cellular mobile services. It elaborates the interconnection and quality of service regulation, mobile number ...
More
This chapter discusses the technologies, market structure, and licensing process of cellular mobile services. It elaborates the interconnection and quality of service regulation, mobile number portability, and emerging virtual network operations. Further entry of operators beyond four or five does not significantly increase the competitiveness of the market. The decrease in Average Revenue per User (ARPU) along with competition makes it financially difficult for the operators. Mobile operators in India pay about 30–5 per cent as taxes. The quality of service (QoS) is a concern and almost all the mobile operators are still struggling to meet the benchmark standards. The Value-added Services (VAS) market in India contributes to about 10–14 per cent of the total revenue of the mobile telecom service providers. Chinese companies have much higher returns on capital employed, 22.87 per cent, compared to Indian mobile operators who have returns of only about 7.83 per cent.Less
This chapter discusses the technologies, market structure, and licensing process of cellular mobile services. It elaborates the interconnection and quality of service regulation, mobile number portability, and emerging virtual network operations. Further entry of operators beyond four or five does not significantly increase the competitiveness of the market. The decrease in Average Revenue per User (ARPU) along with competition makes it financially difficult for the operators. Mobile operators in India pay about 30–5 per cent as taxes. The quality of service (QoS) is a concern and almost all the mobile operators are still struggling to meet the benchmark standards. The Value-added Services (VAS) market in India contributes to about 10–14 per cent of the total revenue of the mobile telecom service providers. Chinese companies have much higher returns on capital employed, 22.87 per cent, compared to Indian mobile operators who have returns of only about 7.83 per cent.
Ray Brescia
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501748110
- eISBN:
- 9781501748134
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501748110.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This book identifies a series of “social innovation moments” in American history. Through these moments—during which social movements have embraced advances in communications technologies—the book ...
More
This book identifies a series of “social innovation moments” in American history. Through these moments—during which social movements have embraced advances in communications technologies—the book illuminates the complicated, dangerous, innovative, and exciting relationship between these technologies, social movements, and social change. It shows that, almost without fail, developments in how we communicate shape social movements, just as those movements change the very technologies themselves. From the printing press to the television, social movements have leveraged communications technologies to advance change. In this moment of rapidly evolving communications, it is imperative to assess the role that the Internet, mobile devices, and social media can play in promoting social justice. But first we must look to the past, to examples of movements throughout American history that successfully harnessed communications technology, thus facilitating positive social change. Such movements embraced new communications technologies to help organize their communities; to form grassroots networks in order to facilitate face-to-face interactions; and to promote positive, inclusive messaging that stressed their participants' shared dignity and humanity. Using the past as prologue, the book provides effective lessons in the use of communications technology so that we can have the best communicative tools at our disposal—both now and in the future.Less
This book identifies a series of “social innovation moments” in American history. Through these moments—during which social movements have embraced advances in communications technologies—the book illuminates the complicated, dangerous, innovative, and exciting relationship between these technologies, social movements, and social change. It shows that, almost without fail, developments in how we communicate shape social movements, just as those movements change the very technologies themselves. From the printing press to the television, social movements have leveraged communications technologies to advance change. In this moment of rapidly evolving communications, it is imperative to assess the role that the Internet, mobile devices, and social media can play in promoting social justice. But first we must look to the past, to examples of movements throughout American history that successfully harnessed communications technology, thus facilitating positive social change. Such movements embraced new communications technologies to help organize their communities; to form grassroots networks in order to facilitate face-to-face interactions; and to promote positive, inclusive messaging that stressed their participants' shared dignity and humanity. Using the past as prologue, the book provides effective lessons in the use of communications technology so that we can have the best communicative tools at our disposal—both now and in the future.
Anindya Ghose
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262036276
- eISBN:
- 9780262340427
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262036276.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
Consumers create a data trail by tapping their phones; businesses can tap into this trail to harness the power of the more than three trillion dollar mobile economy. According to this book's author, ...
More
Consumers create a data trail by tapping their phones; businesses can tap into this trail to harness the power of the more than three trillion dollar mobile economy. According to this book's author, this two-way exchange can benefit both customers and businesses. Drawing on extensive research and on a variety of real-world examples from companies including Alibaba, China Mobile, Coke, Facebook, SK Telecom, Telefónica, and Travelocity, the book describes some intriguingly contradictory consumer behavior: people seek spontaneity, but they are predictable; they find advertising annoying, but they fear missing out; they value their privacy, but they increasingly use personal data as currency. When mobile advertising is done well, the book argues, the smartphone plays the role of a personal concierge. The book identifies nine forces that shape consumer behavior, including time, crowdedness, trajectory, and weather, and examines how these forces operate, separately and in combination. It highlights the true influence mobile wields over shoppers, the behavioral and economic motivations behind that influence, and the lucrative opportunities it represents. In a world of artificial intelligence, augmented and virtual reality, wearable technologies, smart homes, and the Internet of Things, the future of the mobile economy seems limitless.Less
Consumers create a data trail by tapping their phones; businesses can tap into this trail to harness the power of the more than three trillion dollar mobile economy. According to this book's author, this two-way exchange can benefit both customers and businesses. Drawing on extensive research and on a variety of real-world examples from companies including Alibaba, China Mobile, Coke, Facebook, SK Telecom, Telefónica, and Travelocity, the book describes some intriguingly contradictory consumer behavior: people seek spontaneity, but they are predictable; they find advertising annoying, but they fear missing out; they value their privacy, but they increasingly use personal data as currency. When mobile advertising is done well, the book argues, the smartphone plays the role of a personal concierge. The book identifies nine forces that shape consumer behavior, including time, crowdedness, trajectory, and weather, and examines how these forces operate, separately and in combination. It highlights the true influence mobile wields over shoppers, the behavioral and economic motivations behind that influence, and the lucrative opportunities it represents. In a world of artificial intelligence, augmented and virtual reality, wearable technologies, smart homes, and the Internet of Things, the future of the mobile economy seems limitless.
Kevin S. McCann
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691134178
- eISBN:
- 9781400840687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691134178.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter examines food webs at the landscape scale by focusing on the large-scale food web architecture that is deeply constrained by space. It begins with a discussion of how variability in ...
More
This chapter examines food webs at the landscape scale by focusing on the large-scale food web architecture that is deeply constrained by space. It begins with a discussion of how variability in space, time, and food web structure, coupled with the ability of organisms to rapidly respond to variation, affect the maintenance of the food web and its functions. It then explains how individual traits such as body size and foraging behavior relate to food web structure in space and time. It also considers the role of spatial constraints on food webs and how the existence of fast–slow pathways coupled by mobile adaptive predators gives rise to spatial asynchrony in the resources. The chapter concludes with a review of some empirical examples to show that some food webs display the bird feeder effect and that resource coupling of distinct habitats appears to stabilize food webs.Less
This chapter examines food webs at the landscape scale by focusing on the large-scale food web architecture that is deeply constrained by space. It begins with a discussion of how variability in space, time, and food web structure, coupled with the ability of organisms to rapidly respond to variation, affect the maintenance of the food web and its functions. It then explains how individual traits such as body size and foraging behavior relate to food web structure in space and time. It also considers the role of spatial constraints on food webs and how the existence of fast–slow pathways coupled by mobile adaptive predators gives rise to spatial asynchrony in the resources. The chapter concludes with a review of some empirical examples to show that some food webs display the bird feeder effect and that resource coupling of distinct habitats appears to stabilize food webs.
Julian C. Knight
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199227693
- eISBN:
- 9780191711015
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199227693.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
In this chapter the remarkable extent of mobile DNA elements within the human genome is reviewed. The concept of mobile DNA elements as genomic parasites is discussed including how such elements are ...
More
In this chapter the remarkable extent of mobile DNA elements within the human genome is reviewed. The concept of mobile DNA elements as genomic parasites is discussed including how such elements are now almost exclusively inactive. The analysis of how mobile DNA elements provide a 'fossil record' of past transposition events is reviewed together with the evolutionary insights this has provided. The dispersal and accumulation of mobile DNA elements in eukaryotes is described together including how this has contributed to the complexity and plasticity of our genome. DNA transposons, L1 retrotransposable elements, and Alu elements are all reviewed together with associations with genetic disease. Polymorphism seen among recent Alu and other mobile DNA elements is discussed including how this has contributed to our understanding of human population genetics and evolutionary history. Evidence to support a recent African origins hypothesis is reviewed.Less
In this chapter the remarkable extent of mobile DNA elements within the human genome is reviewed. The concept of mobile DNA elements as genomic parasites is discussed including how such elements are now almost exclusively inactive. The analysis of how mobile DNA elements provide a 'fossil record' of past transposition events is reviewed together with the evolutionary insights this has provided. The dispersal and accumulation of mobile DNA elements in eukaryotes is described together including how this has contributed to the complexity and plasticity of our genome. DNA transposons, L1 retrotransposable elements, and Alu elements are all reviewed together with associations with genetic disease. Polymorphism seen among recent Alu and other mobile DNA elements is discussed including how this has contributed to our understanding of human population genetics and evolutionary history. Evidence to support a recent African origins hypothesis is reviewed.
Helma Dik
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199279296
- eISBN:
- 9780191706905
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279296.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter discusses the important difference between a given-new distinction on the one hand, and the concepts of Topic and Focus on the other. It introduces the basic concepts that form the ...
More
This chapter discusses the important difference between a given-new distinction on the one hand, and the concepts of Topic and Focus on the other. It introduces the basic concepts that form the theoretical framework of the description of word order in Greek. It aims to provide sufficient background for the general classicist to follow the discussion in the coming chapters.Less
This chapter discusses the important difference between a given-new distinction on the one hand, and the concepts of Topic and Focus on the other. It introduces the basic concepts that form the theoretical framework of the description of word order in Greek. It aims to provide sufficient background for the general classicist to follow the discussion in the coming chapters.
Valery Yakubovich and Stanislav Shekshnia
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691148670
- eISBN:
- 9781400845552
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691148670.003.0011
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
This chapter features a case study of the emergence of the cellular phone industry in Moscow and St. Petersburg. These are local stories about how fragments of the old Communist state—in particular ...
More
This chapter features a case study of the emergence of the cellular phone industry in Moscow and St. Petersburg. These are local stories about how fragments of the old Communist state—in particular traditional telecoms and a military research lab, both of which had highly qualified engineers—mostly successfully reached out to foreign partners to jointly found six new cellular companies. These are the types of stories that Gorbachev promised but too rarely delivered. This chapter confirms the basic message of the previous chapter that “market formation” in post-Communist Russia was not the spontaneous invisible hand of Adam Smith and Friedrich Hayek but instead was the visible-hand emergence of business alliances and groups.Less
This chapter features a case study of the emergence of the cellular phone industry in Moscow and St. Petersburg. These are local stories about how fragments of the old Communist state—in particular traditional telecoms and a military research lab, both of which had highly qualified engineers—mostly successfully reached out to foreign partners to jointly found six new cellular companies. These are the types of stories that Gorbachev promised but too rarely delivered. This chapter confirms the basic message of the previous chapter that “market formation” in post-Communist Russia was not the spontaneous invisible hand of Adam Smith and Friedrich Hayek but instead was the visible-hand emergence of business alliances and groups.
Sonya Salamon and Katherine MacTavish
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781501713217
- eISBN:
- 9781501709685
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501713217.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, American and Canadian Cultural Anthropology
When a rural family of modest means buys a new or used mobile home, unless cash is paid up-front, they become entangled with the highly profitable mobile home industrial complex, made up of home ...
More
When a rural family of modest means buys a new or used mobile home, unless cash is paid up-front, they become entangled with the highly profitable mobile home industrial complex, made up of home producers, dealers, financiers, and trailer park entrepreneurs. For most working-poor rural families, with few exceptions, this engagement means being caught in an expensive trap as they chase their American Dream for housing. Rural trailer parks house approximately 12 million people, and we describe this population’s diversity across rural Illinois, New Mexico and North Carolina. We ask whether living in a rural trailer park has a negative neighborhood effect on working poor families, children and youth. We found only Whites report being stigmatized as trailer trash in contrast to Hispanics and African Americans who did not report this experience. Stigmatization negatively affects youth in school and parents in the adjacent rural community.Less
When a rural family of modest means buys a new or used mobile home, unless cash is paid up-front, they become entangled with the highly profitable mobile home industrial complex, made up of home producers, dealers, financiers, and trailer park entrepreneurs. For most working-poor rural families, with few exceptions, this engagement means being caught in an expensive trap as they chase their American Dream for housing. Rural trailer parks house approximately 12 million people, and we describe this population’s diversity across rural Illinois, New Mexico and North Carolina. We ask whether living in a rural trailer park has a negative neighborhood effect on working poor families, children and youth. We found only Whites report being stigmatized as trailer trash in contrast to Hispanics and African Americans who did not report this experience. Stigmatization negatively affects youth in school and parents in the adjacent rural community.
