Óscar Molina and Martin Rhodes
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199206483
- eISBN:
- 9780191709715
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206483.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
VoC theory seems to be caught in a trade-off between parsimony and explanatory capacity. It provides high heuristic value-added for analysing countries where performance-enhancing complementarities ...
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VoC theory seems to be caught in a trade-off between parsimony and explanatory capacity. It provides high heuristic value-added for analysing countries where performance-enhancing complementarities rely on clearly different patterns of actor interaction and forms of coordination. It appears more difficult to extend to ‘deviant’ cases where there is a mix of logics, a high degree of institutional incoherence and an apparent absence of complementarities. This chapter uses the tools of VoC to explain how mechanisms of market and non-market coordination work and change over time in two ‘mixed market economies’ (MMEs) — Italy and Spain. It focuses on the relationship between production regimes and welfare systems, and specifically the wage-labour nexus and employment protection. In contrast to arguments for a distinctive form of state capitalism alongside ‘market’ and ‘managed’ varieties, this chapter argues that the state's role is distinctive but not unique in the Mediterranean countries, and has also undergone considerable change in recent years. It also argues that two different trends can be perceived in these countries: the growth of ‘autonomous coordination’ in which actors seek to manage the economy via new kinds of non-market governance; and ‘market colonization’, a process whereby market modes of coordination emerge and prevail.Less
VoC theory seems to be caught in a trade-off between parsimony and explanatory capacity. It provides high heuristic value-added for analysing countries where performance-enhancing complementarities rely on clearly different patterns of actor interaction and forms of coordination. It appears more difficult to extend to ‘deviant’ cases where there is a mix of logics, a high degree of institutional incoherence and an apparent absence of complementarities. This chapter uses the tools of VoC to explain how mechanisms of market and non-market coordination work and change over time in two ‘mixed market economies’ (MMEs) — Italy and Spain. It focuses on the relationship between production regimes and welfare systems, and specifically the wage-labour nexus and employment protection. In contrast to arguments for a distinctive form of state capitalism alongside ‘market’ and ‘managed’ varieties, this chapter argues that the state's role is distinctive but not unique in the Mediterranean countries, and has also undergone considerable change in recent years. It also argues that two different trends can be perceived in these countries: the growth of ‘autonomous coordination’ in which actors seek to manage the economy via new kinds of non-market governance; and ‘market colonization’, a process whereby market modes of coordination emerge and prevail.
Georg Menz
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199533886
- eISBN:
- 9780191714771
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199533886.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter explores the politics of migration in three recent countries of immigration. The analysis of employers, trade unions, and humanitarian NGOs in shaping national migration policies again ...
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This chapter explores the politics of migration in three recent countries of immigration. The analysis of employers, trade unions, and humanitarian NGOs in shaping national migration policies again is at the centre of analysis. Top-down Europeanization is particularly pivotal in new immigration countries with embryonic systems of migration regulation, while bottom-up attempts have been limited to Italian proposals for quota systems and their use to induce “cooperation” with third countries in migration flow management. But despite the recent history of immigration, employers, especially in Ireland and Italy, value managed migration of labor migrants, both high and low skill, feeding into the primary, tertiary, and, in the case of Italy, also the secondary sector to alleviate labor and in some instances skill shortages. In Poland, undocumented economic migration from neighboring Ukraine is tolerated, but thus far, there is scant interest in active labor market recruitment on the part of employers. The labor market interest associations are pivotal actors in Ireland and Italy, actively comanaging labor migration flows, while in Poland their influence is less pronounced. NGOs face severe difficulties in constructing access channels to government with the exception of Italy, where links to political parties and demonstrations have often led to more liberal regulatory outcomes.Less
This chapter explores the politics of migration in three recent countries of immigration. The analysis of employers, trade unions, and humanitarian NGOs in shaping national migration policies again is at the centre of analysis. Top-down Europeanization is particularly pivotal in new immigration countries with embryonic systems of migration regulation, while bottom-up attempts have been limited to Italian proposals for quota systems and their use to induce “cooperation” with third countries in migration flow management. But despite the recent history of immigration, employers, especially in Ireland and Italy, value managed migration of labor migrants, both high and low skill, feeding into the primary, tertiary, and, in the case of Italy, also the secondary sector to alleviate labor and in some instances skill shortages. In Poland, undocumented economic migration from neighboring Ukraine is tolerated, but thus far, there is scant interest in active labor market recruitment on the part of employers. The labor market interest associations are pivotal actors in Ireland and Italy, actively comanaging labor migration flows, while in Poland their influence is less pronounced. NGOs face severe difficulties in constructing access channels to government with the exception of Italy, where links to political parties and demonstrations have often led to more liberal regulatory outcomes.
Gernot Grabher and David Stark
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198290209
- eISBN:
- 9780191684791
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198290209.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, Political Economy
Recombinant property is a form of organizational hedging, or portfolio management, in which actors respond to uncertainty in the organizational environment by diversifying their assets, and ...
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Recombinant property is a form of organizational hedging, or portfolio management, in which actors respond to uncertainty in the organizational environment by diversifying their assets, and redefining and recombining resources. It is an attempt to hold resources that can be justified or assessed by more than one standard of measure. This chapter investigates the recombinatory logic of organizational innovation in the restructuring of property relations in Hungary. It asks: are the recombinant processes resulting in a new type of mixed economy as a distinctively East European capitalism? It also looks into the decentralized reorganization of assets. The last section considers three aspects of recombinant property in terms of three underlying concepts — mixture, diversity, and complexity.Less
Recombinant property is a form of organizational hedging, or portfolio management, in which actors respond to uncertainty in the organizational environment by diversifying their assets, and redefining and recombining resources. It is an attempt to hold resources that can be justified or assessed by more than one standard of measure. This chapter investigates the recombinatory logic of organizational innovation in the restructuring of property relations in Hungary. It asks: are the recombinant processes resulting in a new type of mixed economy as a distinctively East European capitalism? It also looks into the decentralized reorganization of assets. The last section considers three aspects of recombinant property in terms of three underlying concepts — mixture, diversity, and complexity.
Geoffrey Finlayson
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198227601
- eISBN:
- 9780191678752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227601.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter examines the role of participation, perception, and pluralism in the relations between citizen, state, and social welfare in Great Britain during the period from 1949 to 1991. During ...
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This chapter examines the role of participation, perception, and pluralism in the relations between citizen, state, and social welfare in Great Britain during the period from 1949 to 1991. During this period, the various elements of the mixed economy of welfare became somewhat more closely defined. Some of the functions of the mutual-aid and charitable sides of the voluntary sector were incorporated into the statutory, which resulted in the state becoming like the mutual-aid and charitable society of the nation as a whole.Less
This chapter examines the role of participation, perception, and pluralism in the relations between citizen, state, and social welfare in Great Britain during the period from 1949 to 1991. During this period, the various elements of the mixed economy of welfare became somewhat more closely defined. Some of the functions of the mutual-aid and charitable sides of the voluntary sector were incorporated into the statutory, which resulted in the state becoming like the mutual-aid and charitable society of the nation as a whole.
Jan Sundberg
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240562
- eISBN:
- 9780191600296
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240566.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Scandinavian party systems have often been seen as ‘ultra stable’, a view that was certainly justified between 1945 and the early 1970; however, the general election of 1973 in Denmark signalled a ...
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Scandinavian party systems have often been seen as ‘ultra stable’, a view that was certainly justified between 1945 and the early 1970; however, the general election of 1973 in Denmark signalled a new era of instability as the three major parties saw their aggregate share of the vote slashed; soon similar developments became visible in Norway, to some extent in Finland, and (a little later) in Sweden. The main political actors in the Scandinavian democracies are organized around conflicts between labour and capital, and between the rural peripheries and urban centres; the five party families of the classic Scandinavian model (social democracy, conservatism, liberalism, agrarian ‘centrism’, and communism) are deeply anchored in these social bases, with class especially having been a more important determinant of party loyalty than in other west European democracies; in particular, the mutual tolerance and moderation that parties typically accord each other in consensus democracies has resulted in the creation of an extensive and well‐known mixed welfare economy. However, the classic five‐party model no longer provides a comprehensive account of party politics in Scandinavia: since the early 1970s a variety of other parties, old and new, have emerged, and this has led to doubt as to whether the Scandinavian party systems remain distinctive, although they may still be located in the category of moderate pluralism. The increasing fragmentation of parliaments has also affected governments in different ways in the four countries. The introduction discusses these changes; the next three sections cover the same topics as those in the other country case studies in the book, and examine (the erosion of) party legitimacy, party organizational strength (finance, members), and the systemic functionality of political parties (in governance, political recruitment, interest articulation and aggregation, political participation, and political communication).Less
Scandinavian party systems have often been seen as ‘ultra stable’, a view that was certainly justified between 1945 and the early 1970; however, the general election of 1973 in Denmark signalled a new era of instability as the three major parties saw their aggregate share of the vote slashed; soon similar developments became visible in Norway, to some extent in Finland, and (a little later) in Sweden. The main political actors in the Scandinavian democracies are organized around conflicts between labour and capital, and between the rural peripheries and urban centres; the five party families of the classic Scandinavian model (social democracy, conservatism, liberalism, agrarian ‘centrism’, and communism) are deeply anchored in these social bases, with class especially having been a more important determinant of party loyalty than in other west European democracies; in particular, the mutual tolerance and moderation that parties typically accord each other in consensus democracies has resulted in the creation of an extensive and well‐known mixed welfare economy. However, the classic five‐party model no longer provides a comprehensive account of party politics in Scandinavia: since the early 1970s a variety of other parties, old and new, have emerged, and this has led to doubt as to whether the Scandinavian party systems remain distinctive, although they may still be located in the category of moderate pluralism. The increasing fragmentation of parliaments has also affected governments in different ways in the four countries. The introduction discusses these changes; the next three sections cover the same topics as those in the other country case studies in the book, and examine (the erosion of) party legitimacy, party organizational strength (finance, members), and the systemic functionality of political parties (in governance, political recruitment, interest articulation and aggregation, political participation, and political communication).
Daniel Ritschel
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206477
- eISBN:
- 9780191677151
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206477.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Economic History
This chapter examines the idea of ‘progressive’ planning campaigned by The Next Five Years group in the 1930s. It notes that the group is usually upheld as the most promising of the contemporary ...
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This chapter examines the idea of ‘progressive’ planning campaigned by The Next Five Years group in the 1930s. It notes that the group is usually upheld as the most promising of the contemporary initiatives and provides evidence of an incipient consensus in economic thought and a broadly progressive outlook. It observes that the group's attempt to develop a new centrist interpretation of planning as the formula for ‘progressive agreement’ in national politics has been portrayed as indicative of the growing forces of ‘middle opinion’ which transcended the political divisions of the day and paved the way for the post-war consensus around the ‘mixed economy’. It observes further that its failure to effect such realignment at the time is usually ascribed to the sterile nature of contemporary party-politics and, in particular, the dogmatic refusal of the Labour party to accept the suggested compromise.Less
This chapter examines the idea of ‘progressive’ planning campaigned by The Next Five Years group in the 1930s. It notes that the group is usually upheld as the most promising of the contemporary initiatives and provides evidence of an incipient consensus in economic thought and a broadly progressive outlook. It observes that the group's attempt to develop a new centrist interpretation of planning as the formula for ‘progressive agreement’ in national politics has been portrayed as indicative of the growing forces of ‘middle opinion’ which transcended the political divisions of the day and paved the way for the post-war consensus around the ‘mixed economy’. It observes further that its failure to effect such realignment at the time is usually ascribed to the sterile nature of contemporary party-politics and, in particular, the dogmatic refusal of the Labour party to accept the suggested compromise.
Theodore Zeldin
- Published in print:
- 1977
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198221258
- eISBN:
- 9780191678424
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198221258.003.0021
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The period 1914–45 was one of anxiety to those who lived through it not least because they did not know where it was leading. A great many people behaved, even after the war of 1914 and even during ...
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The period 1914–45 was one of anxiety to those who lived through it not least because they did not know where it was leading. A great many people behaved, even after the war of 1914 and even during the German occupation of 1940–4, as though nothing fundamental had changed. The battles of the politicians, the rise and fall of ministries, tell us about day-to-day preoccupations, but that is only one level of history. At another level, we can see three major changes occurring in these years which transcend the bitter quarrels, which were abetted by politicians of almost all parties, and which place the details of events in a different light. The capitalist system, first of all, received a fatal blow in 1914, at least in the form in which it had existed in the nineteenth century. Its death throes may be regarded as a central theme of the next thirty years. After that, the economy was run on radically different lines and the state, which hitherto had limited its interventions to a comparatively small segment of life, emerged vastly more active, and very much transformed. The rise of an expansionist France in the 1950s, based on a ‘mixed economy’ and welfare benefits, cannot be understood without going back to these years.Less
The period 1914–45 was one of anxiety to those who lived through it not least because they did not know where it was leading. A great many people behaved, even after the war of 1914 and even during the German occupation of 1940–4, as though nothing fundamental had changed. The battles of the politicians, the rise and fall of ministries, tell us about day-to-day preoccupations, but that is only one level of history. At another level, we can see three major changes occurring in these years which transcend the bitter quarrels, which were abetted by politicians of almost all parties, and which place the details of events in a different light. The capitalist system, first of all, received a fatal blow in 1914, at least in the form in which it had existed in the nineteenth century. Its death throes may be regarded as a central theme of the next thirty years. After that, the economy was run on radically different lines and the state, which hitherto had limited its interventions to a comparatively small segment of life, emerged vastly more active, and very much transformed. The rise of an expansionist France in the 1950s, based on a ‘mixed economy’ and welfare benefits, cannot be understood without going back to these years.
Fritz Scharpf
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198295457
- eISBN:
- 9780191685118
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295457.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter examines ‘negative integration’ within the European Community and its unique effectiveness in dismantling the post-war controls of national governments over their own economic ...
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This chapter examines ‘negative integration’ within the European Community and its unique effectiveness in dismantling the post-war controls of national governments over their own economic boundaries. Through the ‘constitutionalisation’ of competition law, the European Commission and the European Court of Justice have greatly reduced the capacity of democratic politics at the national level to impose market-correcting regulations on increasingly mobile capital and on economic interactions. As a result, national polities find themselves under conditions of a ‘competition among regulatory systems’ that may prevent all of them from maintaining market-correcting policies that were previously supported by democratic majorities. At the same time, however, policies of ‘positive integration’, which would reconstruct a capacity for market-correcting regulations at the European level, continue to depend on near-unanimity among national governments in the Council of Ministers, and are thus easily blocked by conflicts of interests among these governments.Less
This chapter examines ‘negative integration’ within the European Community and its unique effectiveness in dismantling the post-war controls of national governments over their own economic boundaries. Through the ‘constitutionalisation’ of competition law, the European Commission and the European Court of Justice have greatly reduced the capacity of democratic politics at the national level to impose market-correcting regulations on increasingly mobile capital and on economic interactions. As a result, national polities find themselves under conditions of a ‘competition among regulatory systems’ that may prevent all of them from maintaining market-correcting policies that were previously supported by democratic majorities. At the same time, however, policies of ‘positive integration’, which would reconstruct a capacity for market-correcting regulations at the European level, continue to depend on near-unanimity among national governments in the Council of Ministers, and are thus easily blocked by conflicts of interests among these governments.
Geoffrey Finlayson
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198227601
- eISBN:
- 9780191678752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227601.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter examines the role of collectivism and convergence in the relations between citizen, state, and social welfare in Great Britain during the period from 1880 to 1914. During this period the ...
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This chapter examines the role of collectivism and convergence in the relations between citizen, state, and social welfare in Great Britain during the period from 1880 to 1914. During this period the mixed economy remained mixed but not in the same proportion with the previous period. By 1914 the proportion belonging to the state has grown and the principles on which that growth has taken place still allowed cooperation between voluntarists and the state based on negative rather than positive principles.Less
This chapter examines the role of collectivism and convergence in the relations between citizen, state, and social welfare in Great Britain during the period from 1880 to 1914. During this period the mixed economy remained mixed but not in the same proportion with the previous period. By 1914 the proportion belonging to the state has grown and the principles on which that growth has taken place still allowed cooperation between voluntarists and the state based on negative rather than positive principles.
Amy C. Offner
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691190938
- eISBN:
- 9780691192628
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691190938.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter focuses on the elements of the mixed economy, which has been sorted out by the conflicts of the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s and redefined them as features of different historical eras. As a ...
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This chapter focuses on the elements of the mixed economy, which has been sorted out by the conflicts of the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s and redefined them as features of different historical eras. As a result, remnants of the mixed economy are all around the globe, generally renamed and politically resignified. It describes how mid-century states came into being and how they came undone. It also dislodges neoliberalism as the only conceivable endpoint of twentieth-century political economy. This chapter presents features of mixed economies as antagonistic antecedents. Welfare and developmental states were profoundly contradictory formations that offered extraordinary resources to those who dreamed of social democracy. They generated manifold forms of decentralization, private delegation, deregulation, and austerity, nearly all of them forgotten because subsequent state makers appropriated those practices, put them to new ends, wrote them new genealogies, and branded them neoliberal.Less
This chapter focuses on the elements of the mixed economy, which has been sorted out by the conflicts of the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s and redefined them as features of different historical eras. As a result, remnants of the mixed economy are all around the globe, generally renamed and politically resignified. It describes how mid-century states came into being and how they came undone. It also dislodges neoliberalism as the only conceivable endpoint of twentieth-century political economy. This chapter presents features of mixed economies as antagonistic antecedents. Welfare and developmental states were profoundly contradictory formations that offered extraordinary resources to those who dreamed of social democracy. They generated manifold forms of decentralization, private delegation, deregulation, and austerity, nearly all of them forgotten because subsequent state makers appropriated those practices, put them to new ends, wrote them new genealogies, and branded them neoliberal.
Geoffrey Finlayson
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198227601
- eISBN:
- 9780191678752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227601.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter examines the role of providence, paternalism, and philanthropy in the relations between citizen, state, and social welfare in Great Britain during the period from 1830 to 1880. During ...
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This chapter examines the role of providence, paternalism, and philanthropy in the relations between citizen, state, and social welfare in Great Britain during the period from 1830 to 1880. During this period, voluntarism became increasingly open to a series of economic, political, and social challenges which raised doubts on whether it can bear the main weight of the mixed economy. The complementary role of localized state also came under scrutiny, which emphasized the need to devise a new formula for the mixed economy.Less
This chapter examines the role of providence, paternalism, and philanthropy in the relations between citizen, state, and social welfare in Great Britain during the period from 1830 to 1880. During this period, voluntarism became increasingly open to a series of economic, political, and social challenges which raised doubts on whether it can bear the main weight of the mixed economy. The complementary role of localized state also came under scrutiny, which emphasized the need to devise a new formula for the mixed economy.
Dipankar Dasgupta
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198069966
- eISBN:
- 9780199080458
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198069966.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
Inadequate infrastructure is a serious constraint on the growth potential of developing economies. A growing economy can take advantage of any given infrastructure if the infrastructure can handle ...
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Inadequate infrastructure is a serious constraint on the growth potential of developing economies. A growing economy can take advantage of any given infrastructure if the infrastructure can handle the growing demand from firms. Infrastructure growth, therefore, is correlated with economic development. Accordingly, this chapter examines the connection between infrastructure and economic growth. It introduces infrastructure in two different forms, a flow (such a clean environment) and a stock (such as public highways). It also discusses the private economy, growth rate vs. welfare maximization in a private economy, command economy vs. private economy and mixed economy, public input and congestion, proportional tax in a private economy, and balanced growth equilibrium.Less
Inadequate infrastructure is a serious constraint on the growth potential of developing economies. A growing economy can take advantage of any given infrastructure if the infrastructure can handle the growing demand from firms. Infrastructure growth, therefore, is correlated with economic development. Accordingly, this chapter examines the connection between infrastructure and economic growth. It introduces infrastructure in two different forms, a flow (such a clean environment) and a stock (such as public highways). It also discusses the private economy, growth rate vs. welfare maximization in a private economy, command economy vs. private economy and mixed economy, public input and congestion, proportional tax in a private economy, and balanced growth equilibrium.
Amy C. Offner
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691190938
- eISBN:
- 9780691192628
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691190938.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter provides a background of the journeys across the postwar Americas to uncover the mid-century world to which David Lilienthal belonged and the unseen possibilities that lay within it. It ...
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This chapter provides a background of the journeys across the postwar Americas to uncover the mid-century world to which David Lilienthal belonged and the unseen possibilities that lay within it. It starts from the idea that the fate of the US welfare state and Latin American developmental states cannot be understood in isolation from one another. Lilienthal belonged to a generation of North Americans who threw their energies into the Third World after 1945, and their work overseas did more than remake foreign lands; it shaped the possibilities of policy making at home. Within the Western Hemisphere, long exchanges between US and Latin American societies endowed their political economies with some of the same internal contradictions. When the crises of the 1970s and 1980s came, the divergent promises that they harbored became vividly apparent. The mobilization of the right and the explosive conflicts of those decades did not simply substitute one set of ideas for another, obliterating all that came before. Instead, they sorted out the elements of midcentury mixed economies, destroying some practices, redeploying others, and retrospectively redefining them all as emblems of two different eras.Less
This chapter provides a background of the journeys across the postwar Americas to uncover the mid-century world to which David Lilienthal belonged and the unseen possibilities that lay within it. It starts from the idea that the fate of the US welfare state and Latin American developmental states cannot be understood in isolation from one another. Lilienthal belonged to a generation of North Americans who threw their energies into the Third World after 1945, and their work overseas did more than remake foreign lands; it shaped the possibilities of policy making at home. Within the Western Hemisphere, long exchanges between US and Latin American societies endowed their political economies with some of the same internal contradictions. When the crises of the 1970s and 1980s came, the divergent promises that they harbored became vividly apparent. The mobilization of the right and the explosive conflicts of those decades did not simply substitute one set of ideas for another, obliterating all that came before. Instead, they sorted out the elements of midcentury mixed economies, destroying some practices, redeploying others, and retrospectively redefining them all as emblems of two different eras.
Patrick Dunleavy, Helen Margetts, Simon Bastow, and Jane Tinkler
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199296194
- eISBN:
- 9780191700750
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296194.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology, Political Economy
This afterword looks at some of the most feasible ‘next-wave’ technology-driven changes, then at how the world market for government IT may change in the next two decades, and finally at alternative ...
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This afterword looks at some of the most feasible ‘next-wave’ technology-driven changes, then at how the world market for government IT may change in the next two decades, and finally at alternative scenarios of how governments may handle the development of their IT systems. The study period has coincided with a massive increase in interest in government IT, as the spread of central government e-government initiatives across the world took on some aspects of the earlier dot.com boom in e-commerce. A key theme for the coming decades in all seven case study countries will be identity management. In taxation, social security, and immigration, technological trends are requiring ever greater innovation in terms of reliable identification and authentication techniques. Five feasible technology-driven changes with particular relevance for government over the coming decades are identified: web-based utility computing for some agencies; a shared-services mixed economy; spread of zero trend technologies; semantic Web; and graphical interface to governmental services.Less
This afterword looks at some of the most feasible ‘next-wave’ technology-driven changes, then at how the world market for government IT may change in the next two decades, and finally at alternative scenarios of how governments may handle the development of their IT systems. The study period has coincided with a massive increase in interest in government IT, as the spread of central government e-government initiatives across the world took on some aspects of the earlier dot.com boom in e-commerce. A key theme for the coming decades in all seven case study countries will be identity management. In taxation, social security, and immigration, technological trends are requiring ever greater innovation in terms of reliable identification and authentication techniques. Five feasible technology-driven changes with particular relevance for government over the coming decades are identified: web-based utility computing for some agencies; a shared-services mixed economy; spread of zero trend technologies; semantic Web; and graphical interface to governmental services.
K. L. Datta
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780190125028
- eISBN:
- 9780190991579
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190125028.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter discusses the circumstances which led the political leaders to adopt planning and use it as an instrument of policy in economic and social reconstruction in India after Independence. It ...
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This chapter discusses the circumstances which led the political leaders to adopt planning and use it as an instrument of policy in economic and social reconstruction in India after Independence. It elucidates how planning was initiated to modernize India’s resource-constrained, stagnant, and decaying economy, and dove-tailed with the mixed economy approach. It argues that the decision to use planning and the antecedent role to the state and the public sector was not taken by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru alone, as it also came from contemporary leaders. It dispels the notion that the planning model employed by the Soviet Union was straightjacketed in India. Appraising Nehru’s engagement with planners and policymakers, it refers to events that may have shaped his decision to rely on planning, in the context of India’s growth and development strategy that sought to increase income and improve the living standards of its people.Less
This chapter discusses the circumstances which led the political leaders to adopt planning and use it as an instrument of policy in economic and social reconstruction in India after Independence. It elucidates how planning was initiated to modernize India’s resource-constrained, stagnant, and decaying economy, and dove-tailed with the mixed economy approach. It argues that the decision to use planning and the antecedent role to the state and the public sector was not taken by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru alone, as it also came from contemporary leaders. It dispels the notion that the planning model employed by the Soviet Union was straightjacketed in India. Appraising Nehru’s engagement with planners and policymakers, it refers to events that may have shaped his decision to rely on planning, in the context of India’s growth and development strategy that sought to increase income and improve the living standards of its people.
Kevin Farnsworth
Elke Heins, Catherine Needham, and James Rees (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447343981
- eISBN:
- 9781447344018
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447343981.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter argues for a broadening of social policy focus, beyond the mixed economy approach (which incorporates social, private, informal/familial, voluntary, fiscal and occupational welfare) ...
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This chapter argues for a broadening of social policy focus, beyond the mixed economy approach (which incorporates social, private, informal/familial, voluntary, fiscal and occupational welfare) towards a whole economy approach that ‘brings in’ corporate welfare and a broader focus on taxation, public policies that overlap with social policy objectives, power and the economy.
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This chapter argues for a broadening of social policy focus, beyond the mixed economy approach (which incorporates social, private, informal/familial, voluntary, fiscal and occupational welfare) towards a whole economy approach that ‘brings in’ corporate welfare and a broader focus on taxation, public policies that overlap with social policy objectives, power and the economy.
Kari H. I. Grenade
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781628461510
- eISBN:
- 9781626740815
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781628461510.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
The chapter reviews economic policy and performance during the era of the People’s Revolutionary Government (PRG). It provides an overview of the economic environment during the Gairy era to help ...
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The chapter reviews economic policy and performance during the era of the People’s Revolutionary Government (PRG). It provides an overview of the economic environment during the Gairy era to help explain some of the possible causal antecedents (from an economic perspective) of the PRG’s insurrection in October, 1979, and why they would have pursued economic development differently from Gairy. It also discusses several aspects of development planning and policy as well as the performances of the four key economic sectors (real, fiscal, monetary and external) during 1979-83. A salient finding is that notwithstanding extensive social programs, the pursuit of a mixed economy model approach to development in an inherently and deeply-entrenched capitalist economic structure mitigated against the attainment of meaningful development results. The chapter ends with a discussion of some lessons evinced from the PRG’s experience that might be relevant for contemporary economic policy and management.Less
The chapter reviews economic policy and performance during the era of the People’s Revolutionary Government (PRG). It provides an overview of the economic environment during the Gairy era to help explain some of the possible causal antecedents (from an economic perspective) of the PRG’s insurrection in October, 1979, and why they would have pursued economic development differently from Gairy. It also discusses several aspects of development planning and policy as well as the performances of the four key economic sectors (real, fiscal, monetary and external) during 1979-83. A salient finding is that notwithstanding extensive social programs, the pursuit of a mixed economy model approach to development in an inherently and deeply-entrenched capitalist economic structure mitigated against the attainment of meaningful development results. The chapter ends with a discussion of some lessons evinced from the PRG’s experience that might be relevant for contemporary economic policy and management.
Crawford Adam
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861346858
- eISBN:
- 9781447302544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861346858.003.0012
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter tries to connect housing to an increasingly mixed economy of policing where the demand for security patrols in residential areas is delivered through different forms of neighbourhood ...
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This chapter tries to connect housing to an increasingly mixed economy of policing where the demand for security patrols in residential areas is delivered through different forms of neighbourhood wardens, police officers, and private security firms. It critiques the effectiveness of this mixed economy in improving the communities' fears of ASB and crime. It is argued that these developments actually symbolise an emerging form of community-based — but parochial — governance. The chapter also identifies the need to consider the coordination between ‘plural policing personnel’ and to make sure that there is enough accountability and regulation in this mixed economy.Less
This chapter tries to connect housing to an increasingly mixed economy of policing where the demand for security patrols in residential areas is delivered through different forms of neighbourhood wardens, police officers, and private security firms. It critiques the effectiveness of this mixed economy in improving the communities' fears of ASB and crime. It is argued that these developments actually symbolise an emerging form of community-based — but parochial — governance. The chapter also identifies the need to consider the coordination between ‘plural policing personnel’ and to make sure that there is enough accountability and regulation in this mixed economy.
Steve Rogowski
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847424488
- eISBN:
- 9781447303527
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847424488.003.0006
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
This chapter explores the growth of managerialism and the development of the ‘social-work business’ in Britain. Since the 1980s, more effective private-sector-type management has been presented as ...
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This chapter explores the growth of managerialism and the development of the ‘social-work business’ in Britain. Since the 1980s, more effective private-sector-type management has been presented as the panacea for almost every problem facing the public services, including social work. The introduction of managerialism and the social-work business have taken social work away from relationship-based activity, let alone anything more radical, critical, or even progressive. The rhetoric refers to ‘empowerment’, ‘choice’, and ‘needs-led assessment’, and there is an attempt to recreate the ‘client’ or ‘service user’ as a ‘consumer’/‘customer’, particularly as in the personalisation agenda. Significantly, we often see social-care organisations having to adapt to meet their targets rather than the real needs of the people they are supposed to serve. The chapter also discusses the emphasis on markets, the mixed economy, the expansion and intensification of regulation, consumerism as a major aspect of the social-work business, and privatisation and the voluntary sector.Less
This chapter explores the growth of managerialism and the development of the ‘social-work business’ in Britain. Since the 1980s, more effective private-sector-type management has been presented as the panacea for almost every problem facing the public services, including social work. The introduction of managerialism and the social-work business have taken social work away from relationship-based activity, let alone anything more radical, critical, or even progressive. The rhetoric refers to ‘empowerment’, ‘choice’, and ‘needs-led assessment’, and there is an attempt to recreate the ‘client’ or ‘service user’ as a ‘consumer’/‘customer’, particularly as in the personalisation agenda. Significantly, we often see social-care organisations having to adapt to meet their targets rather than the real needs of the people they are supposed to serve. The chapter also discusses the emphasis on markets, the mixed economy, the expansion and intensification of regulation, consumerism as a major aspect of the social-work business, and privatisation and the voluntary sector.
Daniel Ritschel
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198833048
- eISBN:
- 9780191871399
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198833048.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Political History
Though it is often suggested that the Labour Party did not think seriously about socialist economic policy until after the debacle of 1931, there was in fact a remarkably sophisticated body of ...
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Though it is often suggested that the Labour Party did not think seriously about socialist economic policy until after the debacle of 1931, there was in fact a remarkably sophisticated body of innovative economic thought on the left of the Party late in the 1920s. Fashioned by prominent left-wing intellectuals, including G. D. H. Cole, H. N. Brailsford, and John Strachey, their ideas anticipated many of the policies that were to define Labour economics over the next two decades, including a proto-Keynesian reflationary strategy for expansion of the slumping post-war economy, centralized economic planning in a ‘mixed’ system of public and private enterprise, and even a detailed outline of the public corporation as a model for the management of socialized industries. Their contributions failed to make an impact in 1929–31 mainly because of the inflexible resistance to all socialist advice by the MacDonald–Snowden leadership, and then their own unfortunate association with Mosley’s ill-fated rebellion in 1930–1. However, their ideas would influence the new generation of Labour economists among the New Fabians of the 1930s.Less
Though it is often suggested that the Labour Party did not think seriously about socialist economic policy until after the debacle of 1931, there was in fact a remarkably sophisticated body of innovative economic thought on the left of the Party late in the 1920s. Fashioned by prominent left-wing intellectuals, including G. D. H. Cole, H. N. Brailsford, and John Strachey, their ideas anticipated many of the policies that were to define Labour economics over the next two decades, including a proto-Keynesian reflationary strategy for expansion of the slumping post-war economy, centralized economic planning in a ‘mixed’ system of public and private enterprise, and even a detailed outline of the public corporation as a model for the management of socialized industries. Their contributions failed to make an impact in 1929–31 mainly because of the inflexible resistance to all socialist advice by the MacDonald–Snowden leadership, and then their own unfortunate association with Mosley’s ill-fated rebellion in 1930–1. However, their ideas would influence the new generation of Labour economists among the New Fabians of the 1930s.