Search Results

SOLID-SOLUTION STRENGTHENING

A. S. Argon

in Strengthening Mechanisms in Crystal Plasticity

Incorporation of a second constituent into a pure metal offers a very flexible means of strengthening. In this chapter, the interactions of individual solute atoms with dislocations are considered in ... More

Incorporation of a second constituent into a pure metal offers a very flexible means of strengthening. In this chapter, the interactions of individual solute atoms with dislocations are considered in detail. First, the effects of moderate concentrations of individual substitutional solute atoms in FCC and HCP metals with normally negligible lattice resistance in the low temperature range are considered, where the solute atoms are immobile in the lattice. Then, the much more complex interactions of solute atoms with screw dislocations in BCC metals are considered, again only in the low temperature range where, however, a substantial lattice resistance would now have been present in the pure reference metal. These two very different but complementary cases provide detailed insight and a framework into the mechanisms governing the temperature and strain rate dependence of the plastic resistance in solid solution alloys, not only for these specific cases but also for some other cases which are not covered in the chapter. The latter subjects include dislocation interactions with interstitial solute atoms and cases at moderately elevated temperature, where the solute becomes mobile in the lattice on the same time scale of motion of dislocations, resulting in instabilities in the form of jerky glide phenomena. Some of these phenomena are discussed in Chapter 8. Other and more complex interactions of strain hardening with solute strengthening are also not considered but are deferred to Chapter 8.Less

THE LATTICE RESISTANCE

A. S. Argon

in Strengthening Mechanisms in Crystal Plasticity

One of the most fundamental resistances to dislocation motion is that which the discrete lattice offers in a pure crystalline material in a temperature range where diffusion plays no role. This ... More

One of the most fundamental resistances to dislocation motion is that which the discrete lattice offers in a pure crystalline material in a temperature range where diffusion plays no role. This resistance will be considered from two mechanistically different points of view. First, the Peierls-Nabarro (PN) resistance is considered that results from the pulsing distortions of the dislocation core as it moves through the discrete lattice, affecting often the edge and screw dislocations differently and at very different levels in different crystal structures. Various models of this resistance affecting screw dislocations are examined in detail, leading to consideration of its temperature and strain rate dependence in many BCC metals, and to a lesser extent, in undoped diamond-cubic Si. Second, a form of ubiquitous resistance referred to as phonon drag, that arises from the interaction of moving dislocations with lattice thermal vibrations is presented. It is noted that the temperature dependence of phonon drag is radically different from that of the lattice resistance.Less

Alterity in the Gensis of the the Contemporary British TV Superhero

Jochen Ecke and Patrick Gill

in Superheroes On World Screens

British superheroes draw from a distinctive local tradition of superhero media. A look at the long tradition of portrayals of superheroes in British media suggests that these superheroes offer a ... More

British superheroes draw from a distinctive local tradition of superhero media. A look at the long tradition of portrayals of superheroes in British media suggests that these superheroes offer a different interpretation of the phenomenon that undermines classic and - by implication - American concepts of superheroes. For the past 40 years, most British television shows concerned with the adventures of superheroes have taken a keen interest in the corrupting, comedic or downright ridiculous aspects of a world in which certain individuals are endowed with superhuman powers. This chapter offers an historical account of British superheroes and analyzes three contemporary superhero shows in detail - My Hero (2000-2006), No Heroics (2008), and Misfits (from 2009) – thereby producing a taxonomy of British television responses to the superhero phenomenon.Less

Ferroelectric thin films

Robert Blinc

in Advanced Ferroelectricity

The development of thin films integrated into semiconductor chips allowed for the development of ferroelectric memories with high information density. The old question of how many unit cells are ... More

The development of thin films integrated into semiconductor chips allowed for the development of ferroelectric memories with high information density. The old question of how many unit cells are necessary that ferroelectricity, which is a collective phenomenon, does not disappear, thus became important not only for basic physics but also for technology. The film‐thickness dependence of the out‐of‐plane polarization and depolarizing field is presented. It is shown that the retention time due to thermodynamic nucleation of reversed domains imposes a new fundamental size limit for ferroelectric devices that is higher than the critical thickness for the disappearance of ferroelectricity due to depolarizing fields. The Tilley–Žekš model of phase transitions in thin films is discussed and the polarization profiles are presented. The effect of film thickness on the misfit strain induced magnetoelectric coupling is also treated.Less

Introduction: A Modern Sensation

in The World in Play: Portraits of a Victorian Concept

This introductory chapter starts by briefly considering how modernity felt to Victorians and how they described the sensation of modern life. It then sets out the purpose of this book, which is to ... More

This introductory chapter starts by briefly considering how modernity felt to Victorians and how they described the sensation of modern life. It then sets out the purpose of this book, which is to provide a compelling account of how various Victorian misfits, underdogs, and iconoclasts—antiestablishment literary figures with a penchant for questioning the middle-class worldview—grappled with, transformed, or in some cases made reluctant peace with the world in play. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.Less

Case Study of Dynamic Simulation

Vasily Bulatov and Wei Cai

in Computer Simulations of Dislocations

The preceding chapter focused on the dislocation core structure at zero temperature obtained by energy minimization. In this chapter we will discuss a case ... More

The preceding chapter focused on the dislocation core structure at zero temperature obtained by energy minimization. In this chapter we will discuss a case study of dislocation motion at finite temperature by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. MD simulations offer unique insights into the mechanistic and quantitative aspects of dislocation mobility because accurate measurements of dislocation velocity are generally difficult, and direct observations of dislocation motion in full atomistic detail are still impossible. The discussion of this case study is complete in terms of relevant details, including boundary and initial conditions, temperature and stress control, and, finally, visualization and data analysis. In Section 3.1 we discussed a method for introducing a dislocation into a simulation cell. It relies on the linear elasticity solutions for dislocation displacement fields. To expand our repertoire, let us try another method here. The idea is to create a planar misfit interface between two crystals, such that subsequent energy minimization would automatically lead to dislocation formation. Less

External Transformation Anchors

Vera Trappmann

in The Handbook of Political, Social, and Economic Transformation

This chapter analyses the role of the European Union as an external transformation anchor for political and economic transformations. Drawing on Europeanization and international socialization ... More

This chapter analyses the role of the European Union as an external transformation anchor for political and economic transformations. Drawing on Europeanization and international socialization literature, it argues that only conditionality makes it effective (promising or threatening to withdraw membership in the EU); although this does not imply that the wished-for outcome does occur, often compliance is only formal, and social institutions and informal arrangements remain untouched. The chapter analyses the different stages the EU developed in its accession policy, distinguishing the increasing levels of influence and the instruments of its leverage.Less

Living with Contempt

Alessandro Orsini

in Sacrifice: My Life in a Fascist Militia

This chapter deals with what the Sacrifice comrades think of what others think of them. The leader of a Sacrifice cell confirmed that the comrades were fully aware of the contempt in which people ... More

This chapter deals with what the Sacrifice comrades think of what others think of them. The leader of a Sacrifice cell confirmed that the comrades were fully aware of the contempt in which people held them. The Sacrifice militants have to face contempt not only of strangers but also, in some cases, of their family. There are five categories of insults against the Sacrifice militants. The first category is prompted by the idea that the Sacrifice comrades are “social misfits” seeking a group of people like themselves. The second category is prompted by the idea that the militants are by nature violent people. The third category is based on the idea that the comrades are ignorant of the history of Fascism because they have a very low IQ. The fourth category is prompted by the idea that Sacrifice militants are people with serious psychological disturbances. The fifth category includes insults that do not express any anthropological concept.Less

Topological Derivative Based Imaging of Small Inclusions in the Time-Harmonic Regime

Habib Ammari, Elie Bretin, Josselin Garnier, Hyeonbae Kang, Hyundae Lee, and Abdul Wahab

in Mathematical Methods in Elasticity Imaging

This chapter introduces a topological derivative (TD) based imaging framework for detecting small inclusions in the time-harmonic regime. Based on a weighted Helmholtz decomposition of the TD based ... More

This chapter introduces a topological derivative (TD) based imaging framework for detecting small inclusions in the time-harmonic regime. Based on a weighted Helmholtz decomposition of the TD based imaging functional, optimal resolution imaging is achieved. Its stability properties with respect to both medium and measurement noises are investigated. The chapter first considers the TD imaging functional resulting from the expansion of the filtered quadratic misfit with respect to the size of the inclusion. It shows that the imaging functional may not attain its maximum at the location of the inclusion. Moreover, the resolution of the image is below the diffraction limit. Both phenomena are due to the coupling of pressure and shear waves propagating with different wave speeds and polarization directions. The chapter concludes by presenting the sensitivity analysis of a modified imaging functional based on the weighted Helmholtz decomposition of the TD.Less

Introduction: Roadmap to Someone

Michael Lucey

in Someone: The Pragmatics of Misfit Sexualities, from Colette to Hervé Guibert

The introduction describes Someone’s structure and explains the term misfit sexuality in relation to common understandings of the term queer. Sexual misfits experience frustration in relation to ... More

The introduction describes Someone’s structure and explains the term misfit sexuality in relation to common understandings of the term queer. Sexual misfits experience frustration in relation to their sexuality due to a misfit between 1) the physical and social practices that might constitute a sexuality, 2) the language that might be involved in accomplishing those practices or in reflecting on them, and 3) the categories (both practical and theoretical) that structure the social world and provide it with intelligibility. Sexuality is understood to be both one sociological variable that we use to identify ourselves and others, and the effect of a cloud of other sociological variables. Misfits are people who discover that they don’t belong to the class that they have been taken (by themselves or by others) to belong to, because it happens that some criteria that nobody had ever mentioned (or would ever think to mention) has not been satisfied, or because they either lack an essential secondary property or possess a disqualifying one. The absence or presence of such a hidden or secondary property may not even be apparent until a certain event or interaction occurs, until a certain context emerges, or until a certain situation arises.Less

The Talk of the Town: Sexuality in Three Pinget Novels

Michael Lucey

in Someone: The Pragmatics of Misfit Sexualities, from Colette to Hervé Guibert

This chapter examines three novels by Robert Pinget, The Inquisitory, Someone, and The Libera Me Domine, demonstrating how these novels can be read as sophisticated sources of implicit theorizing ... More

This chapter examines three novels by Robert Pinget, The Inquisitory, Someone, and The Libera Me Domine, demonstrating how these novels can be read as sophisticated sources of implicit theorizing about the way sexuality exists in spoken language. Pinget’s novels study how, when people talk, they not only provide information, or reveal things about themselves; they also expose the structures of the social world as it and they exist in talk; they reveal that within their ability to talk is an ability to produce a representation of the social world that will be calibrated to their own position in it and to the relationship they imagine themselves as having with their interlocutors. Pinget is the most linguistico-anthropological of the writers studied in this book, and perhaps the most technically challenging to read as well. For Pinget, speakers are nodes in a structured world of talk, and their relation to sexuality is revealed through their ways of participating in the world of talk in which they are immersed. By way of his universe of exquisitely calibrated voices, Pinget presents a sophisticated vision of the way talk houses not only sexuality, but also a variety of overlapping social features of a self.Less

Fit and miss-fit: the global spread of urban spatial injustice

Suzanne Speak and Ashok Kumar

in Justice and Fairness in the City: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to 'Ordinary' Cities

In recent years there has been much criticism of the spatial injustices caused when cities, especially of the developing world, strive for ‘world class’ status. Against this backdrop, this chapter ... More

In recent years there has been much criticism of the spatial injustices caused when cities, especially of the developing world, strive for ‘world class’ status. Against this backdrop, this chapter discusses justice and fairness in one such city, Delhi, in India comparing it with what might be thought of as just the ‘ordinary city’ of Newcastle upon Tyne, England. The chapter highlights that, while the scale and form of that injustice might be different, we should not be complacent about injustice in ordinary cities. Further, it argues that injustice in both cities is underpinned by the pursuit of a new urban orthodoxy and a desire to overlay the city with what is perceived as acceptable urban behaviour and how those who are perceived as ‘misfits’ are addressed.Less

The poetics of subjectivity

Andrew Kahn, Mark Lipovetsky, Irina Reyfman, and Stephanie Sandler

in A History of Russian Literature

The chapter explores the poetic systems that evolved to represent and simultaneously shape new subjectivities, a rich and abiding topic in Russian poetry. The chapter surveys the organization and ... More

The chapter explores the poetic systems that evolved to represent and simultaneously shape new subjectivities, a rich and abiding topic in Russian poetry. The chapter surveys the organization and aesthetic outlook of key aesthetic movements (Symbolism, Acmeism, and Neo-Romanticism, among others) and concentrates on poetic representations of identity that emanate from group affiliations or artistic trends (such as zhiznetvorchestvo, an aesthetic that privileges the interplay of life and art). The chapter traces the emergence of discourses through which writers negotiated between a commitment to individual freedom and the larger state context. An Interlude between Chapters 2 and 3, “Misfits,” treats the poetics and poetry of authors whose approach to subjectivity and language thwart attempts to assign them to schools or specific trends.Less

Praxis of Refusal: Self-Fashioning Identity and Throwing Attitude in Pérez’s The First Rule of Punk

Lettycia Terrones

in Nerds, Goths, Geeks, and Freaks: Outsiders in Chicanx and Latinx Young Adult Literature

Teresa Covarrubias’s performance at Plaza de la Raza in Lincoln Heights epitomizes the act of refusing that which has been refused to you. Covarrubias invites all the other misfits, all the other ... More

Teresa Covarrubias’s performance at Plaza de la Raza in Lincoln Heights epitomizes the act of refusing that which has been refused to you. Covarrubias invites all the other misfits, all the other “kids like me,” to not capitulate to a gaze that would otherwise define and confine possibilities for Chicanx youth expression. María Luisa O’Neill-Morales (Malú,) the narrator of Celia C. Pérez’s The First Rule of Punk, finds affinity in the figure of Teresa Covarrubias. Malú’s interrogation of her complex bicultural heritage, and her eventual self-fashioning of an integrated identity activates the punk rock ethos to refuse agents of assimilation. This chapter explores how Pérez’s narrative holds up a mirror to all the weirdo outsiders, all the underrepresented youth who are also refused. This chapter argues how Pérez’s project, like Covarrubias’s, models acts of positive refusal that while acknowledging the delimiting systems that seek to shape Malú, also exemplifies through Malú’s agency how Chicanx youth create spaces wide enough to carry all their truths.Less