Alvin I. Goldman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195138924
- eISBN:
- 9780199786480
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195138929.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
How people assign mental states to others and how they represent or conceptualize such states in the first place are topics of interest to philosophy of mind, developmental psychology, and cognitive ...
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How people assign mental states to others and how they represent or conceptualize such states in the first place are topics of interest to philosophy of mind, developmental psychology, and cognitive neuroscience. Three competing answers to the question of how people impute mental states to others have been offered: by rationalizing, by theorizing, or by simulating. Simulation theory says that mindreaders produce mental states in their own minds that resemble, or aim to resemble, those of their targets; these states are then imputed to, or projected onto, the targets. In low-level mindreading, such as reading emotions from faces, simulation is mediated by automatic mirror systems. More controlled processes of simulation, here called “enactment imagination”, are used in high-level mindreading. Just as visual and motor imagery are attempts to replicate acts of seeing and doing, mindreading is characteristically an attempt to replicate the mental processes of a target, followed by projection of the imagination-generated state onto the target. Projection errors are symptomatic of simulation, because one’s own genuine states readily intrude into the simulational process. A nuanced form of introspection is introduced to explain self-attribution and also to address the question of how mental concepts are represented. A distinctive cognitive code involving introspective representations figures prominently in our concepts of mental states. The book concludes with an overview of the pervasive effects on social life of simulation, imitation, and empathy, and charts their possible roles in moral experience and the fictive arts.Less
How people assign mental states to others and how they represent or conceptualize such states in the first place are topics of interest to philosophy of mind, developmental psychology, and cognitive neuroscience. Three competing answers to the question of how people impute mental states to others have been offered: by rationalizing, by theorizing, or by simulating. Simulation theory says that mindreaders produce mental states in their own minds that resemble, or aim to resemble, those of their targets; these states are then imputed to, or projected onto, the targets. In low-level mindreading, such as reading emotions from faces, simulation is mediated by automatic mirror systems. More controlled processes of simulation, here called “enactment imagination”, are used in high-level mindreading. Just as visual and motor imagery are attempts to replicate acts of seeing and doing, mindreading is characteristically an attempt to replicate the mental processes of a target, followed by projection of the imagination-generated state onto the target. Projection errors are symptomatic of simulation, because one’s own genuine states readily intrude into the simulational process. A nuanced form of introspection is introduced to explain self-attribution and also to address the question of how mental concepts are represented. A distinctive cognitive code involving introspective representations figures prominently in our concepts of mental states. The book concludes with an overview of the pervasive effects on social life of simulation, imitation, and empathy, and charts their possible roles in moral experience and the fictive arts.
D. Huybrechts
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199296866
- eISBN:
- 9780191711329
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296866.003.0013
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Geometry / Topology
This chapter gives pointers for more advanced topics, which require prerequisites that are beyond standard introductions to algebraic geometry. The Mckay correspondence relates the ...
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This chapter gives pointers for more advanced topics, which require prerequisites that are beyond standard introductions to algebraic geometry. The Mckay correspondence relates the equivariant-derived category of a variety endowed with the action of a finite group and the derived category of a crepant resolution of the quotient. This chapter gives the results from Bridgeland, King, and Reid for a special crepant resolution provided by Hilbert schemes and of Bezrukavnikov and Kaledin for symplectic vector spaces. A brief discussion of Kontsevich's homological mirror symmetry is included, as well as a discussion of stability conditions on triangulated categories. Twisted sheaves and their derived categories can be dealt with in a similar way, and some of the results in particular for K3 surfaces are presented.Less
This chapter gives pointers for more advanced topics, which require prerequisites that are beyond standard introductions to algebraic geometry. The Mckay correspondence relates the equivariant-derived category of a variety endowed with the action of a finite group and the derived category of a crepant resolution of the quotient. This chapter gives the results from Bridgeland, King, and Reid for a special crepant resolution provided by Hilbert schemes and of Bezrukavnikov and Kaledin for symplectic vector spaces. A brief discussion of Kontsevich's homological mirror symmetry is included, as well as a discussion of stability conditions on triangulated categories. Twisted sheaves and their derived categories can be dealt with in a similar way, and some of the results in particular for K3 surfaces are presented.
Alvin I. Goldman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195138924
- eISBN:
- 9780199786480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195138929.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
People have a primitive and largely automatic ability to recognize emotions in faces, an ability best explained by simulation, more specifically, mirror processes. In lesion studies of fear, disgust, ...
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People have a primitive and largely automatic ability to recognize emotions in faces, an ability best explained by simulation, more specifically, mirror processes. In lesion studies of fear, disgust, and anger, paired selective deficits have been found in experiencing and recognizing these emotions. A patient with insula and basal ganglia damage, for example, scored very low on a questionnaire for experiencing disgust and was also significantly and selectively impaired in recognizing disgust in facial expressions. Such findings are best explained by simulation theory, which predicts that damage to a neural system responsible for undergoing a certain emotion would also yield impairment in recognizing it. Mirror processes involve matching neural activation in both a subject and an observer of a specific mental state, and such processes have been identified (via single cell recordings and neuroimaging studies) for motor intention, touch, pain, and the several emotions listed above.Less
People have a primitive and largely automatic ability to recognize emotions in faces, an ability best explained by simulation, more specifically, mirror processes. In lesion studies of fear, disgust, and anger, paired selective deficits have been found in experiencing and recognizing these emotions. A patient with insula and basal ganglia damage, for example, scored very low on a questionnaire for experiencing disgust and was also significantly and selectively impaired in recognizing disgust in facial expressions. Such findings are best explained by simulation theory, which predicts that damage to a neural system responsible for undergoing a certain emotion would also yield impairment in recognizing it. Mirror processes involve matching neural activation in both a subject and an observer of a specific mental state, and such processes have been identified (via single cell recordings and neuroimaging studies) for motor intention, touch, pain, and the several emotions listed above.
Alvin I. Goldman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195138924
- eISBN:
- 9780199786480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195138929.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
A wide variety of well-studied phenomena associated with mindreading are surveyed to probe the consistency of what is known about them with our version of simulation theory. These phenomena include ...
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A wide variety of well-studied phenomena associated with mindreading are surveyed to probe the consistency of what is known about them with our version of simulation theory. These phenomena include key ontogenetic stages such as gaze following, early intention tracking, and role play, as well as the psychopathology of autism. A link between mirror-neuron dysfunction and autism provides suggestive support for the simulation approach. Our distinction between low-level and high-level simulation fits comfortably with dual-process theories in cognitive science that draw a fundamental distinction between automatic and controlled processes. A tentative conjecture is offered about the evolution of simulation and mindreading, at least for more primitive kinds of simulation.Less
A wide variety of well-studied phenomena associated with mindreading are surveyed to probe the consistency of what is known about them with our version of simulation theory. These phenomena include key ontogenetic stages such as gaze following, early intention tracking, and role play, as well as the psychopathology of autism. A link between mirror-neuron dysfunction and autism provides suggestive support for the simulation approach. Our distinction between low-level and high-level simulation fits comfortably with dual-process theories in cognitive science that draw a fundamental distinction between automatic and controlled processes. A tentative conjecture is offered about the evolution of simulation and mindreading, at least for more primitive kinds of simulation.
Michael Ward
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195313871
- eISBN:
- 9780199871964
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195313871.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Literature
Venus and Aphrodite in Lewis's scholarship, poetry, Perelandra, That Hideous Strength, and in the poetry of Charles Williams. Complexity of signification. The donegality of The Magician's Nephew. ...
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Venus and Aphrodite in Lewis's scholarship, poetry, Perelandra, That Hideous Strength, and in the poetry of Charles Williams. Complexity of signification. The donegality of The Magician's Nephew. Venus Infernal, the Morning Star, apples in the Garden of the Hesperides, mirrors, mothers, copper, laughter, fertility, sweetness. How to rank human love with respect to divine love.Less
Venus and Aphrodite in Lewis's scholarship, poetry, Perelandra, That Hideous Strength, and in the poetry of Charles Williams. Complexity of signification. The donegality of The Magician's Nephew. Venus Infernal, the Morning Star, apples in the Garden of the Hesperides, mirrors, mothers, copper, laughter, fertility, sweetness. How to rank human love with respect to divine love.
John R. B. Lighton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195310610
- eISBN:
- 9780199871414
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310610.003.0014
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Biotechnology
All analyzers have strengths and limitations that vary with the technology used, and directly affect their suitability for different types of metabolic rate measurement. This chapter discusses the ...
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All analyzers have strengths and limitations that vary with the technology used, and directly affect their suitability for different types of metabolic rate measurement. This chapter discusses the chief technologies utilized in aerial gas analyzers, and their advantages, disadvantages, and operating characteristics. For oxygen analyzers, the single channel and differential heated zirconia cell, single channel and differential fuel cell, and paramagnetic types are described. For carbon dioxide analyzers, the single-wavelength and dual-wavelength non-dispersive infrared types are discussed. For water vapor analyzers, the chilled-mirror and capacitive types are considered.Less
All analyzers have strengths and limitations that vary with the technology used, and directly affect their suitability for different types of metabolic rate measurement. This chapter discusses the chief technologies utilized in aerial gas analyzers, and their advantages, disadvantages, and operating characteristics. For oxygen analyzers, the single channel and differential heated zirconia cell, single channel and differential fuel cell, and paramagnetic types are described. For carbon dioxide analyzers, the single-wavelength and dual-wavelength non-dispersive infrared types are discussed. For water vapor analyzers, the chilled-mirror and capacitive types are considered.
Roger Masterman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265376
- eISBN:
- 9780191760426
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265376.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
The notion that the protections afforded by domestic courts pursuant to the Human Rights Act should ‘mirror’ the rights enforced by the European Court of Human Rights has been a recurring feature of ...
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The notion that the protections afforded by domestic courts pursuant to the Human Rights Act should ‘mirror’ the rights enforced by the European Court of Human Rights has been a recurring feature of judicial discussions on the nature and extent of the ‘Convention rights’ in domestic law, and has exercised a powerful influence over how those rights have been given legal effect. This chapter argues that the mirror principle is based on an overly narrow interpretation of the purpose of the Human Rights Act, provides an inadequate foundation for the development of domestic rights jurisprudence, and is an increasingly inaccurate description of judicial and constitutional practice.Less
The notion that the protections afforded by domestic courts pursuant to the Human Rights Act should ‘mirror’ the rights enforced by the European Court of Human Rights has been a recurring feature of judicial discussions on the nature and extent of the ‘Convention rights’ in domestic law, and has exercised a powerful influence over how those rights have been given legal effect. This chapter argues that the mirror principle is based on an overly narrow interpretation of the purpose of the Human Rights Act, provides an inadequate foundation for the development of domestic rights jurisprudence, and is an increasingly inaccurate description of judicial and constitutional practice.
Rebecca M. Empson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264737
- eISBN:
- 9780191753992
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264737.003.0006
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter examines the role of the mirror, which is placed at the centre of the display, to reveal an exemplary kind of person made from each of the parts that constitute the household chest. ...
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This chapter examines the role of the mirror, which is placed at the centre of the display, to reveal an exemplary kind of person made from each of the parts that constitute the household chest. Drawing on recent work in artefact-oriented research, these visible and hidden components of the household chest appear as inter-dependent perspectives that index different concepts of the person. They reveal that relations based on affinity, separation, rupture, and difference are the necessary, yet invisible, background that supports the visibly foregrounded relations based on shared bone, containment, and sameness. When viewed together, through the mirror that stands at the centre of the display, we see that a person is made from each of them. Far from being a mere psychological reaction to external stimuli, here vision of oneself through the mirror becomes the ‘tool’ through which an exemplary kind of personhood is revealed.Less
This chapter examines the role of the mirror, which is placed at the centre of the display, to reveal an exemplary kind of person made from each of the parts that constitute the household chest. Drawing on recent work in artefact-oriented research, these visible and hidden components of the household chest appear as inter-dependent perspectives that index different concepts of the person. They reveal that relations based on affinity, separation, rupture, and difference are the necessary, yet invisible, background that supports the visibly foregrounded relations based on shared bone, containment, and sameness. When viewed together, through the mirror that stands at the centre of the display, we see that a person is made from each of them. Far from being a mere psychological reaction to external stimuli, here vision of oneself through the mirror becomes the ‘tool’ through which an exemplary kind of personhood is revealed.
Naichung Conan Leung and Shing‐Tung Yau
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199534920
- eISBN:
- 9780191716010
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534920.003.0015
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Geometry / Topology
Mirror symmetry conjecture says that for any Calabi–Yau (CY) manifold M near the large complex/symplectic structure limit, there is another CY manifold X, called the mirror manifold, such that the ...
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Mirror symmetry conjecture says that for any Calabi–Yau (CY) manifold M near the large complex/symplectic structure limit, there is another CY manifold X, called the mirror manifold, such that the B-model superstring theory on M is equivalent to the A-model superstring theory on X, and vice versa. Mathematically speaking, it roughly says that the complex geometry of M is equivalent to the symplectic geometry of X, and vice versa. It is conjectured that this duality can be realized as a Fourier-type transformation along fibers of special Lagrangian fibrations on M and X, called the SYZ mirror transformation FSY Z. This chapter addresses the following two questions: (i) What is the SYZ transform of the elliptic fibration structure on M? (ii) What is the SYZ transform of the FM transform FFM cx? Section 15.2 reviews the SYZ mirror transformation and show that the mirror manifold to an elliptically fibered CY manifold has a twin Lagrangian fibration structure. Section 15.3 reviews the FM transform in complex geometry in general and also for elliptic manifolds. Section 15.4 first defines the symplectic FM transform between Lagrangian cycles on X and Y, and then defines twin Lagrangian fibrations, giving several examples of them, and studies their basic properties. Section 15.5 shows that the SYZ transformation of the complex FM transform between M and W is the symplectic FM transform between X and Y, which is actually the identity transformation.Less
Mirror symmetry conjecture says that for any Calabi–Yau (CY) manifold M near the large complex/symplectic structure limit, there is another CY manifold X, called the mirror manifold, such that the B-model superstring theory on M is equivalent to the A-model superstring theory on X, and vice versa. Mathematically speaking, it roughly says that the complex geometry of M is equivalent to the symplectic geometry of X, and vice versa. It is conjectured that this duality can be realized as a Fourier-type transformation along fibers of special Lagrangian fibrations on M and X, called the SYZ mirror transformation FSY Z. This chapter addresses the following two questions: (i) What is the SYZ transform of the elliptic fibration structure on M? (ii) What is the SYZ transform of the FM transform FFM cx? Section 15.2 reviews the SYZ mirror transformation and show that the mirror manifold to an elliptically fibered CY manifold has a twin Lagrangian fibration structure. Section 15.3 reviews the FM transform in complex geometry in general and also for elliptic manifolds. Section 15.4 first defines the symplectic FM transform between Lagrangian cycles on X and Y, and then defines twin Lagrangian fibrations, giving several examples of them, and studies their basic properties. Section 15.5 shows that the SYZ transformation of the complex FM transform between M and W is the symplectic FM transform between X and Y, which is actually the identity transformation.
Michael L. Frazer
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195390667
- eISBN:
- 9780199866687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390667.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter explores potential implications of eighteenth-century sentimentalism for both academic research and public policy in the twenty-first century. It begins with the many potential ...
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This chapter explores potential implications of eighteenth-century sentimentalism for both academic research and public policy in the twenty-first century. It begins with the many potential contributions Enlightenment sentimentalism could make to today’s empirical social science, in disciplines from neuroscience to behavioral economics to descriptive moral and political psychology. It then goes on to explore sentimentalism’s potential contribution to normative moral and political philosophy, with a focus on the distinctive sentimentalist position on the proper relationship between facts and values, and hence between empirical science and normative theory. The chapter concludes by pointing out that, in addition to being of considerable academic interest, sentimentalist theory could also help improve political practice in matters including democratic deliberation and civic education.Less
This chapter explores potential implications of eighteenth-century sentimentalism for both academic research and public policy in the twenty-first century. It begins with the many potential contributions Enlightenment sentimentalism could make to today’s empirical social science, in disciplines from neuroscience to behavioral economics to descriptive moral and political psychology. It then goes on to explore sentimentalism’s potential contribution to normative moral and political philosophy, with a focus on the distinctive sentimentalist position on the proper relationship between facts and values, and hence between empirical science and normative theory. The chapter concludes by pointing out that, in addition to being of considerable academic interest, sentimentalist theory could also help improve political practice in matters including democratic deliberation and civic education.
Christopher Fletcher
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199546916
- eISBN:
- 9780191720826
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546916.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter moves from the commonplace ideas found in the language of manhood to the more elaborate theoretical explorations of manhood, femaleness, and youth found in medical writings, ...
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This chapter moves from the commonplace ideas found in the language of manhood to the more elaborate theoretical explorations of manhood, femaleness, and youth found in medical writings, encyclopaedia, sermons, and ‘mirrors for princes’. These writings accord with the language of manhood in associating manhood with strength and energy. Youth, too, is characterized by strength, but also by inconstancy, a lack of steadfastness which unites youths with women, and leaves them particularly exposed to evil counsel and the temptations of the flesh. It is these characteristics which served as the basis for the attack on Richard II, not the associations with strength and honour which the king's established reputation might lead one to expect. This invites a reconsideration of how these themes became so important in Richard's reign, by returning in detail to the politics of these years.Less
This chapter moves from the commonplace ideas found in the language of manhood to the more elaborate theoretical explorations of manhood, femaleness, and youth found in medical writings, encyclopaedia, sermons, and ‘mirrors for princes’. These writings accord with the language of manhood in associating manhood with strength and energy. Youth, too, is characterized by strength, but also by inconstancy, a lack of steadfastness which unites youths with women, and leaves them particularly exposed to evil counsel and the temptations of the flesh. It is these characteristics which served as the basis for the attack on Richard II, not the associations with strength and honour which the king's established reputation might lead one to expect. This invites a reconsideration of how these themes became so important in Richard's reign, by returning in detail to the politics of these years.
Max Saunders
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199579761
- eISBN:
- 9780191722882
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579761.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This shorter chapter is really a coda to the first half of the book, arguing that an alternative contemporary response to the disturbance in life‐writing is represented by the impressionist ...
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This shorter chapter is really a coda to the first half of the book, arguing that an alternative contemporary response to the disturbance in life‐writing is represented by the impressionist autobiographies of the novelists Henry James, Joseph Conrad, and Ford Madox Ford. It discusses the recent rehabilitation of the concept of literary impressionism in theoretical studies of fiction. While its discussion of the impression looks back to the studies of Pater, Ruskin, and Proust, it also looks forward to the modernists discussed in Part II.Less
This shorter chapter is really a coda to the first half of the book, arguing that an alternative contemporary response to the disturbance in life‐writing is represented by the impressionist autobiographies of the novelists Henry James, Joseph Conrad, and Ford Madox Ford. It discusses the recent rehabilitation of the concept of literary impressionism in theoretical studies of fiction. While its discussion of the impression looks back to the studies of Pater, Ruskin, and Proust, it also looks forward to the modernists discussed in Part II.
Sophie Ratcliffe
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199239870
- eISBN:
- 9780191716799
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199239870.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry
This chapter considers Auden's longer poems, especially The Sea and the Mirror, with reference to his ideas about sympathy and theological belief. It demonstrates how Auden's concerns about Freudian ...
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This chapter considers Auden's longer poems, especially The Sea and the Mirror, with reference to his ideas about sympathy and theological belief. It demonstrates how Auden's concerns about Freudian developmental theories of emotion and sympathy affected his formal choices, particularly his use of allusion and rhyme. Formerly unnoticed allusions to Henry James's writing in Auden's poetry are explored. Chapter 3 counters post-structuralist readings of later Auden demonstrating that this repeated use of allusion has a theological intent.Less
This chapter considers Auden's longer poems, especially The Sea and the Mirror, with reference to his ideas about sympathy and theological belief. It demonstrates how Auden's concerns about Freudian developmental theories of emotion and sympathy affected his formal choices, particularly his use of allusion and rhyme. Formerly unnoticed allusions to Henry James's writing in Auden's poetry are explored. Chapter 3 counters post-structuralist readings of later Auden demonstrating that this repeated use of allusion has a theological intent.
William C. Chittick
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195139136
- eISBN:
- 9780199834075
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195139135.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
Includes translations of 10 essays, several quatrains, 4 complete treatises, and excerpts from two others. The first treatise, Makings and Ornaments of Well‐Provisioned Kings, provides a mirror for ...
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Includes translations of 10 essays, several quatrains, 4 complete treatises, and excerpts from two others. The first treatise, Makings and Ornaments of Well‐Provisioned Kings, provides a mirror for princes presented in terms of perfecting the soul through the realization of the correspondence between microcosm and macrocosm and the actualization of the virtues. The Book of the Everlasting describes the origin of the soul and its return to God and, uniquely among the treatises, cites proof‐texts from the Koran. The Rungs of Perfection analyzes the soul in terms of being, perception, and the faculties and offers a systematic map of the stages whereby one can achieve full actualization of selfhood and linkage with the divine light. The Book of the Road's End provides a more technical discussion of many of the issues dealt with in the other three treatises. The chapter concludes with excerpts from The Clarifying Method, an important treatise on logic.Less
Includes translations of 10 essays, several quatrains, 4 complete treatises, and excerpts from two others. The first treatise, Makings and Ornaments of Well‐Provisioned Kings, provides a mirror for princes presented in terms of perfecting the soul through the realization of the correspondence between microcosm and macrocosm and the actualization of the virtues. The Book of the Everlasting describes the origin of the soul and its return to God and, uniquely among the treatises, cites proof‐texts from the Koran. The Rungs of Perfection analyzes the soul in terms of being, perception, and the faculties and offers a systematic map of the stages whereby one can achieve full actualization of selfhood and linkage with the divine light. The Book of the Road's End provides a more technical discussion of many of the issues dealt with in the other three treatises. The chapter concludes with excerpts from The Clarifying Method, an important treatise on logic.
Peter J. Schmelz
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195341935
- eISBN:
- 9780199866854
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341935.003.0003
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter investigates Andrey Volkonsky's early controversial career and the compositional background and performance history of his three most influential serial works: Musica Stricta, Suite of ...
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This chapter investigates Andrey Volkonsky's early controversial career and the compositional background and performance history of his three most influential serial works: Musica Stricta, Suite of Mirrors, and Laments of Shchaza, all of which helped set the stage for the “unofficial” musical subculture that would flourish by the mid-1960s. It also traces Volkonsky's development from difficult conservatory student to notorious “young composer” to charismatic performer of early music, charting his fluctuating reception by Soviet officials while also considering the nature of his own opposition to officialdom. Andrey Volkonsky Musica Stricta Suite of Mirrors Laments of Shchaza serialism conservatory receptionLess
This chapter investigates Andrey Volkonsky's early controversial career and the compositional background and performance history of his three most influential serial works: Musica Stricta, Suite of Mirrors, and Laments of Shchaza, all of which helped set the stage for the “unofficial” musical subculture that would flourish by the mid-1960s. It also traces Volkonsky's development from difficult conservatory student to notorious “young composer” to charismatic performer of early music, charting his fluctuating reception by Soviet officials while also considering the nature of his own opposition to officialdom. Andrey Volkonsky Musica Stricta Suite of Mirrors Laments of Shchaza serialism conservatory reception
Casey O'Callaghan
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199215928
- eISBN:
- 9780191706875
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199215928.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
The event theory nonetheless owes an account of echoes and echo experiences. Though sounds do not travel, echoes are not distinct from primary sounds. Echo experiences are illusory experiences of ...
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The event theory nonetheless owes an account of echoes and echo experiences. Though sounds do not travel, echoes are not distinct from primary sounds. Echo experiences are illusory experiences of ordinary primary sounds. Echo experiences involve spatial, temporal, and qualitative illusions. Such illusions, however, are no more problematic than those that attend seeing objects with mirrors. Nonetheless, we should not accept that echoes are images.Less
The event theory nonetheless owes an account of echoes and echo experiences. Though sounds do not travel, echoes are not distinct from primary sounds. Echo experiences are illusory experiences of ordinary primary sounds. Echo experiences involve spatial, temporal, and qualitative illusions. Such illusions, however, are no more problematic than those that attend seeing objects with mirrors. Nonetheless, we should not accept that echoes are images.
Roy Sorensen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195326574
- eISBN:
- 9780199870271
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326574.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
A para-reflection is a privational phenomenon that is often mistaken as a reflection. You have seen them as the “reflection” of your pupil in the mirror. Your iris reflects light in the standard way ...
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A para-reflection is a privational phenomenon that is often mistaken as a reflection. You have seen them as the “reflection” of your pupil in the mirror. Your iris reflects light in the standard way but your pupil absorbs all but a negligible amount of light (as do other dark things such as coal and black velvet). Para-reflections work by contrast. Since they are parasitic on their host reflections, para-reflections are relational and dependent in a way that reflections are not. Nevertheless, para-reflections obey nearly all the laws of reflection with exquisite fidelity. Physicists and psychologists who study optics have neglected these everyday phenomena. Happily, physicists have been attentive and insightful about other privational phenomena such as vacuums and cold spots. This kind of subtle treatment of negative things needs to be extended to optics.Less
A para-reflection is a privational phenomenon that is often mistaken as a reflection. You have seen them as the “reflection” of your pupil in the mirror. Your iris reflects light in the standard way but your pupil absorbs all but a negligible amount of light (as do other dark things such as coal and black velvet). Para-reflections work by contrast. Since they are parasitic on their host reflections, para-reflections are relational and dependent in a way that reflections are not. Nevertheless, para-reflections obey nearly all the laws of reflection with exquisite fidelity. Physicists and psychologists who study optics have neglected these everyday phenomena. Happily, physicists have been attentive and insightful about other privational phenomena such as vacuums and cold spots. This kind of subtle treatment of negative things needs to be extended to optics.
Sarah Gerson and Amanda Woodward
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195331059
- eISBN:
- 9780199864072
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331059.003.0015
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter considers the potential origins of the ability to discern others' intentions in acting. It focuses on a category of experience that has long been hypothesized to contribute to ...
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This chapter considers the potential origins of the ability to discern others' intentions in acting. It focuses on a category of experience that has long been hypothesized to contribute to intentional understanding: namely, first-person agentive experience. Theoretically, it seems reasonable that one's own experience as an agent could provide useful information for understanding other agents. A true test of this general hypothesis requires (1) measuring infants' analysis of observed action structure and (2) relating this measure to variations in infants' own actions. The chapter turns first to recent studies that have done just this, and in so doing provided initial evidence that this general proposal is on the right track. It then turns to the much harder question of why self-produced experience might have an effect on the development of action understanding. This question will leads to the consideration of recent work on mirror systems, the limits of mirror systems, and the role of analogy in conceptual development.Less
This chapter considers the potential origins of the ability to discern others' intentions in acting. It focuses on a category of experience that has long been hypothesized to contribute to intentional understanding: namely, first-person agentive experience. Theoretically, it seems reasonable that one's own experience as an agent could provide useful information for understanding other agents. A true test of this general hypothesis requires (1) measuring infants' analysis of observed action structure and (2) relating this measure to variations in infants' own actions. The chapter turns first to recent studies that have done just this, and in so doing provided initial evidence that this general proposal is on the right track. It then turns to the much harder question of why self-produced experience might have an effect on the development of action understanding. This question will leads to the consideration of recent work on mirror systems, the limits of mirror systems, and the role of analogy in conceptual development.
Sam Rohdie
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781784992637
- eISBN:
- 9781526104151
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784992637.003.0016
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
The multiple narratives are duplicates of each other that proceed in parallel and are simultaneous in time. There is no linear thread, but rather circularities and reversals that mirror each other.
The multiple narratives are duplicates of each other that proceed in parallel and are simultaneous in time. There is no linear thread, but rather circularities and reversals that mirror each other.
Katja Guenther
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780823266135
- eISBN:
- 9780823266975
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823266135.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter begins with a discussion of the discovery of mirror neurons and the controversy they generated. It then turns to mirror neuron research and shows that the organization of mirror neuron ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of the discovery of mirror neurons and the controversy they generated. It then turns to mirror neuron research and shows that the organization of mirror neuron experiments made as conditions of research two forms of difference between the mirrored acts: nonsimultaneity and incongruence. References to these forms of differences have multiplied within the mirror neuron literature, and they have provided powerful resources for a number of important debates, for instance about the distinction between animals and humans in so-called higher order mirroring and the explanation of the origins of language. The final section deals with mirror neuron research on empathy and the emotional reading of mirror neuron function that it has legitimated.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of the discovery of mirror neurons and the controversy they generated. It then turns to mirror neuron research and shows that the organization of mirror neuron experiments made as conditions of research two forms of difference between the mirrored acts: nonsimultaneity and incongruence. References to these forms of differences have multiplied within the mirror neuron literature, and they have provided powerful resources for a number of important debates, for instance about the distinction between animals and humans in so-called higher order mirroring and the explanation of the origins of language. The final section deals with mirror neuron research on empathy and the emotional reading of mirror neuron function that it has legitimated.
