Price V. Fishback
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195067255
- eISBN:
- 9780199855025
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195067255.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Coal mining offered the opportunity to earn money quickly during booms, but it was a dirty, dangerous job often located in isolated little towns. To protect themselves against exploitation by ...
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Coal mining offered the opportunity to earn money quickly during booms, but it was a dirty, dangerous job often located in isolated little towns. To protect themselves against exploitation by employers, coal miners exercised both voice and exit. The voice came in the form of collective action either through the formation of labor unions or labor strikes. The United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) enhanced the welfare of their members in several ways. Within the coal industry, miners obtained higher wages by joining the union and striking. The union did not necessarily lead to a better situation in all phases of the job, however. Accident rates were no lower in union than in non-union mines, nor was the quality of sanitation better, holding other factors constant. Blacks were welcomed into the union in the mining areas where they had long been located, but a number of union locals in the North treated blacks as pariahs. The UMWA was crushed along with the coal operators by the deterioration of the industry in the late 1920s and early 1930s.Less
Coal mining offered the opportunity to earn money quickly during booms, but it was a dirty, dangerous job often located in isolated little towns. To protect themselves against exploitation by employers, coal miners exercised both voice and exit. The voice came in the form of collective action either through the formation of labor unions or labor strikes. The United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) enhanced the welfare of their members in several ways. Within the coal industry, miners obtained higher wages by joining the union and striking. The union did not necessarily lead to a better situation in all phases of the job, however. Accident rates were no lower in union than in non-union mines, nor was the quality of sanitation better, holding other factors constant. Blacks were welcomed into the union in the mining areas where they had long been located, but a number of union locals in the North treated blacks as pariahs. The UMWA was crushed along with the coal operators by the deterioration of the industry in the late 1920s and early 1930s.
John Hatcher
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198282822
- eISBN:
- 9780191684418
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198282822.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Economic History
Well before 1700, Britain had become heavily dependent upon coal for its fuel, and coalmining had taken its place among the nation's staple industries. This book traces the production and trade of ...
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Well before 1700, Britain had become heavily dependent upon coal for its fuel, and coalmining had taken its place among the nation's staple industries. This book traces the production and trade of coal from the intermittent small-scale activity which prevailed in the Middle Ages to the rapid expansion and rising importance which characterized the early modern era. Thoroughly grounded in a formidable range of sources, the book explores the economics and management of mining, the productivity and profitability of colliery enterprise, and the progress of technology. The book examines the owners and operators of collieries and the sources of mining capital, as well as the colliers themselves, their working conditions and earnings. It argues that the spectacular growth of coal output in this period was achieved more through evolutionary than revolutionary processes.Less
Well before 1700, Britain had become heavily dependent upon coal for its fuel, and coalmining had taken its place among the nation's staple industries. This book traces the production and trade of coal from the intermittent small-scale activity which prevailed in the Middle Ages to the rapid expansion and rising importance which characterized the early modern era. Thoroughly grounded in a formidable range of sources, the book explores the economics and management of mining, the productivity and profitability of colliery enterprise, and the progress of technology. The book examines the owners and operators of collieries and the sources of mining capital, as well as the colliers themselves, their working conditions and earnings. It argues that the spectacular growth of coal output in this period was achieved more through evolutionary than revolutionary processes.
Vaclav Smil
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195168754
- eISBN:
- 9780199783601
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195168755.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Mechanization — a key trend of pre-WWI technical advances — intensified in all industrial sectors and reached new levels with automation and robotization after WWII. Major advances made in coal ...
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Mechanization — a key trend of pre-WWI technical advances — intensified in all industrial sectors and reached new levels with automation and robotization after WWII. Major advances made in coal mining, oil and gas extraction, and in key manufacturing sectors such as car making benefited not only from ingenious robotization, but also from new methods of organization and flexible production. Agriculture also became much less labor intensive thanks to new high energy subsidies for machines and agrochemicals (fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides).Less
Mechanization — a key trend of pre-WWI technical advances — intensified in all industrial sectors and reached new levels with automation and robotization after WWII. Major advances made in coal mining, oil and gas extraction, and in key manufacturing sectors such as car making benefited not only from ingenious robotization, but also from new methods of organization and flexible production. Agriculture also became much less labor intensive thanks to new high energy subsidies for machines and agrochemicals (fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides).
Jun Suzuki
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780198292746
- eISBN:
- 9780191603891
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292740.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter discusses the importance of artisan workshops in the development of the machine manufacturing industry. Silk-reeling and coal mining, which played the significant role in Japan’s ...
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This chapter discusses the importance of artisan workshops in the development of the machine manufacturing industry. Silk-reeling and coal mining, which played the significant role in Japan’s industrialization, depended on these workshops with low priced boilers and pumps. This association is an example of the way positive linkages worked between small-scale production and leading export-oriented industries. Similar interconnections contributed to the establishment of modern machine manufacturing factories by providing training for skilled workers and forming markets for machinery.Less
This chapter discusses the importance of artisan workshops in the development of the machine manufacturing industry. Silk-reeling and coal mining, which played the significant role in Japan’s industrialization, depended on these workshops with low priced boilers and pumps. This association is an example of the way positive linkages worked between small-scale production and leading export-oriented industries. Similar interconnections contributed to the establishment of modern machine manufacturing factories by providing training for skilled workers and forming markets for machinery.
Peter A. Swenson
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195142976
- eISBN:
- 9780199872190
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195142977.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter returns to the analysis of twentieth century U.S. to explain the dual nature of its system of labor market governance in which cartelism, a centralized system of multiemployer collective ...
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This chapter returns to the analysis of twentieth century U.S. to explain the dual nature of its system of labor market governance in which cartelism, a centralized system of multiemployer collective bargaining, thrived alongside segmentalism in important sectors like bituminous coal mining, clothing, and building and construction. In these sectors, employers and unions joined in cross‐class alliance to prop up wages to stem destabilizing low‐standard competition. The regulatory alliance, distinct from Sweden's solidarism, which imposed ceilings instead of floors on wages, helped give rise to economic and political phenomena of an equally distinct nature, e.g., early ties between the Republican Party and the powerful miners’ union; corruption in building and construction (which was absent in Sweden); and ultimately, employer interests in the New Deal's labor and social legislation of the 1930s.Less
This chapter returns to the analysis of twentieth century U.S. to explain the dual nature of its system of labor market governance in which cartelism, a centralized system of multiemployer collective bargaining, thrived alongside segmentalism in important sectors like bituminous coal mining, clothing, and building and construction. In these sectors, employers and unions joined in cross‐class alliance to prop up wages to stem destabilizing low‐standard competition. The regulatory alliance, distinct from Sweden's solidarism, which imposed ceilings instead of floors on wages, helped give rise to economic and political phenomena of an equally distinct nature, e.g., early ties between the Republican Party and the powerful miners’ union; corruption in building and construction (which was absent in Sweden); and ultimately, employer interests in the New Deal's labor and social legislation of the 1930s.
William H. Boothby
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199569946
- eISBN:
- 9780191705250
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199569946.003.0016
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter discusses the law applicable to sea mines, nuclear mines, submarines, missiles, and torpedoes. In the context of sea mines, the 1907 Convention that addresses automatic submarine contact ...
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This chapter discusses the law applicable to sea mines, nuclear mines, submarines, missiles, and torpedoes. In the context of sea mines, the 1907 Convention that addresses automatic submarine contact mines is explained and its continuing relevance is evaluated. Contemporary law on the topic, as discussed in the San Remo Manual, is outlined and the customary law relating to sea mines is considered. After a brief discussion of nuclear mines, an account is given of the early treaties that sought to address the problems posed by submarines. The customary rules applicable to submarine warfare are stated, and the rules on the topic in the San Remo Manual and in the UK Manual are given. The law relating to the maritime use of missiles, other projectiles, and torpedoes is then stated and explained and relevant conclusions are drawn.Less
This chapter discusses the law applicable to sea mines, nuclear mines, submarines, missiles, and torpedoes. In the context of sea mines, the 1907 Convention that addresses automatic submarine contact mines is explained and its continuing relevance is evaluated. Contemporary law on the topic, as discussed in the San Remo Manual, is outlined and the customary law relating to sea mines is considered. After a brief discussion of nuclear mines, an account is given of the early treaties that sought to address the problems posed by submarines. The customary rules applicable to submarine warfare are stated, and the rules on the topic in the San Remo Manual and in the UK Manual are given. The law relating to the maritime use of missiles, other projectiles, and torpedoes is then stated and explained and relevant conclusions are drawn.
Alfred Michael Hirt
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199572878
- eISBN:
- 9780191721885
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572878.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
For the Roman empire the control of its metal and marble resources was of high significance: marble was central to the representation of imperial wealth and power and the uninhibited access to metal ...
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For the Roman empire the control of its metal and marble resources was of high significance: marble was central to the representation of imperial wealth and power and the uninhibited access to metal vital for the economic and political survival of the empire. This book aims to provide a detailed survey of the organizational measures devised for the extraction of metals and marbles and is restricted to mines and quarries under imperial control. Following the description of geological and topographical constraints and organizational challenges, the book focuses on the legal definition of mining and quarrying districts, the hierarchical structures and administrative responsibilities of the imperial officials (procuratores) and their staff, as well as the role of the Roman army, of private contractors and the workforce in these extractive operations. Finally, it addresses the position of mining and quarrying operations within the wider framework of the imperial administration and explores the role of the emperor vis-à-vis the mines and quarries within his empire. Although the emperor can play a vital part in allocating people and resources to quarries and mines, much of the organizational burden is placed on the men on the spot — a result of varying organizational constraints faced by procurators, Roman officers, or private contractors charged with running mining and quarrying operationsLess
For the Roman empire the control of its metal and marble resources was of high significance: marble was central to the representation of imperial wealth and power and the uninhibited access to metal vital for the economic and political survival of the empire. This book aims to provide a detailed survey of the organizational measures devised for the extraction of metals and marbles and is restricted to mines and quarries under imperial control. Following the description of geological and topographical constraints and organizational challenges, the book focuses on the legal definition of mining and quarrying districts, the hierarchical structures and administrative responsibilities of the imperial officials (procuratores) and their staff, as well as the role of the Roman army, of private contractors and the workforce in these extractive operations. Finally, it addresses the position of mining and quarrying operations within the wider framework of the imperial administration and explores the role of the emperor vis-à-vis the mines and quarries within his empire. Although the emperor can play a vital part in allocating people and resources to quarries and mines, much of the organizational burden is placed on the men on the spot — a result of varying organizational constraints faced by procurators, Roman officers, or private contractors charged with running mining and quarrying operations
Price V. Fishback
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195067255
- eISBN:
- 9780199855025
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195067255.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Coal mining was one of the more dangerous occupations in the early 1900s. Workers were mobile enough that they reduced their labor supply to states where the mines were more dangerous. The United ...
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Coal mining was one of the more dangerous occupations in the early 1900s. Workers were mobile enough that they reduced their labor supply to states where the mines were more dangerous. The United Mine Workers of America helped miners receive higher wages holding the accident rate constant but had little impact on lowering accident rates. In the early 1900s, state governments increased regulation of mine safety, while the U.S. Bureau of Mines was formed to develop and spread information about better mine safety. The environment of legal liability also changed dramatically, shifting from the common law standards of negligence liability to workers' compensation. The switch led to a substantial increase in the number of coal miners compensated for injuries and an increase in the amount each received. The change in incentives led to the unexpected result that accident rates actually rose after workers' compensation was introduced.Less
Coal mining was one of the more dangerous occupations in the early 1900s. Workers were mobile enough that they reduced their labor supply to states where the mines were more dangerous. The United Mine Workers of America helped miners receive higher wages holding the accident rate constant but had little impact on lowering accident rates. In the early 1900s, state governments increased regulation of mine safety, while the U.S. Bureau of Mines was formed to develop and spread information about better mine safety. The environment of legal liability also changed dramatically, shifting from the common law standards of negligence liability to workers' compensation. The switch led to a substantial increase in the number of coal miners compensated for injuries and an increase in the amount each received. The change in incentives led to the unexpected result that accident rates actually rose after workers' compensation was introduced.
Željko Ivezi, Andrew J. Connolly, Jacob T. VanderPlas, Alexander Gray, Željko Ivezi, Andrew J. Connolly, Jacob T. VanderPlas, and Alexander Gray
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151687
- eISBN:
- 9781400848911
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151687.003.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
This chapter begins by discussing the meaning of data mining, machine learning, and knowledge discovery. Data mining, machine learning, and knowledge discovery refer to research areas which can all ...
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This chapter begins by discussing the meaning of data mining, machine learning, and knowledge discovery. Data mining, machine learning, and knowledge discovery refer to research areas which can all be thought of as outgrowths of multivariate statistics. Their common themes are analysis and interpretation of data, often involving large quantities of data, and even more often resorting to numerical methods. The chapter then presents an incomplete survey of the relevant literature following by an introduction to the Python programming language and the Git code management tool. Next, it describes the surveys and data sets used in examples, plotting and visualizing the data in this book, and how to efficiently use this book.Less
This chapter begins by discussing the meaning of data mining, machine learning, and knowledge discovery. Data mining, machine learning, and knowledge discovery refer to research areas which can all be thought of as outgrowths of multivariate statistics. Their common themes are analysis and interpretation of data, often involving large quantities of data, and even more often resorting to numerical methods. The chapter then presents an incomplete survey of the relevant literature following by an introduction to the Python programming language and the Git code management tool. Next, it describes the surveys and data sets used in examples, plotting and visualizing the data in this book, and how to efficiently use this book.
Alfred Michael Hirt
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199572878
- eISBN:
- 9780191721885
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572878.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter discusses the geology and topography of marble outcrops and ore deposits which very much dictates the technology employed and the scale of extractive operations. These restrictions ...
More
This chapter discusses the geology and topography of marble outcrops and ore deposits which very much dictates the technology employed and the scale of extractive operations. These restrictions significantly influence the organizational structures and, together with the geographical location, determine the organizational challenges faced by the heads of these extractive operations. Moreover, the geology and topography of a mining or quarrying district also determine the spatial arrangement of operative (work procedures) and directive processes (planning and controlling of assets and goals, direction of human resources etc.). This is exemplified by the topographical layout of building structures, transport facilities, and extractive locations, or rather: their archaeological remains, within imperial districts such as the quarries in the Eastern Egyptian Desert or in mining areas such as Dolaucothi or Roflia Montan∏.Less
This chapter discusses the geology and topography of marble outcrops and ore deposits which very much dictates the technology employed and the scale of extractive operations. These restrictions significantly influence the organizational structures and, together with the geographical location, determine the organizational challenges faced by the heads of these extractive operations. Moreover, the geology and topography of a mining or quarrying district also determine the spatial arrangement of operative (work procedures) and directive processes (planning and controlling of assets and goals, direction of human resources etc.). This is exemplified by the topographical layout of building structures, transport facilities, and extractive locations, or rather: their archaeological remains, within imperial districts such as the quarries in the Eastern Egyptian Desert or in mining areas such as Dolaucothi or Roflia Montan∏.
William H. Boothby
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199569946
- eISBN:
- 9780191705250
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199569946.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter takes the treaties that cover this subject in logical sequence and explains how each develops the law. The inter-relationship between the respective rules is discussed and the ...
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This chapter takes the treaties that cover this subject in logical sequence and explains how each develops the law. The inter-relationship between the respective rules is discussed and the implications of differing ratification patterns by states is mentioned. Following a brief introduction to the subject the chapter starts by addressing the rules applicable to these weapons found in Protocol II to the Conventional Weapons Convention. It then shows how these rules were developed by the adoption of Amended Protocol II to the same Convention. Having discussed the provisions of each Protocol in detail, the chapter then considers the specific rules applicable to anti-personnel landmines contained in the Ottawa Convention. The participation by states in each of these instruments is disclosed and the customary rules in relation to weapons of this sort are assessed.Less
This chapter takes the treaties that cover this subject in logical sequence and explains how each develops the law. The inter-relationship between the respective rules is discussed and the implications of differing ratification patterns by states is mentioned. Following a brief introduction to the subject the chapter starts by addressing the rules applicable to these weapons found in Protocol II to the Conventional Weapons Convention. It then shows how these rules were developed by the adoption of Amended Protocol II to the same Convention. Having discussed the provisions of each Protocol in detail, the chapter then considers the specific rules applicable to anti-personnel landmines contained in the Ottawa Convention. The participation by states in each of these instruments is disclosed and the customary rules in relation to weapons of this sort are assessed.
Price V. Fishback
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195067255
- eISBN:
- 9780199855025
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195067255.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
To see how well the analytical framework fits the coal industry, this chapter describes the coal labor market in the early 1900s. The coal labor market boomed through World War I and then began to ...
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To see how well the analytical framework fits the coal industry, this chapter describes the coal labor market in the early 1900s. The coal labor market boomed through World War I and then began to stagnate, although even during the boom coal mining experienced downturns. Coal miners most commonly exercised voice (collective action) through the United Mine Workers of America, who had developed a stronghold in the Central Competitive Field by 1902, received a major boost during World War I, but then they declined in strength in the 1920s. Throughout this period, miners also practiced the exit (competition) method. In seeking new opportunities, coal miners obtained information from word-of-mouth networks, supplemented by labor agents and advertisements. Most observers described miners as highly mobile, particularly in non-union districts. During downturns, miners were less mobile within the industry, but still could switch industries. This chapter looks at the coal labor market from 1890 to 1930 and the coal miners' mobility.Less
To see how well the analytical framework fits the coal industry, this chapter describes the coal labor market in the early 1900s. The coal labor market boomed through World War I and then began to stagnate, although even during the boom coal mining experienced downturns. Coal miners most commonly exercised voice (collective action) through the United Mine Workers of America, who had developed a stronghold in the Central Competitive Field by 1902, received a major boost during World War I, but then they declined in strength in the 1920s. Throughout this period, miners also practiced the exit (competition) method. In seeking new opportunities, coal miners obtained information from word-of-mouth networks, supplemented by labor agents and advertisements. Most observers described miners as highly mobile, particularly in non-union districts. During downturns, miners were less mobile within the industry, but still could switch industries. This chapter looks at the coal labor market from 1890 to 1930 and the coal miners' mobility.
Price V. Fishback
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195067255
- eISBN:
- 9780199855025
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195067255.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Coal miners generally earned substantially more per hour than manufacturing workers, but their annual earnings were similar or slightly lower. On the plus side, coal miners had more workplace ...
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Coal miners generally earned substantially more per hour than manufacturing workers, but their annual earnings were similar or slightly lower. On the plus side, coal miners had more workplace independence and worked roughly seventy days less than manufacturing workers for similar annual earnings. However, the higher hourly earnings compensated miners for limits on the number of days the mines were open, for greater accident risk, and for living in more isolated areas. During the hand-loading era, real wages in coal mining rose substantially. Collective bargaining through the United Mine Workers of America made some contributions to the overall rise and affected the short-run timing of wage increases much more, boosting wages for workers earlier than if wages had only kept pace with manufacturing wages. In comparisons of wage rates across states within the coal industry, miners earned more in states where they struck or joined the union. But again other factors were as important. Earnings rose in response to higher coal prices, greater productivity, and fewer work opportunities.Less
Coal miners generally earned substantially more per hour than manufacturing workers, but their annual earnings were similar or slightly lower. On the plus side, coal miners had more workplace independence and worked roughly seventy days less than manufacturing workers for similar annual earnings. However, the higher hourly earnings compensated miners for limits on the number of days the mines were open, for greater accident risk, and for living in more isolated areas. During the hand-loading era, real wages in coal mining rose substantially. Collective bargaining through the United Mine Workers of America made some contributions to the overall rise and affected the short-run timing of wage increases much more, boosting wages for workers earlier than if wages had only kept pace with manufacturing wages. In comparisons of wage rates across states within the coal industry, miners earned more in states where they struck or joined the union. But again other factors were as important. Earnings rose in response to higher coal prices, greater productivity, and fewer work opportunities.
Brian D. Ripley
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198566540
- eISBN:
- 9780191718038
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566540.003.0011
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
This chapter describes the effects on statistical work of the massive increase in the availability of computers and in their speed and storage capacities. The questions tackled concern the use of ...
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This chapter describes the effects on statistical work of the massive increase in the availability of computers and in their speed and storage capacities. The questions tackled concern the use of this power to work with larger datasets; to use more realistic models and better ways to fit them; to explore much larger classes of models; to attempt a more realistic analysis of existing simple models; and to better visualize data, or fitted models, or their combination. Related issues are discussed using a variety of examples. It is argued that statistical practice is affected most by the type of available statistical software. Open-source software, software quality, and graphical software are evaluated and illustrated using classification trees and serial brain scans.Less
This chapter describes the effects on statistical work of the massive increase in the availability of computers and in their speed and storage capacities. The questions tackled concern the use of this power to work with larger datasets; to use more realistic models and better ways to fit them; to explore much larger classes of models; to attempt a more realistic analysis of existing simple models; and to better visualize data, or fitted models, or their combination. Related issues are discussed using a variety of examples. It is argued that statistical practice is affected most by the type of available statistical software. Open-source software, software quality, and graphical software are evaluated and illustrated using classification trees and serial brain scans.
Anthony Scott
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198286035
- eISBN:
- 9780191718410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198286035.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter begins by describing medieval mineral right regimes. The miner gained a lease-type tenure. That the tenure's characteristics changed and this is best explained by the landlords' changing ...
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This chapter begins by describing medieval mineral right regimes. The miner gained a lease-type tenure. That the tenure's characteristics changed and this is best explained by the landlords' changing demands. In much of continental Europe owners resisted the ‘Roman’ system, a doctrine that for a thousand years supported the monarch's assertion of title to all mines. In France Turgot, then Napoleon, weakened this doctrine. England ignored the Roman precedent, until in 1568 the Case of Mines gave the Crown rights over precious metals. Both doctrines were carried to leasing and concessions in the American colonies. Gold rushes in Brazil and in Siberia confirmed state jurisdictions. Before 1850 in the US on western federal public lands minerals were disposed of less as a source of state revenue than as part of economic development. With the Industrial Revolution mines were being opened everywhere, some leased on private land, some sold from Crown public lands. The two types of landlords offered rights with different bundles of characteristics.Less
This chapter begins by describing medieval mineral right regimes. The miner gained a lease-type tenure. That the tenure's characteristics changed and this is best explained by the landlords' changing demands. In much of continental Europe owners resisted the ‘Roman’ system, a doctrine that for a thousand years supported the monarch's assertion of title to all mines. In France Turgot, then Napoleon, weakened this doctrine. England ignored the Roman precedent, until in 1568 the Case of Mines gave the Crown rights over precious metals. Both doctrines were carried to leasing and concessions in the American colonies. Gold rushes in Brazil and in Siberia confirmed state jurisdictions. Before 1850 in the US on western federal public lands minerals were disposed of less as a source of state revenue than as part of economic development. With the Industrial Revolution mines were being opened everywhere, some leased on private land, some sold from Crown public lands. The two types of landlords offered rights with different bundles of characteristics.
Anthony Scott
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198286035
- eISBN:
- 9780191718410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198286035.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
As placer mining waned, rights appropriate to technologies of deep alluvial and hard-rock operations were demanded in the US, Canada, Australia, and South Africa, and supplied by both local and ...
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As placer mining waned, rights appropriate to technologies of deep alluvial and hard-rock operations were demanded in the US, Canada, Australia, and South Africa, and supplied by both local and federal governments. The enduring US Mining Law of 1870 followed, and created miners' claims. The chapter then devotes many pages to the public lands — the development of the conditions to be satisfied by prospectors and companies in obtaining claims, such as the definition of the required ‘discovery’ and of the ‘apex’ right. For a while a two-stage system prevailed: whereby an exploration permit could be obtained to make a discovery, followed by a mining right leading to a claim or a patent. This procedure was revised from time to time, and from country to country. Its differences and revisions help explain differences in subsequent miner property-ownership-rights.Less
As placer mining waned, rights appropriate to technologies of deep alluvial and hard-rock operations were demanded in the US, Canada, Australia, and South Africa, and supplied by both local and federal governments. The enduring US Mining Law of 1870 followed, and created miners' claims. The chapter then devotes many pages to the public lands — the development of the conditions to be satisfied by prospectors and companies in obtaining claims, such as the definition of the required ‘discovery’ and of the ‘apex’ right. For a while a two-stage system prevailed: whereby an exploration permit could be obtained to make a discovery, followed by a mining right leading to a claim or a patent. This procedure was revised from time to time, and from country to country. Its differences and revisions help explain differences in subsequent miner property-ownership-rights.
Ernest H. Williams
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179293
- eISBN:
- 9780199790470
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179293.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Natural History and Field Guides
The diversity in size, shape, and growth requirements of different plants produces an astonishing array of features to see — from hairs, thorns, and waxes to tilting responses towards sunlight ...
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The diversity in size, shape, and growth requirements of different plants produces an astonishing array of features to see — from hairs, thorns, and waxes to tilting responses towards sunlight (phototaxis) and rapid responses to touch (sensitive plants). Widely differing growth forms also occur, including life styles associated with photosynthesis, parasitism, and carnivory, as well as the mining and galling effects of insects. This chapter describes a few of the many intriguing features of plants, including descriptions of the above characteristics as well as lenticels, plant patches, variegated leaves, and poison plants.Less
The diversity in size, shape, and growth requirements of different plants produces an astonishing array of features to see — from hairs, thorns, and waxes to tilting responses towards sunlight (phototaxis) and rapid responses to touch (sensitive plants). Widely differing growth forms also occur, including life styles associated with photosynthesis, parasitism, and carnivory, as well as the mining and galling effects of insects. This chapter describes a few of the many intriguing features of plants, including descriptions of the above characteristics as well as lenticels, plant patches, variegated leaves, and poison plants.
Deepak Lal and H. Myint
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294320
- eISBN:
- 9780191596582
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294328.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter attempts to provide a framework for interpreting the longer‐run aspects of the different economic outcomes identified in the comparative developing country studies addressed in the book. ...
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This chapter attempts to provide a framework for interpreting the longer‐run aspects of the different economic outcomes identified in the comparative developing country studies addressed in the book. These are that in some countries economic growth through export expansion has been accompanied by a tendency towards more equal distribution of incomes, while in others income distribution has tended to become more unequal. Organizational and institutional factors are introduced into the conventional framework of international trade, in the hope of obtaining a better understanding of the relationship between exports and economic growth and the role of different types of economic policy. The country studies are then reinterpreted in these terms: small economies, peasant export economies, plantation and mining economies, and mixed cases are addressed separately.Less
This chapter attempts to provide a framework for interpreting the longer‐run aspects of the different economic outcomes identified in the comparative developing country studies addressed in the book. These are that in some countries economic growth through export expansion has been accompanied by a tendency towards more equal distribution of incomes, while in others income distribution has tended to become more unequal. Organizational and institutional factors are introduced into the conventional framework of international trade, in the hope of obtaining a better understanding of the relationship between exports and economic growth and the role of different types of economic policy. The country studies are then reinterpreted in these terms: small economies, peasant export economies, plantation and mining economies, and mixed cases are addressed separately.
Andrew R. H. Thompson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813165998
- eISBN:
- 9780813166698
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813165998.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Mountaintop removal (MTR) coal mining, which has profound environmental and social impacts on the Appalachian Mountain region, represents an urgent ethical issue for Christians. The book proposes a ...
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Mountaintop removal (MTR) coal mining, which has profound environmental and social impacts on the Appalachian Mountain region, represents an urgent ethical issue for Christians. The book proposes a Christian ethical approach to MTR that addresses the various intersecting discourses and narratives that shape an understanding of this region and this issue. It draws on the ethical thought of H. Richard Niebuhr, whose theocentric ethic integrates a relational theory of value, a view of moral agency as responsible, and a steadfast insistence on the centrality of God and God’s purposes. The proposed Niebuhrian theocentric approach examines and challenges the church’s imaginations in this regard and offers alternatives centered on the purposes of God rather than on finite human interests. In applying this approach to MTR, the author considers three specific discursive pairs in order to critique them and suggest how a theocentric imagination might modify them: power and powerlessness, insiders and outsiders, and destruction and reclamation. Finally, the author argues that this approach, informed by a practiced love of the mountains, can support a strong but nuanced prophetic critique of the most destructive aspects of this practice.Less
Mountaintop removal (MTR) coal mining, which has profound environmental and social impacts on the Appalachian Mountain region, represents an urgent ethical issue for Christians. The book proposes a Christian ethical approach to MTR that addresses the various intersecting discourses and narratives that shape an understanding of this region and this issue. It draws on the ethical thought of H. Richard Niebuhr, whose theocentric ethic integrates a relational theory of value, a view of moral agency as responsible, and a steadfast insistence on the centrality of God and God’s purposes. The proposed Niebuhrian theocentric approach examines and challenges the church’s imaginations in this regard and offers alternatives centered on the purposes of God rather than on finite human interests. In applying this approach to MTR, the author considers three specific discursive pairs in order to critique them and suggest how a theocentric imagination might modify them: power and powerlessness, insiders and outsiders, and destruction and reclamation. Finally, the author argues that this approach, informed by a practiced love of the mountains, can support a strong but nuanced prophetic critique of the most destructive aspects of this practice.
Mallory McDuff
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195379570
- eISBN:
- 9780199869084
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195379570.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Religious traditions are rich with stories of pilgrimage, a journey for spiritual enrichment that involves travel to a place of meaning. This chapter reveals how people of faith made a pilgrimage to ...
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Religious traditions are rich with stories of pilgrimage, a journey for spiritual enrichment that involves travel to a place of meaning. This chapter reveals how people of faith made a pilgrimage to eastern Kentucky to experience firsthand the devastating impacts of mountaintop removal on God’s land and the people of Appalachia. The journey described in this chapter involved twelve interfaith pilgrims in an encounter with mountaintop removal that included flying over the mountains, hiking on mining sites, praying with local ministers, and scattering wildflower seeds on mined earth. This chapter highlights the work of Kentuckians for the Commonwealth, which helped coordinate the experience. The spiritual journey revealed lessons for other faith communities: connecting pilgrimages to sacred places, working with local organizations, creating an immersion experience, using prayer as a grounding force, hearing testimonies of faith, and reflecting on feelings and actions.Less
Religious traditions are rich with stories of pilgrimage, a journey for spiritual enrichment that involves travel to a place of meaning. This chapter reveals how people of faith made a pilgrimage to eastern Kentucky to experience firsthand the devastating impacts of mountaintop removal on God’s land and the people of Appalachia. The journey described in this chapter involved twelve interfaith pilgrims in an encounter with mountaintop removal that included flying over the mountains, hiking on mining sites, praying with local ministers, and scattering wildflower seeds on mined earth. This chapter highlights the work of Kentuckians for the Commonwealth, which helped coordinate the experience. The spiritual journey revealed lessons for other faith communities: connecting pilgrimages to sacred places, working with local organizations, creating an immersion experience, using prayer as a grounding force, hearing testimonies of faith, and reflecting on feelings and actions.
