D. Dennis Hudson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195369229
- eISBN:
- 9780199871162
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369229.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Hinduism
The six panels facing north in the middle‐floor sanctum document the different stages of purification of consciousness within the devotee during the predawn “Brahma's hour.” This chapter examines ...
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The six panels facing north in the middle‐floor sanctum document the different stages of purification of consciousness within the devotee during the predawn “Brahma's hour.” This chapter examines three, which represent Hari's indefatigable churning power (bala). First, the person of four bodies is discussed through the story of Prajapati. The first panel is the story of Gajendra rescued from the jaws of the “Grasper” (graha) by Hari, just as the first step in the devotee's purification is the plea to be rescued from the grasp of ignorance. Next, Rama disciplines Ocean on the way to Lanka; it represents on many levels the disciplining of the devotee's consciousness by the acharya. Next Hari as Ajita churns the Milk Ocean to obtain both poison (swallowed by Shiva) and a pot of amrita (which an asura flies off with), just as the devotee's mind is “churned” by the recitation of mantras.Less
The six panels facing north in the middle‐floor sanctum document the different stages of purification of consciousness within the devotee during the predawn “Brahma's hour.” This chapter examines three, which represent Hari's indefatigable churning power (bala). First, the person of four bodies is discussed through the story of Prajapati. The first panel is the story of Gajendra rescued from the jaws of the “Grasper” (graha) by Hari, just as the first step in the devotee's purification is the plea to be rescued from the grasp of ignorance. Next, Rama disciplines Ocean on the way to Lanka; it represents on many levels the disciplining of the devotee's consciousness by the acharya. Next Hari as Ajita churns the Milk Ocean to obtain both poison (swallowed by Shiva) and a pot of amrita (which an asura flies off with), just as the devotee's mind is “churned” by the recitation of mantras.
Abdulaziz Sachedina
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195378504
- eISBN:
- 9780199869688
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378504.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
The chapter deals with the sanctity and integrity of the human body after death. Anatomical dissection and postmortem examinations are a routine part of medical education and diagnostic techniques ...
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The chapter deals with the sanctity and integrity of the human body after death. Anatomical dissection and postmortem examinations are a routine part of medical education and diagnostic techniques that stress the need for such procedure in understanding illnesses and evaluating incompletely known disorders or discovering new diseases. Accordingly, the scope of clinical diagnosis requiring autopsy has expanded beyond the traditionally validated justifications in the classical juridical formulations. One of the major decisions facing a dying person and his family is the possibility of donating organs for transplant. This means allowing surgical procedures that constitute a desecration of the dead in the Shari‘a in order to retrieve an organ. A visible incision into the body or the removal of externally visible or internal organs represents true desecrations. The chapter examines juridical principles that permitted an incision or mutilating procedure for the immediate saving of the life of a patient who is dying of organ failure. The possibility of organ transplantation for saving a critically ill patient did not exist in the past. The relatively high rate of success in organ transplantation has encouraged Muslim jurists to search for legal-ethical justifications to formulate their rulings to keep pace with the demand for such medical procedures, which are already a de facto practice in many hospitals in Muslim countries. All the jurists agree that saving of the life makes it possible to approve lesser evil of desecration for the larger good that such an act promises.Less
The chapter deals with the sanctity and integrity of the human body after death. Anatomical dissection and postmortem examinations are a routine part of medical education and diagnostic techniques that stress the need for such procedure in understanding illnesses and evaluating incompletely known disorders or discovering new diseases. Accordingly, the scope of clinical diagnosis requiring autopsy has expanded beyond the traditionally validated justifications in the classical juridical formulations. One of the major decisions facing a dying person and his family is the possibility of donating organs for transplant. This means allowing surgical procedures that constitute a desecration of the dead in the Shari‘a in order to retrieve an organ. A visible incision into the body or the removal of externally visible or internal organs represents true desecrations. The chapter examines juridical principles that permitted an incision or mutilating procedure for the immediate saving of the life of a patient who is dying of organ failure. The possibility of organ transplantation for saving a critically ill patient did not exist in the past. The relatively high rate of success in organ transplantation has encouraged Muslim jurists to search for legal-ethical justifications to formulate their rulings to keep pace with the demand for such medical procedures, which are already a de facto practice in many hospitals in Muslim countries. All the jurists agree that saving of the life makes it possible to approve lesser evil of desecration for the larger good that such an act promises.
Martin Laird
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199267996
- eISBN:
- 9780191601576
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199267995.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
Discusses how knowledge of God works in Gregory. While God is beyond the grasp of comprehension, soul unites with God in the unknowing of faith. Faith yet gives something to the mind.
Discusses how knowledge of God works in Gregory. While God is beyond the grasp of comprehension, soul unites with God in the unknowing of faith. Faith yet gives something to the mind.
Mariel Grant
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204442
- eISBN:
- 9780191676284
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204442.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter focuses on the inter-war campaign to increase milk consumption in Britain. Publicizing milk had been chosen for several reasons. Conducted over the entire period, the overall campaign ...
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This chapter focuses on the inter-war campaign to increase milk consumption in Britain. Publicizing milk had been chosen for several reasons. Conducted over the entire period, the overall campaign involved a number of different smaller campaigns controlled and assisted by a variety of government departments, semi-official bodies, and private organizations. Official advertising was carried out. In the intervening period, independent schemes were initiated both with and without government aid. During the inter-war years, milk was often referred to as the cornerstone of British agriculture. In 1938, it accounted for one-quarter of the total agriculture output of the nation. Milk production was ideally suited to British geography and climate and was free from foreign competition owing to its transport and storage problems. From 1914 to 1939, 100% of the home market supply was domestic in origin. Production expanded considerably during the First World War. The milk campaigns illustrate what seems to have been a characteristic feature of domestic publicity in the inter-war period; official propaganda tended to be merely semi-official.Less
This chapter focuses on the inter-war campaign to increase milk consumption in Britain. Publicizing milk had been chosen for several reasons. Conducted over the entire period, the overall campaign involved a number of different smaller campaigns controlled and assisted by a variety of government departments, semi-official bodies, and private organizations. Official advertising was carried out. In the intervening period, independent schemes were initiated both with and without government aid. During the inter-war years, milk was often referred to as the cornerstone of British agriculture. In 1938, it accounted for one-quarter of the total agriculture output of the nation. Milk production was ideally suited to British geography and climate and was free from foreign competition owing to its transport and storage problems. From 1914 to 1939, 100% of the home market supply was domestic in origin. Production expanded considerably during the First World War. The milk campaigns illustrate what seems to have been a characteristic feature of domestic publicity in the inter-war period; official propaganda tended to be merely semi-official.
Michael Ostling
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199587902
- eISBN:
- 9780191731228
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199587902.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History, Social History
Witch-trials took place in a context of folk cosmology of the limited good—the notion that there is only a limited supply of health, fertility, and luck in the world. Symbols of this good were dew ...
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Witch-trials took place in a context of folk cosmology of the limited good—the notion that there is only a limited supply of health, fertility, and luck in the world. Symbols of this good were dew and milk, its absence was symbolized by dryness. Witchcraft was imagined as the inversion of folk healing practices; where they prevented dryness, witches stole milk. A ‘grammar of witchcraft’ can be reconstructed as the inversion of the grammar of healing spells: accordingly, everyone knew what witches practiced, since it was the opposite of what normal people practiced. The motif of Łysa Góra or ‘Bald Mountain’—the witches’ sabbat—exemplifies this logic of inversion and overconsumption of limited goods.Less
Witch-trials took place in a context of folk cosmology of the limited good—the notion that there is only a limited supply of health, fertility, and luck in the world. Symbols of this good were dew and milk, its absence was symbolized by dryness. Witchcraft was imagined as the inversion of folk healing practices; where they prevented dryness, witches stole milk. A ‘grammar of witchcraft’ can be reconstructed as the inversion of the grammar of healing spells: accordingly, everyone knew what witches practiced, since it was the opposite of what normal people practiced. The motif of Łysa Góra or ‘Bald Mountain’—the witches’ sabbat—exemplifies this logic of inversion and overconsumption of limited goods.
Maia Boswell-Penc
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781447338499
- eISBN:
- 9781447338543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447338499.003.0016
- Subject:
- Sociology, Marriage and the Family
This chapter begins by considering the specific context of the workplace as it presents significant barriers to women seeking to continue breastfeeding as they return to work. From there, the chapter ...
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This chapter begins by considering the specific context of the workplace as it presents significant barriers to women seeking to continue breastfeeding as they return to work. From there, the chapter considers lactating working mothers alongside lactating (working) cows, the source of most infant formula that non-nursing mothers use. Considering both lactating mothers and lactating cows, the chapter reveals that increasing degrees of embodiment correspond with increasing degrees of individual, public, and planetary health. Breast milk for young ones and non-dairy milk for others emerges as critical to securing optimal health for all; additionally, as research has surfaced pointing to ways in which we make healthier decisions when we focus on others, compassion becomes an entry into moving into practices that support global health. As research into ‘kangaroo care’ — skin-to-skin engagement with infants — suggests, full embodiment increases compassion, just as breastfeeding increases oxytocin. Compassion in its broadest sense may become part of the toolbox that can help breastfeeding professionals make a case for exclusive and extended breastfeeding.Less
This chapter begins by considering the specific context of the workplace as it presents significant barriers to women seeking to continue breastfeeding as they return to work. From there, the chapter considers lactating working mothers alongside lactating (working) cows, the source of most infant formula that non-nursing mothers use. Considering both lactating mothers and lactating cows, the chapter reveals that increasing degrees of embodiment correspond with increasing degrees of individual, public, and planetary health. Breast milk for young ones and non-dairy milk for others emerges as critical to securing optimal health for all; additionally, as research has surfaced pointing to ways in which we make healthier decisions when we focus on others, compassion becomes an entry into moving into practices that support global health. As research into ‘kangaroo care’ — skin-to-skin engagement with infants — suggests, full embodiment increases compassion, just as breastfeeding increases oxytocin. Compassion in its broadest sense may become part of the toolbox that can help breastfeeding professionals make a case for exclusive and extended breastfeeding.
John David Penniman
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780300222760
- eISBN:
- 9780300228007
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300222760.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
What if the idea that “you are what you eat” weren’t a simple metaphor? What if it revealed a deeper medical, moral, and religious history about the relationship between food and the soul? In the ...
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What if the idea that “you are what you eat” weren’t a simple metaphor? What if it revealed a deeper medical, moral, and religious history about the relationship between food and the soul? In the early Roman Empire, food (and especially breast milk) was invested with the power to transfer characteristics, improve intellect, and establish bonds of kinship. Ancient Jews and Christians participated in this discourse surrounding the symbolic power of food and feeding. This book explores the legacy and complex history of food, feeding, and the formation of ancient religious cultures. Highlighting the apostle Paul’s reference to breastfeeding in 1 Corinthians 3, the book argues that this metaphor must be viewed as the result of social ideologies and embodied practices focused on the feeding of infants that were prominent throughout the Greco-Roman world. Drawing upon Paul and this broader cultural context, a wide range of early Christian authors (including Irenaeus of Lyon, Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Gregory of Nyssa, and Augustine of Hippo) used milk and solid food to think about how humans become what they eat—for good or for ill. In so doing, the book demonstrates the deep connection between “eating well” and “being well” for diverse models of growth, education, and identity within early Christianity.Less
What if the idea that “you are what you eat” weren’t a simple metaphor? What if it revealed a deeper medical, moral, and religious history about the relationship between food and the soul? In the early Roman Empire, food (and especially breast milk) was invested with the power to transfer characteristics, improve intellect, and establish bonds of kinship. Ancient Jews and Christians participated in this discourse surrounding the symbolic power of food and feeding. This book explores the legacy and complex history of food, feeding, and the formation of ancient religious cultures. Highlighting the apostle Paul’s reference to breastfeeding in 1 Corinthians 3, the book argues that this metaphor must be viewed as the result of social ideologies and embodied practices focused on the feeding of infants that were prominent throughout the Greco-Roman world. Drawing upon Paul and this broader cultural context, a wide range of early Christian authors (including Irenaeus of Lyon, Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Gregory of Nyssa, and Augustine of Hippo) used milk and solid food to think about how humans become what they eat—for good or for ill. In so doing, the book demonstrates the deep connection between “eating well” and “being well” for diverse models of growth, education, and identity within early Christianity.
Andrew McGowan
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198269724
- eISBN:
- 9780191683770
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198269724.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
The early Eucharist has usually been seen as sacramental eating of token bread and
wine in careful or even slavish imitation of Jesus and his earliest disciples. In
fact the evidence suggests great ...
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The early Eucharist has usually been seen as sacramental eating of token bread and
wine in careful or even slavish imitation of Jesus and his earliest disciples. In
fact the evidence suggests great diversity in its conduct, including the use of
foods, in the first few hundred years. Eucharistic meals involving cheese, milk,
salt, oil, and vegetables are attested, and some have argued that even fish was
used. The most significant exception to using bread and wine, however, was a
‘bread-and-water’ Christian meal, an ancient ascetic form of
the Eucharist. This tradition also involved rejection of meat from general diet, and
reflected the concern of dissident communities to avoid the cuisine —
meat and wine — characteristic of pagan sacrifice. This study describes
and discusses these practices fully for the first time, and provides important new
insights into the liturgical and social history of early Christianity.Less
The early Eucharist has usually been seen as sacramental eating of token bread and
wine in careful or even slavish imitation of Jesus and his earliest disciples. In
fact the evidence suggests great diversity in its conduct, including the use of
foods, in the first few hundred years. Eucharistic meals involving cheese, milk,
salt, oil, and vegetables are attested, and some have argued that even fish was
used. The most significant exception to using bread and wine, however, was a
‘bread-and-water’ Christian meal, an ancient ascetic form of
the Eucharist. This tradition also involved rejection of meat from general diet, and
reflected the concern of dissident communities to avoid the cuisine —
meat and wine — characteristic of pagan sacrifice. This study describes
and discusses these practices fully for the first time, and provides important new
insights into the liturgical and social history of early Christianity.
Robert Ellrodt
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198117384
- eISBN:
- 9780191670923
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198117384.003.0009
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry, 17th-century and Restoration Literature
Everything is or tends to be solid in John Donne's, George Herbert's, or even Andrew Marvell's worlds of imagination; nothing is in Richard Crashaw's world, where everything is either liquid or ...
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Everything is or tends to be solid in John Donne's, George Herbert's, or even Andrew Marvell's worlds of imagination; nothing is in Richard Crashaw's world, where everything is either liquid or hovering on the brink of dissolution or metamorphosis. Water and air, light and fire are its elements. But the fluids privileged by his sensibility are organic: milk and blood. The miracle of water turning to wine was three times celebrated by Crashaw. There is no sense of space in Crashaw's imagination of movement. A fluid, flowing, or gliding motion is, of course, different from a dynamic, brusque, or instantaneous impulse. But an even more important difference is the absence of a definite orientation in a physical or geometric space. Living in a present world of love and adoration, Crashaw was not inspired by the theme of the end of time, of Doomsday, so prominent in the poems of Donne, Herbert, and Henry Vaughan. We have no sense of duration in Crashaw's universe.Less
Everything is or tends to be solid in John Donne's, George Herbert's, or even Andrew Marvell's worlds of imagination; nothing is in Richard Crashaw's world, where everything is either liquid or hovering on the brink of dissolution or metamorphosis. Water and air, light and fire are its elements. But the fluids privileged by his sensibility are organic: milk and blood. The miracle of water turning to wine was three times celebrated by Crashaw. There is no sense of space in Crashaw's imagination of movement. A fluid, flowing, or gliding motion is, of course, different from a dynamic, brusque, or instantaneous impulse. But an even more important difference is the absence of a definite orientation in a physical or geometric space. Living in a present world of love and adoration, Crashaw was not inspired by the theme of the end of time, of Doomsday, so prominent in the poems of Donne, Herbert, and Henry Vaughan. We have no sense of duration in Crashaw's universe.
Mariel Grant
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204442
- eISBN:
- 9780191676284
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204442.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This is a study of government publicity activities in Britain between the wars. The book focuses on the development of a public relations bureaux and information services in Whitehall. It shows how ...
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This is a study of government publicity activities in Britain between the wars. The book focuses on the development of a public relations bureaux and information services in Whitehall. It shows how during the inter-war period publicity came to be regarded as a legitimate and necessary task of democratic government, and that although government departments pursued propaganda activities with different motives and divergent perspectives, they adopted a similar approach to both the tool and their audience. The book explores a variety of different issues and campaigns, including the Post Office's attempts to make the public ‘telephone conscious’, the Ministry of Health's sex education efforts, and the multi-departmental and protracted ‘Drink More Milk’ campaign. It shows how the experiences and developments of the 1920s and 1930s contributed to the decision in 1939 to establish the propaganda ministry, designed to manage wartime publicity and shape public opinion. The book offers insights into the nature of propaganda and its management, and contributes to our understanding of the changing role of the state in modern British society.Less
This is a study of government publicity activities in Britain between the wars. The book focuses on the development of a public relations bureaux and information services in Whitehall. It shows how during the inter-war period publicity came to be regarded as a legitimate and necessary task of democratic government, and that although government departments pursued propaganda activities with different motives and divergent perspectives, they adopted a similar approach to both the tool and their audience. The book explores a variety of different issues and campaigns, including the Post Office's attempts to make the public ‘telephone conscious’, the Ministry of Health's sex education efforts, and the multi-departmental and protracted ‘Drink More Milk’ campaign. It shows how the experiences and developments of the 1920s and 1930s contributed to the decision in 1939 to establish the propaganda ministry, designed to manage wartime publicity and shape public opinion. The book offers insights into the nature of propaganda and its management, and contributes to our understanding of the changing role of the state in modern British society.
Milton Kotelchuck
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195150698
- eISBN:
- 9780199865185
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150698.003.06
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The decline of infant and maternal mortality represents one of the greatest public health achievements of the 20th century. From 1900 through 2000, infant mortality in the United States declined ...
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The decline of infant and maternal mortality represents one of the greatest public health achievements of the 20th century. From 1900 through 2000, infant mortality in the United States declined dramatically from estimated 10,000–15,000 deaths to 690 deaths per 100,000 births; similarly, maternal mortality declined from an estimated 600–900 deaths to under ten deaths per 100,000 births. Reductions in both morbidity and mortality have improved the lives of parents and children and have altered expectations for women. Public health actions to improve sanitation, maternal hygiene, nutrition, and prenatal care played a central role in the transformation of reproductive health in the 20th century. This chapter describes decade by decade the evolving concepts and debates about the causes of infant and maternal mortality, the initiatives to ameliorate them, the institutionalization of the major public health advances, and the resulting epidemiologic transformations in the United States.Less
The decline of infant and maternal mortality represents one of the greatest public health achievements of the 20th century. From 1900 through 2000, infant mortality in the United States declined dramatically from estimated 10,000–15,000 deaths to 690 deaths per 100,000 births; similarly, maternal mortality declined from an estimated 600–900 deaths to under ten deaths per 100,000 births. Reductions in both morbidity and mortality have improved the lives of parents and children and have altered expectations for women. Public health actions to improve sanitation, maternal hygiene, nutrition, and prenatal care played a central role in the transformation of reproductive health in the 20th century. This chapter describes decade by decade the evolving concepts and debates about the causes of infant and maternal mortality, the initiatives to ameliorate them, the institutionalization of the major public health advances, and the resulting epidemiologic transformations in the United States.
Jacqueline H. Wolf
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195150698
- eISBN:
- 9780199865185
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150698.003.07
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter examines the efforts of late-19th and early-20th century reformers to lower infant and maternal mortality in the United States. Earlier fatalistic attitudes toward infant and maternal ...
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This chapter examines the efforts of late-19th and early-20th century reformers to lower infant and maternal mortality in the United States. Earlier fatalistic attitudes toward infant and maternal mortality shifted to the view that all premature deaths were inexcusable, prompting assertive state toward setting and maintaining minimal living standards. The chapter focuses in particular on the efforts to lower infant death from diarrhea via dual campaigns, one to encourage mothers to breastfeed and the other to regulate the dairy industry. It also discusses the successful work of home-birth and lying-in dispensaries to lower the maternal mortality rate by providing free obstetric care to the poor and training physicians in the art of obstetrics.Less
This chapter examines the efforts of late-19th and early-20th century reformers to lower infant and maternal mortality in the United States. Earlier fatalistic attitudes toward infant and maternal mortality shifted to the view that all premature deaths were inexcusable, prompting assertive state toward setting and maintaining minimal living standards. The chapter focuses in particular on the efforts to lower infant death from diarrhea via dual campaigns, one to encourage mothers to breastfeed and the other to regulate the dairy industry. It also discusses the successful work of home-birth and lying-in dispensaries to lower the maternal mortality rate by providing free obstetric care to the poor and training physicians in the art of obstetrics.
Roberto J. Rona, Walter W. Holland, and Susan Chinn
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192629197
- eISBN:
- 9780191723612
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192629197.003.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
In 1970, the government announced changes to end the provision of free welfare milk, free school milk following the child's seventh birthday, and school meals to become less subsidised over time. As ...
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In 1970, the government announced changes to end the provision of free welfare milk, free school milk following the child's seventh birthday, and school meals to become less subsidised over time. As a consequence of these changes a sub-committee on nutritional surveillance (COMA), convened by the Department of Health and Social Security, was formed to consider arrangements required for the prediction and assessment of any nutritional effects of changes in welfare policy. The sub-committee recommended the assessment of growth, especially height, as the main outcome and proposed to set up a monitoring system of children between five and eleven years old. The measurements chosen were height, weight, and triceps skinfold thickness. Information on sociodemographic characteristics related to nutrition was also collected, as changes in welfare may put at greater risk those belonging to the poorest social strata.Less
In 1970, the government announced changes to end the provision of free welfare milk, free school milk following the child's seventh birthday, and school meals to become less subsidised over time. As a consequence of these changes a sub-committee on nutritional surveillance (COMA), convened by the Department of Health and Social Security, was formed to consider arrangements required for the prediction and assessment of any nutritional effects of changes in welfare policy. The sub-committee recommended the assessment of growth, especially height, as the main outcome and proposed to set up a monitoring system of children between five and eleven years old. The measurements chosen were height, weight, and triceps skinfold thickness. Information on sociodemographic characteristics related to nutrition was also collected, as changes in welfare may put at greater risk those belonging to the poorest social strata.
Robert L. Perlman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- December 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199661718
- eISBN:
- 9780191774720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199661718.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Our capacity for culture, or for social learning, is one of the defining characteristics of our species and is responsible for our extraordinary demographic success. Cultural practices play a large ...
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Our capacity for culture, or for social learning, is one of the defining characteristics of our species and is responsible for our extraordinary demographic success. Cultural practices play a large role in shaping the human environment and therefore in shaping our ongoing evolution. The concept that species shape the environment in which they evolve is known as niche construction. Conversely, the genetic makeup of human populations may influence the cultural ideas and practices they adopt. In other words, genes and cultures coevolve. Lactase persistence, the ability to digest lactose and therefore to drink fresh milk after the nursing period, exemplifies the process of gene-culture coevolution. Most people have the phenotype of lactase restriction. The expression of lactase (the enzyme required for the digestion of lactose) and the ability to drink fresh milk is restricted to the nursing period and declines in mid-childhood, shortly after weaning. Older children and adults have lactose intolerance and are unable to consume fresh milk. Many people in populations that have a long history of dairying have the trait of lactase persistence. They express lactase and can consume fresh milk throughout life. Clearly, the availability of fresh animal milk created an environment that selected for lactase persistence. Likewise, the cultural practices of dairying and milk drinking have spread in populations with a high prevalence of people with lactase persistence.Less
Our capacity for culture, or for social learning, is one of the defining characteristics of our species and is responsible for our extraordinary demographic success. Cultural practices play a large role in shaping the human environment and therefore in shaping our ongoing evolution. The concept that species shape the environment in which they evolve is known as niche construction. Conversely, the genetic makeup of human populations may influence the cultural ideas and practices they adopt. In other words, genes and cultures coevolve. Lactase persistence, the ability to digest lactose and therefore to drink fresh milk after the nursing period, exemplifies the process of gene-culture coevolution. Most people have the phenotype of lactase restriction. The expression of lactase (the enzyme required for the digestion of lactose) and the ability to drink fresh milk is restricted to the nursing period and declines in mid-childhood, shortly after weaning. Older children and adults have lactose intolerance and are unable to consume fresh milk. Many people in populations that have a long history of dairying have the trait of lactase persistence. They express lactase and can consume fresh milk throughout life. Clearly, the availability of fresh animal milk created an environment that selected for lactase persistence. Likewise, the cultural practices of dairying and milk drinking have spread in populations with a high prevalence of people with lactase persistence.
Timothy D. Lytton
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226611549
- eISBN:
- 9780226611716
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226611716.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter traces the origins of the US food safety system to late nineteenth and early twentieth century efforts to clean up the milk supply. It chronicles Robert Milham Hartley’s crusade against ...
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This chapter traces the origins of the US food safety system to late nineteenth and early twentieth century efforts to clean up the milk supply. It chronicles Robert Milham Hartley’s crusade against “swill milk” produced from cows raised on leftover grain slop from beer and liquor production, Henry Leber Coit’s organization of medical milk commissions to certify dairy sanitation, and Nathan Straus’s promotion of pasteurization. The chapter also discusses early efforts by government officials at the federal, state, and local levels to improve the safety of milk through inspection and laboratory testing and by individual companies and trade associations through supply chain management. Contaminated milk was a leading cause of high infant mortality during this time, and the chapter assesses the public health impact of these various efforts.Less
This chapter traces the origins of the US food safety system to late nineteenth and early twentieth century efforts to clean up the milk supply. It chronicles Robert Milham Hartley’s crusade against “swill milk” produced from cows raised on leftover grain slop from beer and liquor production, Henry Leber Coit’s organization of medical milk commissions to certify dairy sanitation, and Nathan Straus’s promotion of pasteurization. The chapter also discusses early efforts by government officials at the federal, state, and local levels to improve the safety of milk through inspection and laboratory testing and by individual companies and trade associations through supply chain management. Contaminated milk was a leading cause of high infant mortality during this time, and the chapter assesses the public health impact of these various efforts.
Felicity Savage King and Ann Burgess
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192622334
- eISBN:
- 9780191723643
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192622334.003.0010
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the importance of breastfeeding. Topics covered include types of breastfeeding (exclusive, partial, token breastfeeding), the dangers of partial breastfeeding, why breast milk ...
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This chapter discusses the importance of breastfeeding. Topics covered include types of breastfeeding (exclusive, partial, token breastfeeding), the dangers of partial breastfeeding, why breast milk is perfect for babies, how breast milk varies, how breast milk is produced, how a baby suckles, and starting breastfeeding. It does not give the latest recommendations for feeding babies exposed to HIV.Less
This chapter discusses the importance of breastfeeding. Topics covered include types of breastfeeding (exclusive, partial, token breastfeeding), the dangers of partial breastfeeding, why breast milk is perfect for babies, how breast milk varies, how breast milk is produced, how a baby suckles, and starting breastfeeding. It does not give the latest recommendations for feeding babies exposed to HIV.
Roberto J. Rona and Susan Chinn
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192629197
- eISBN:
- 9780191723612
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192629197.003.0013
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Changes in government policy on school milk led to funding for the NSHG. Hence, efforts were made to compare cohorts of children who had or had not received school milk at around seven years of age. ...
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Changes in government policy on school milk led to funding for the NSHG. Hence, efforts were made to compare cohorts of children who had or had not received school milk at around seven years of age. No consistent relation between height gain and receipt of school milk was found. Changes in school meal provision also took place. Uptake of school meals was high amongst children of families in receipt of welfare benefits up until 1987, but plummeted in 1988 following loss of entitlement to free school meals for children of families in receipt of Family Credit. No effect of receipt of school meals on rate of growth was detected, but children receiving a free meal were shorter on average than other children.Less
Changes in government policy on school milk led to funding for the NSHG. Hence, efforts were made to compare cohorts of children who had or had not received school milk at around seven years of age. No consistent relation between height gain and receipt of school milk was found. Changes in school meal provision also took place. Uptake of school meals was high amongst children of families in receipt of welfare benefits up until 1987, but plummeted in 1988 following loss of entitlement to free school meals for children of families in receipt of Family Credit. No effect of receipt of school meals on rate of growth was detected, but children receiving a free meal were shorter on average than other children.
Louise Condon
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781447338499
- eISBN:
- 9781447338543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447338499.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Marriage and the Family
This chapter explores the experiences of parents born abroad who are raising a child in the United Kingdom. It is recognised that work, paid and unpaid, can pose challenges to exclusive and even ...
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This chapter explores the experiences of parents born abroad who are raising a child in the United Kingdom. It is recognised that work, paid and unpaid, can pose challenges to exclusive and even partial breastfeeding, and such challenges are exacerbated when mothers are migrants and live in precarious social and financial circumstances. A complex mixture of factors influences infant feeding behaviours, including ethnicity, health beliefs, and financial demands; and the economic necessity to return to work soon after delivery has been previously identified as a factor reducing migrant women's ability to breastfeed. Who migrants are and what is known about their breastfeeding and weaning behaviours are addressed, and the chapter then reflects upon two empirical studies conducted with migrant parents in the South West of England. In this way, the voices of migrants from a variety of migrant backgrounds are heard and their experiences explored in depth. Throughout the chapter the concept of ‘missing milk’ is also discussed, and the consequences for babies, parents, and society raised. ‘Missing milk’ is the breast milk that babies would customarily have received, which has decreased following migration.Less
This chapter explores the experiences of parents born abroad who are raising a child in the United Kingdom. It is recognised that work, paid and unpaid, can pose challenges to exclusive and even partial breastfeeding, and such challenges are exacerbated when mothers are migrants and live in precarious social and financial circumstances. A complex mixture of factors influences infant feeding behaviours, including ethnicity, health beliefs, and financial demands; and the economic necessity to return to work soon after delivery has been previously identified as a factor reducing migrant women's ability to breastfeed. Who migrants are and what is known about their breastfeeding and weaning behaviours are addressed, and the chapter then reflects upon two empirical studies conducted with migrant parents in the South West of England. In this way, the voices of migrants from a variety of migrant backgrounds are heard and their experiences explored in depth. Throughout the chapter the concept of ‘missing milk’ is also discussed, and the consequences for babies, parents, and society raised. ‘Missing milk’ is the breast milk that babies would customarily have received, which has decreased following migration.
Yvonne R. Lockwood and William G. Lockwood
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781496810847
- eISBN:
- 9781496810892
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496810847.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
Milk products are an important part of the Finnish American diet, and here the focus is on the role of an iconic dairy product in the continuity of Finnish American ethnicity and the maintenance of ...
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Milk products are an important part of the Finnish American diet, and here the focus is on the role of an iconic dairy product in the continuity of Finnish American ethnicity and the maintenance of Finnish America itself. Viili, fermented milk resembling yogurt, is a food enjoyed in Finland and has been made and eaten in Finnish America since immigration. The chapter explores the interrelatedness of the social and cultural aspects of this food, how and why it serves as “comfort food,” the concept of “nostalgia,” and the ways in which viili interconnect Finnish Americans.Less
Milk products are an important part of the Finnish American diet, and here the focus is on the role of an iconic dairy product in the continuity of Finnish American ethnicity and the maintenance of Finnish America itself. Viili, fermented milk resembling yogurt, is a food enjoyed in Finland and has been made and eaten in Finnish America since immigration. The chapter explores the interrelatedness of the social and cultural aspects of this food, how and why it serves as “comfort food,” the concept of “nostalgia,” and the ways in which viili interconnect Finnish Americans.
Nancy Rose Hunt
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520205406
- eISBN:
- 9780520918085
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520205406.003.0009
- Subject:
- Anthropology, European Cultural Anthropology
This chapter examines colonial intervention in breastfeeding and milk distribution in the Belgian Congo. It shows that these colonial initiatives were linked to a discourse which viewed African birth ...
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This chapter examines colonial intervention in breastfeeding and milk distribution in the Belgian Congo. It shows that these colonial initiatives were linked to a discourse which viewed African birth spacing customs insidious and saw a solution in European women. The chapter explains that the colonial call for a crusade to combat the prejudices that separate the spouses led to the development of the most massive network of maternal and infant health programs in sub-Saharan Africa.Less
This chapter examines colonial intervention in breastfeeding and milk distribution in the Belgian Congo. It shows that these colonial initiatives were linked to a discourse which viewed African birth spacing customs insidious and saw a solution in European women. The chapter explains that the colonial call for a crusade to combat the prejudices that separate the spouses led to the development of the most massive network of maternal and infant health programs in sub-Saharan Africa.
