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After outlining the development of military conscription in the Habsburg army and provision for military invalids, this chapter focuses on the core subject of this book, namely military veterans’ associations. In the Austrian half of the Dual Monarchy, military veterans’ associations expanded rapidly in the last third of the nineteenth century, thereby constituting a vital area where military and civilian spheres intersected. The early impetus towards the creation of these groups came very much from below. The growth of a veterans’ movement constituted an important phase in the politicization of the lower-middle and lower classes, particularly in smaller market towns, villages, and rural areas.

After 1900, the Austrian state sought to build a unified, official organization for veterans in imperial Austria. This chapter shows how the Imperial and Royal Austrian Military Soldiers Corps was designed to provide a countermodel to nationalist organizations and to act as a loyal core of supporters who could function as a reserve force in time of war. However, the project came up against a series of obstacles which meant that the Soldiers Corps was not established until 1914. The government policy of militarizing the veterans’ associations met with opposition in parliament and among sections of the veterans’ movement itself within a context of growing anti-militarist activity before 1914.

Military peace movement members were outsiders in both the military and the peace movement because they tried to be connected to both, but they believe that this combined identity enhanced the movement’s attempts to effect change. Four social-psychological motivations for unlikely activists (information, value redefinition, hardship, and networks) are identified.

This chapter takes the analysis of the veterans’ movement a step further by providing a case study of one of the Habsburg Monarchy’s Italian-speaking areas, which have been less well served by recent research. In the southern Italian-speaking part of Tyrol, unofficially known as Trentino, military veterans’ associations emerged in the 1870s, before expanding more rapidly after 1900 as part of a new wave of socio-economic organizations in the countryside. As well as analyzing in detail the main types of patriotic activity undertaken by veterans, the chapter discusses their role in the process of politicization as political Catholicism challenged the dominance of National-Liberal elites.

This chapter complements the previous chapter by looking at other regions of the Habsburg Monarchy with a significant Italian-speaking presence. It concentrates on the activities of military veterans in the port city of Trieste, as well as surveying developments in other parts of the Austrian Littoral, namely the princely county of Görz and Gradisca, and the peninsula of Istria. Here, social and ethnic fault-lines were exacerbated by contestation over military culture. Particular tensions arose in certain towns with a strong army or navy presence, where ethnic politics took on anti-militarist dimensions.

Embedded in a wide spectrum of military-identified organizations critical of U.S. government policies, the military peace movement had four main organizations. Activists within these faced greater risks for peace movement participation than their civilian counterparts, and these risks helped to bind this movement together.

Activists strategically deployed their combined military/peace identities in order to attract attention, demonstrate legitimacy, reframe “patriotism” and “troop support” in ways that promoted peace, and reach those unconvinced by traditional peace movement frames. Identity strategies were controversial, though.

This chapter demonstrates the moment of Quebec. The story of Tristram Bates is also discussed. It then investigates the spectacle of the military veteran in more detail, concentrating on the popular figure of Laurence Sterne's uncle Toby. In Tristram Shandy, Toby's blend of virtue and nature is feared while the novel at once points out his childlike innocence and powerlessness in an unjust world. The irony in Toby's case is that the language of his body provides both a critique and an explanation for violence. It is expected that Toby's bodily display of ‘benevolence’ expressed the contradictions of an ideology that both services and protests against this economic imperative. The sacrifice of the soldier is famously held to secure one powerful manifestation of the ‘imagined community’ of the nation. The British expansionist project encountered ‘barriers in its own nature’, although it was articulated in terms of the universalising of ‘benevolence’.

This chapter opens showing the heartbreak behind the military peace movement and then lays out its theoretical and informational context. Briefly describes the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars (with timeline), differences/similarities between Iraq and Vietnam, relationship between U.S. civilians and military, and social movement literature on emotions and identity.

The military peace movement organizations acted as a family, and this allowed activists to move beyond the negative emotions of powerlessness (fear, guilt, shame and unfocused anger) brought on by war and develop emotions of resistance (righteous anger, love, and group pride). This emotional transformation helped sustain the movement.

A close examination of one tactic, anti-war war memorials, demonstrates how activists intentionally elicit emotions, such as grief and sadness, to increase the impact of their message. Activists drew on emotional symbols of death to draw bystanders into their tactics and encourage resonance with their message.

Some members of the military may leave the service with physical and/or psychological injuries or wounds. This chapter offers business leaders and human resource professionals a blueprint for hiring and retaining wounded warriors and veterans with disabilities in civilian organizations by providing an overview of the intersection between disability, veteran status, and employment. It contextualizes the employment picture of this population, addresses misconceptions surrounding their capabilities, and provides employers a road map for how to help them successfully reintegrate into the civilian workforce. The chapter provides guidance on tackling obstacles faced by both employers and veterans throughout the hiring process and addresses and dispels the myths related to job performance. Key issues of disability disclosure and reasonable accommodation are indicated, followed by promising practices for hiring and retaining veterans with disabilities. The chapter concludes by outlining federal laws pertaining to the employment of veterans with disabilities along with additional resources for employers.

The introduction of this book explains how industrial/organizational (I/O) psychologists and human resources leaders can use I/O research and best practices to understand military veterans and military families. This knowledge can help employers find, hire, and retain veterans as civilian employees in their organizations. This chapter first describes the American military as an organization, the demographics of the military, and why service members and veterans are different from other groups of individuals; it offers insight into the types of individuals who self-select into the military and then describes how the military develops the traits, skills, and competencies (including nontechnical “soft” skills) that are in high demand but short supply in the civilian labor market. In concludes with an explanation of how the military culture impacts the service members and how these elements create veteran employees who may differ in their tenure and their performance in civilian organizations.

In order for employers to get the full benefit of hiring military veterans, they need to understand why it is in their best interest to employ and retain these individuals. This chapter presents and expands on the typical understanding of what it means to hire a veteran. It defines the skills and knowledge veterans bring to the organization along with the value associated with decisive efforts to integrate veterans into the civilian workforce. This chapter explores and outlines the subsequent impact of these decisions on a company’s organizational culture and competitive advantage in the marketplace (e.g., how veteran hiring contributes to the corporate bottom line by examining the return on investment of these decisions), looks at the current trends in the marketplace for veteran talent, provides suggestions on hiring veterans, and presents recommendations on how employers can advance the success of veterans in the workplace, including veterans with disabilities and injuries.

This chapter teaches recruiters and hiring managers how to become fluent in translating the language of military experience used on résumés and during interviews to create a competitive hiring advantage for veteran talent. It provides an example of a veteran’s résumé and dissects it to show how military occupations can translate to civilian careers and how military promotions indicate employability. Charts are provided to compare military to civilian levels of responsibility, and government information sources are listed to further understand the composition of military occupations and population cohorts to improve targeting of talent. It provides further information sources to gain a better understanding of military knowledge, skills, and abilities. It also discusses current best practices of leading employers of veterans and offers useful tips on how to conduct a productive hiring interview. A top 10 list is presented to help practitioners create and maintain a successful veteran hiring program.

This chapter focuses on the homecoming of military veterans of New France from both the marine service and the army, which tells us much about how the French Crown interpreted and dealt with its reversal of war fortune, and about how New France proved to have been a colony worth giving up and erasing from the nation’s memory. The stunning first blow to the veterans was the suppression of the compagnies franches de la marine as a separate military service in November 1761. Then, a commission impaneled on December 18, 1761, one month after the disbanding of la marine service, began investigating the reasons for the loss of New France, in particular the officers accused of “corrupt practices, embezzlement, and robbery in the fulfillment of their duties in Canada.” When the court rendered judgment, it closed the royal book on two hundred years of imperial aspirations in the North Atlantic.

Although the Iraq War ended, the military peace movement continues organizing to stop the over-extension of the military and better address the traumas facing servicemembers returned from war. The book’s findings are used to deepen theory about the civilian-military divide and the role of emotions and identity in social movements.

This chapter describes the experience and lessons learned regarding the veteran hiring initiative within Military Programs at Walmart. A proponent of veteran hiring for decades, Walmart formally launched the Veterans Welcome Home Commitment in 2013 and is currently the largest private sector employer of veterans and military spouses. While many companies understand the benefits of hiring veterans, a number of companies find that retaining veteran employees can be challenging. Using a four-step model, common-sense tactics utilized by Walmart are provided that can be used to help veterans successfully transition from their military careers to civilian organizations through understanding military and corporate culture and how veterans coming from the military’s culture fit in with an organization’s corporate culture. This chapter also describes how the lessons learned from Walmart’s veteran hiring efforts can be used by smaller companies that may be considering or are actively deploying veteran and military family member hiring initiatives.

With a large number of severely wounded military veterans returning home from various wars, sport is seen as vehicle to achieving rehabilitation goals. Introducing injured veterans to sport experiences can also have important mental health benefits. The purpose of this chapter is to review research on physical activity and wounded warriors. Sport- and physical activity–based recreation experiences have helped wounded warriors to re-engage in life and give their lives purpose. Other benefits include a renewed recognition and value of family relationships. In camps that lasted multiple days, participants reported that feeling respected and cared for enhanced their quality of life. Gaining sport skills has also led to improved physical self-concept. Some injured soldiers have reported being inspired by other injured veterans. PA experiences providing benefits often go well beyond traditional disability sports, such as surfing, scuba diving, yoga, horseback riding, white water rafting, mountain climbing, fly fishing, ballet, and Outward Bound programs.