David P. Oakley
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780813176703
- eISBN:
- 9780813176727
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813176703.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
Since September 11, 2001 (9/11), the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and Department of Defense (DoD) have operated together in Afghanistan, Iraq, and elsewhere during counterterrorism ...
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Since September 11, 2001 (9/11), the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and Department of Defense (DoD) have operated together in Afghanistan, Iraq, and elsewhere during counterterrorism operations. Although the global war on terrorism provided a common purpose, it was actions taken in the late 1980s and 1990s that set the foundation for their current relationship. Driven by the post–Cold War environment and lessons learned, policy makers made military support the Intelligence Community’s top priority. In response, the CIA and DoD instituted changes that altered their relationship. While congressional debates over the Intelligence Community’s future were occurring, the CIA and DoD were expanding their relationship during operations. By the late 1990s, some policy makers and national security professionals became concerned that intelligence support to military operations had gone too far, weakening long-term analysis. Despite concerns, no major changes to intelligence organization or priorities were implemented. These concerns were forgotten after 9/11, as the United States fought two wars and policy makers fixated on terrorism. The DoD/CIA operational relationship has led to successes, but the CIA’s counterterrorism and military support requirements place a significant burden on the organization. As the sole independent US intelligence organization, the CIA was conceived to separate intelligence collection from the institutions that develop and execute policy. Its increased focus on support to military operations weakens this separation, reduces its focus on strategic issues, and risks subordination to the DoD. The CIA and DoD are the ones affected by this evolving relationship, but policy makers’ preference for military force and the militarization of foreign policy has led both organizations down this path.Less
Since September 11, 2001 (9/11), the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and Department of Defense (DoD) have operated together in Afghanistan, Iraq, and elsewhere during counterterrorism operations. Although the global war on terrorism provided a common purpose, it was actions taken in the late 1980s and 1990s that set the foundation for their current relationship. Driven by the post–Cold War environment and lessons learned, policy makers made military support the Intelligence Community’s top priority. In response, the CIA and DoD instituted changes that altered their relationship. While congressional debates over the Intelligence Community’s future were occurring, the CIA and DoD were expanding their relationship during operations. By the late 1990s, some policy makers and national security professionals became concerned that intelligence support to military operations had gone too far, weakening long-term analysis. Despite concerns, no major changes to intelligence organization or priorities were implemented. These concerns were forgotten after 9/11, as the United States fought two wars and policy makers fixated on terrorism. The DoD/CIA operational relationship has led to successes, but the CIA’s counterterrorism and military support requirements place a significant burden on the organization. As the sole independent US intelligence organization, the CIA was conceived to separate intelligence collection from the institutions that develop and execute policy. Its increased focus on support to military operations weakens this separation, reduces its focus on strategic issues, and risks subordination to the DoD. The CIA and DoD are the ones affected by this evolving relationship, but policy makers’ preference for military force and the militarization of foreign policy has led both organizations down this path.
Ira A. Hunt
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813126470
- eISBN:
- 9780813135656
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813126470.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This book has focused primarily on the combat capabilities of infantrymen and their direct support organizations: the artillery, air cavalry, assault helicopters, Air Force, and Navy. Many other ...
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This book has focused primarily on the combat capabilities of infantrymen and their direct support organizations: the artillery, air cavalry, assault helicopters, Air Force, and Navy. Many other units not specifically mentioned—such as the 45th Infantry Platoon (Scout Dog), the 65th Infantry Platoon (Combat Tracker), the Air Cushion Vehicle Platoon, the 1097th Transportation Company (Medium Boat), and the 15th Engineer Combat Battalion—also participated in ferreting out and destroying the enemy. Yet, all units of the division contributed to its combat success. The importance of the medical battalion needs no explanation. The 9th Signal Battalion provided outstanding communications. The aircraft and other equipment were maintained and repaired by the 709th Maintenance Battalion. The unflinching dedication to duty and the outstanding performance of all the brave men and women of the 9th Infantry Division and its supporting units in Vietnam contributed to its unsurpassed combat record from February 1967 through July 1969.Less
This book has focused primarily on the combat capabilities of infantrymen and their direct support organizations: the artillery, air cavalry, assault helicopters, Air Force, and Navy. Many other units not specifically mentioned—such as the 45th Infantry Platoon (Scout Dog), the 65th Infantry Platoon (Combat Tracker), the Air Cushion Vehicle Platoon, the 1097th Transportation Company (Medium Boat), and the 15th Engineer Combat Battalion—also participated in ferreting out and destroying the enemy. Yet, all units of the division contributed to its combat success. The importance of the medical battalion needs no explanation. The 9th Signal Battalion provided outstanding communications. The aircraft and other equipment were maintained and repaired by the 709th Maintenance Battalion. The unflinching dedication to duty and the outstanding performance of all the brave men and women of the 9th Infantry Division and its supporting units in Vietnam contributed to its unsurpassed combat record from February 1967 through July 1969.
Christopher Phillips
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300217179
- eISBN:
- 9780300222173
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300217179.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter investigates Assad's allies, particularly Iran, and their support for the regime. From the beginning of Syria's civil war, Assad's allies were more willing to ensure the regime's ...
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This chapter investigates Assad's allies, particularly Iran, and their support for the regime. From the beginning of Syria's civil war, Assad's allies were more willing to ensure the regime's survival than those states that wished to hasten its fall. For the first four years, Iran was by far Assad's most important ally. Major General Qassem Suleimani led a major reorganisation of the regime's forces, brought in Hezbollah and other Shia militias, and directed key aspects of military strategy. Financial and military support prevented the regime from collapsing under pressure, while Iran and Hezbollah's role significantly contributed to sectarianising the conflict. Such deep involvement by Assad's allies greatly impacted the shape of the Syrian civil war.Less
This chapter investigates Assad's allies, particularly Iran, and their support for the regime. From the beginning of Syria's civil war, Assad's allies were more willing to ensure the regime's survival than those states that wished to hasten its fall. For the first four years, Iran was by far Assad's most important ally. Major General Qassem Suleimani led a major reorganisation of the regime's forces, brought in Hezbollah and other Shia militias, and directed key aspects of military strategy. Financial and military support prevented the regime from collapsing under pressure, while Iran and Hezbollah's role significantly contributed to sectarianising the conflict. Such deep involvement by Assad's allies greatly impacted the shape of the Syrian civil war.
Melvyn C. Goldstein
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520249417
- eISBN:
- 9780520933323
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520249417.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
The Tibetan government, for its part, was also pursuing a two-track approach. On the one hand, its main effort was focused on securing military and diplomatic support for its de facto independence. ...
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The Tibetan government, for its part, was also pursuing a two-track approach. On the one hand, its main effort was focused on securing military and diplomatic support for its de facto independence. To this end Tibet sent appeals to Western nations such as Britain and the United States and started reinforcing its army along the Chinese border. In December 1949, for example, it decided to send three high-level missions to the United States and India, Great Britain, and Nepal to explain its precarious situation and seek assistance. On the other hand, it also decided to make contact with China and formed a fourth mission for this purpose. This mission, led by Tsipön Shakabpa and the monk official Mindrubu, arrived in Kalimpong on 7 March 1950. The internal instructions reveal the tremendous gap still existing between the views of the leaders of Tibet and those of China.Less
The Tibetan government, for its part, was also pursuing a two-track approach. On the one hand, its main effort was focused on securing military and diplomatic support for its de facto independence. To this end Tibet sent appeals to Western nations such as Britain and the United States and started reinforcing its army along the Chinese border. In December 1949, for example, it decided to send three high-level missions to the United States and India, Great Britain, and Nepal to explain its precarious situation and seek assistance. On the other hand, it also decided to make contact with China and formed a fourth mission for this purpose. This mission, led by Tsipön Shakabpa and the monk official Mindrubu, arrived in Kalimpong on 7 March 1950. The internal instructions reveal the tremendous gap still existing between the views of the leaders of Tibet and those of China.
Lindsay Clutterbuck
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198725015
- eISBN:
- 9780191792472
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198725015.003.0021
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter reviews how the development of UK policing has been influenced by domestic and foreign counter-insurgencies and the need to interact with the military to counter them. It commenced in ...
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This chapter reviews how the development of UK policing has been influenced by domestic and foreign counter-insurgencies and the need to interact with the military to counter them. It commenced in Ireland in the nineteenth century and then occurred extensively overseas. Police counter-insurgency techniques were used and developed in Palestine from 1921, then in Malaya and elsewhere after the Second World War and, by the 1970s, in Northern Ireland. The role of police in gathering human intelligence from within communities was central to COIN successes. However, in both Iraq and Afghanistan, building capacity in partner nation police forces was dominated by the military, thus minimizing the role of the UK police and producing negative consequences for both short-term COIN HUMINT requirements and the longer-term objective of creating an effective and sustainable local police force.Less
This chapter reviews how the development of UK policing has been influenced by domestic and foreign counter-insurgencies and the need to interact with the military to counter them. It commenced in Ireland in the nineteenth century and then occurred extensively overseas. Police counter-insurgency techniques were used and developed in Palestine from 1921, then in Malaya and elsewhere after the Second World War and, by the 1970s, in Northern Ireland. The role of police in gathering human intelligence from within communities was central to COIN successes. However, in both Iraq and Afghanistan, building capacity in partner nation police forces was dominated by the military, thus minimizing the role of the UK police and producing negative consequences for both short-term COIN HUMINT requirements and the longer-term objective of creating an effective and sustainable local police force.
Timothy B. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781628460971
- eISBN:
- 9781626740563
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781628460971.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
This chapter describes the final ordinances passed by the delegates of the Mississippi Secession Convention before adjourning. By this time, the delegates realized that the last major item remaining ...
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This chapter describes the final ordinances passed by the delegates of the Mississippi Secession Convention before adjourning. By this time, the delegates realized that the last major item remaining before the Convention was economic in nature. They knew that the state needed additional funds in the event of war against the Federal Union. The first important ordinance that they tackled was the Ways and Means Committee's bill that would raise revenue to support the military. Debates focused on amendments that would tax slaves separately from other property and the taxation of money loaned out of state as a possible source of funds for the war effort.Less
This chapter describes the final ordinances passed by the delegates of the Mississippi Secession Convention before adjourning. By this time, the delegates realized that the last major item remaining before the Convention was economic in nature. They knew that the state needed additional funds in the event of war against the Federal Union. The first important ordinance that they tackled was the Ways and Means Committee's bill that would raise revenue to support the military. Debates focused on amendments that would tax slaves separately from other property and the taxation of money loaned out of state as a possible source of funds for the war effort.
Kaushik Roy
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780199485659
- eISBN:
- 9780199093939
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199485659.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
Accustomed to conducting low-intensity warfare before 1914, the Indian Army learnt to engage in high-intensity conventional warfare during the course of World War I, thereby exhibiting a steep ...
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Accustomed to conducting low-intensity warfare before 1914, the Indian Army learnt to engage in high-intensity conventional warfare during the course of World War I, thereby exhibiting a steep learning curve. Being the bulwark of the British Empire in South Asia, the ‘brown warriors’ of the Raj functioned as an imperial fire brigade during the war. Studying the Indian Army as an institution during the war, Kaushik Roy delineates its social, cultural, and organizational aspects to understand its role in the scheme of British imperial projects. Focusing not just on ‘history from above’ but also ‘history from below’, Roy analyses the experiences of common soldiers and not just those of the high command. Moreover, since society, along with the army, was mobilized to provide military and non-military support, this volume sheds light on the repercussions of this mass mobilization on the structure of British rule in South Asia. Using rare archival materials, published autobiographies, and diaries, Roy’s work offers a holistic analysis of the military performance of the Indian Army in major theatres during the war.Less
Accustomed to conducting low-intensity warfare before 1914, the Indian Army learnt to engage in high-intensity conventional warfare during the course of World War I, thereby exhibiting a steep learning curve. Being the bulwark of the British Empire in South Asia, the ‘brown warriors’ of the Raj functioned as an imperial fire brigade during the war. Studying the Indian Army as an institution during the war, Kaushik Roy delineates its social, cultural, and organizational aspects to understand its role in the scheme of British imperial projects. Focusing not just on ‘history from above’ but also ‘history from below’, Roy analyses the experiences of common soldiers and not just those of the high command. Moreover, since society, along with the army, was mobilized to provide military and non-military support, this volume sheds light on the repercussions of this mass mobilization on the structure of British rule in South Asia. Using rare archival materials, published autobiographies, and diaries, Roy’s work offers a holistic analysis of the military performance of the Indian Army in major theatres during the war.