Cécile Fabre
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199289998
- eISBN:
- 9780191603556
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199289999.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter argues that the duty of assistance outlined in Chapter 1 includes a duty to provide personal services in the form of a civilian service.
This chapter argues that the duty of assistance outlined in Chapter 1 includes a duty to provide personal services in the form of a civilian service.
Derek J. Penslar
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691138879
- eISBN:
- 9781400848577
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691138879.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter illustrates the context in which western and central European armies took form and how Jews were included in them. The issue of military service played a major role in eighteenth- and ...
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This chapter illustrates the context in which western and central European armies took form and how Jews were included in them. The issue of military service played a major role in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century debates about the emancipation of Jews. In the early 1700s, Protestant Hebraists and Enlightenment thinkers reconceived the position of Jews in European society by presenting Jews as capable of martial valor and so deserving of civil rights. In the late eighteenth century, new conceptions of the meliorability of humanity led to the introduction of conscription for all men, including Jews. Proponents of the Jewish Enlightenment (Haskalah) paid considerable attention to the issue of military service, especially after the introduction of mass conscription in France during the revolutionary wars. In the German lands, early nineteenth-century advocates of Jewish emancipation urged Jewish youth to volunteer to fight against Napoleonic France.Less
This chapter illustrates the context in which western and central European armies took form and how Jews were included in them. The issue of military service played a major role in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century debates about the emancipation of Jews. In the early 1700s, Protestant Hebraists and Enlightenment thinkers reconceived the position of Jews in European society by presenting Jews as capable of martial valor and so deserving of civil rights. In the late eighteenth century, new conceptions of the meliorability of humanity led to the introduction of conscription for all men, including Jews. Proponents of the Jewish Enlightenment (Haskalah) paid considerable attention to the issue of military service, especially after the introduction of mass conscription in France during the revolutionary wars. In the German lands, early nineteenth-century advocates of Jewish emancipation urged Jewish youth to volunteer to fight against Napoleonic France.
Melissa T. Brown
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199842827
- eISBN:
- 9780199933105
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199842827.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics, International Relations and Politics
Chapter 2 provides historical and theoretical context for the analysis of the recruiting advertisements in the subsequent chapters. It discusses the concept of masculinity and Connell’s hegemonic ...
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Chapter 2 provides historical and theoretical context for the analysis of the recruiting advertisements in the subsequent chapters. It discusses the concept of masculinity and Connell’s hegemonic masculinity in particular. It explores the relationship between masculinity and military service, recognizing that military masculinity changes over time and can take a variety of forms at once, rather than being a fixed type. The chapter maps the connections among gender, military service, and citizenship in the United States, and it describes the so-called masculinity crisis that coincided with the abolition of the military draft. The chapter ends with a brief history of the all-volunteer force that introduces some of the issues raised by the end of conscription.Less
Chapter 2 provides historical and theoretical context for the analysis of the recruiting advertisements in the subsequent chapters. It discusses the concept of masculinity and Connell’s hegemonic masculinity in particular. It explores the relationship between masculinity and military service, recognizing that military masculinity changes over time and can take a variety of forms at once, rather than being a fixed type. The chapter maps the connections among gender, military service, and citizenship in the United States, and it describes the so-called masculinity crisis that coincided with the abolition of the military draft. The chapter ends with a brief history of the all-volunteer force that introduces some of the issues raised by the end of conscription.
DAVID LAVEN
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198205746
- eISBN:
- 9780191717147
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205746.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines another widely-disliked Habsburg institution: conscription into the army and navy. It analyses the debates that went on surrounding the introduction of an annual levy in ...
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This chapter examines another widely-disliked Habsburg institution: conscription into the army and navy. It analyses the debates that went on surrounding the introduction of an annual levy in Venetia, and contrasts the way in which the Austrian system operated with the fashion in which that of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy functioned. It argues that, while most Venetians still loathed conscription under the Austrians, and often went to great lengths to avoid it, military service was less irksome than under the French.Less
This chapter examines another widely-disliked Habsburg institution: conscription into the army and navy. It analyses the debates that went on surrounding the introduction of an annual levy in Venetia, and contrasts the way in which the Austrian system operated with the fashion in which that of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy functioned. It argues that, while most Venetians still loathed conscription under the Austrians, and often went to great lengths to avoid it, military service was less irksome than under the French.
Chŏng Yagyong
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520260917
- eISBN:
- 9780520947702
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520260917.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This section of the book provides the English translation of six chapters in Book VIII of Mongmin simsŏ on administration for district magistrates. The chapters discuss the following: enlistment for ...
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This section of the book provides the English translation of six chapters in Book VIII of Mongmin simsŏ on administration for district magistrates. The chapters discuss the following: enlistment for military service, training soldiers, repairing weapons of war, recommending martial arts, domestic disturbances, and defending the district against enemy attack.Less
This section of the book provides the English translation of six chapters in Book VIII of Mongmin simsŏ on administration for district magistrates. The chapters discuss the following: enlistment for military service, training soldiers, repairing weapons of war, recommending martial arts, domestic disturbances, and defending the district against enemy attack.
L. V. SCOTT
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204213
- eISBN:
- 9780191676154
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204213.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
This chapter discusses the National Service Act and the history and diversity of Labour objections to conscription and to the situation that existed in government in the PLP from the autumn of 1946 ...
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This chapter discusses the National Service Act and the history and diversity of Labour objections to conscription and to the situation that existed in government in the PLP from the autumn of 1946 to the spring of 1947. Opposition to compulsory military service was founded on different arguments and expressed in different sections of the Labour Party. Pacifists, non-conformists, trade unionists, liberals, and the occasional military thinker all had their reasons for opposition. This was the case within Labour and also elsewhere — the Liberal and Independent Labour Parties were to remain resolutely opposed to military conscription. As the government had yet to reach a decision on long-term military policy it was not unreasonable for Atlee and his colleagues to want discussion in the party deferred, until both defence policy and the international situation in general had become clearer.Less
This chapter discusses the National Service Act and the history and diversity of Labour objections to conscription and to the situation that existed in government in the PLP from the autumn of 1946 to the spring of 1947. Opposition to compulsory military service was founded on different arguments and expressed in different sections of the Labour Party. Pacifists, non-conformists, trade unionists, liberals, and the occasional military thinker all had their reasons for opposition. This was the case within Labour and also elsewhere — the Liberal and Independent Labour Parties were to remain resolutely opposed to military conscription. As the government had yet to reach a decision on long-term military policy it was not unreasonable for Atlee and his colleagues to want discussion in the party deferred, until both defence policy and the international situation in general had become clearer.
Derek J. Penslar
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691138879
- eISBN:
- 9781400848577
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691138879.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This introductory chapter provides an overview of Jewish involvement in the military. From the beginnings of conscription in the late 1700s until the end of the Second World War, military service was ...
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This introductory chapter provides an overview of Jewish involvement in the military. From the beginnings of conscription in the late 1700s until the end of the Second World War, military service was of enormous concern to Jews throughout the world. Advocates for Jewish rights presented the Jewish soldier as proof that Jews were worthy of emancipation and social acceptance. For Jewish soldiers, as for all who serve, military life could be a torment but could also be thrilling and liberating—the most memorable experience of a young man's life. However, two sets of historically contiguous events—the Holocaust and establishment of the state of Israel, on the one hand, and the 1967 Middle East war and the anti-Vietnam War movement, on the other—blotted the Jewish soldier out of Jewish collective memory.Less
This introductory chapter provides an overview of Jewish involvement in the military. From the beginnings of conscription in the late 1700s until the end of the Second World War, military service was of enormous concern to Jews throughout the world. Advocates for Jewish rights presented the Jewish soldier as proof that Jews were worthy of emancipation and social acceptance. For Jewish soldiers, as for all who serve, military life could be a torment but could also be thrilling and liberating—the most memorable experience of a young man's life. However, two sets of historically contiguous events—the Holocaust and establishment of the state of Israel, on the one hand, and the 1967 Middle East war and the anti-Vietnam War movement, on the other—blotted the Jewish soldier out of Jewish collective memory.
L. V. SCOTT
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204213
- eISBN:
- 9780191676154
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204213.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
This chapter discusses military arguments against conscription. The need for conscripts was contingent on different factors: regular recruiting/reengagements, and the scale and duration of these two ...
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This chapter discusses military arguments against conscription. The need for conscripts was contingent on different factors: regular recruiting/reengagements, and the scale and duration of these two elements. Neither of these two elements was to allow for an end to compulsory military service. Conscription was inextricably linked with the pursuit of foreign policy; the existence of conscription was a symbol of Britain’s will to act and maintain its position and interest. The military arguments against conscription took different forms and emerged as the problems of the defence budget and the experience of the services developed. In the autumn of 1946, when the government was required to take the decisions, the military objections were muted and the only significant opposition emerged on non-military lines.Less
This chapter discusses military arguments against conscription. The need for conscripts was contingent on different factors: regular recruiting/reengagements, and the scale and duration of these two elements. Neither of these two elements was to allow for an end to compulsory military service. Conscription was inextricably linked with the pursuit of foreign policy; the existence of conscription was a symbol of Britain’s will to act and maintain its position and interest. The military arguments against conscription took different forms and emerged as the problems of the defence budget and the experience of the services developed. In the autumn of 1946, when the government was required to take the decisions, the military objections were muted and the only significant opposition emerged on non-military lines.
Meredith Baldwin Weddle
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195131383
- eISBN:
- 9780199834839
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019513138X.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
In an emergency session responding to the Dutch recapture of New York, the Rhode Island General Assembly enacted the 1673 Exemption, exempting any self‐identified pacifist from military service on ...
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In an emergency session responding to the Dutch recapture of New York, the Rhode Island General Assembly enacted the 1673 Exemption, exempting any self‐identified pacifist from military service on the basis of conscience. It provided, too, for alternative service, but it also excused those for whom even alternative service would violate their consciences. The legislature, expressing local conditions, traditions, and needs, gave several arguments to support its excusing those unable to fight or train for reasons of conscience. The justifications pointed to Rhode Island's own liberty of conscience; then pointed to the Hebrew scripture, wherein God excused certain classes of people from fighting in his wars. The legislature cited the example of the king, who also did not require all to fight, and referred to other “implied” arguments.Less
In an emergency session responding to the Dutch recapture of New York, the Rhode Island General Assembly enacted the 1673 Exemption, exempting any self‐identified pacifist from military service on the basis of conscience. It provided, too, for alternative service, but it also excused those for whom even alternative service would violate their consciences. The legislature, expressing local conditions, traditions, and needs, gave several arguments to support its excusing those unable to fight or train for reasons of conscience. The justifications pointed to Rhode Island's own liberty of conscience; then pointed to the Hebrew scripture, wherein God excused certain classes of people from fighting in his wars. The legislature cited the example of the king, who also did not require all to fight, and referred to other “implied” arguments.
Derek J. Penslar
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691138879
- eISBN:
- 9781400848577
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691138879.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter explores the Jews' historic self-image as a people that shuns what the Hebrew writer S.Y. Agnon called “the craft of Esau, the waging of war.” The notion of Jews as wards of divine and ...
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This chapter explores the Jews' historic self-image as a people that shuns what the Hebrew writer S.Y. Agnon called “the craft of Esau, the waging of war.” The notion of Jews as wards of divine and state authority derives from both rabbinic tradition and the specific conditions of Jewish life in medieval Christian and Muslim civilizations. Committed to maintaining their faith and community, Jews had little reason to cross social boundaries or endanger their lives through military service. The historical memory of Russian and Polish Jewry is replete with images of harsh military service and tales of fleeing the country in order to avoid it. Like all historical memory, this narrative blends fact with fiction. Eastern European Jews engaged in a variety of paramilitary activities long before conscription into the tsar's army, and once the draft was implemented in the nineteenth century, their experiences were not uniformly miserable.Less
This chapter explores the Jews' historic self-image as a people that shuns what the Hebrew writer S.Y. Agnon called “the craft of Esau, the waging of war.” The notion of Jews as wards of divine and state authority derives from both rabbinic tradition and the specific conditions of Jewish life in medieval Christian and Muslim civilizations. Committed to maintaining their faith and community, Jews had little reason to cross social boundaries or endanger their lives through military service. The historical memory of Russian and Polish Jewry is replete with images of harsh military service and tales of fleeing the country in order to avoid it. Like all historical memory, this narrative blends fact with fiction. Eastern European Jews engaged in a variety of paramilitary activities long before conscription into the tsar's army, and once the draft was implemented in the nineteenth century, their experiences were not uniformly miserable.
L. V. SCOTT
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204213
- eISBN:
- 9780191676154
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204213.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
This chapter describes the National Service Act and conscription. The adoption of a scheme of compulsory military service is the focal point for examining the various features of the National Service ...
More
This chapter describes the National Service Act and conscription. The adoption of a scheme of compulsory military service is the focal point for examining the various features of the National Service Act. It reflected the British experience of compulsory military service in 1946 to 1947; this was evident on the form of conscription. Conflict centred on the length of service. Within the framework of the foreign policy the only effective alternative to the acceptance of conscription lay in the hope that regular recruiting could provide sufficient troops. As the service departments were able to show, regular recruiting would not be enough. The existence of the time limit was reluctantly accepted by the service departments, although not without concern. The imposition of a time limit was significant only in so far as it suggested an element of doubt about the government’s long-term design.Less
This chapter describes the National Service Act and conscription. The adoption of a scheme of compulsory military service is the focal point for examining the various features of the National Service Act. It reflected the British experience of compulsory military service in 1946 to 1947; this was evident on the form of conscription. Conflict centred on the length of service. Within the framework of the foreign policy the only effective alternative to the acceptance of conscription lay in the hope that regular recruiting could provide sufficient troops. As the service departments were able to show, regular recruiting would not be enough. The existence of the time limit was reluctantly accepted by the service departments, although not without concern. The imposition of a time limit was significant only in so far as it suggested an element of doubt about the government’s long-term design.
J. E. Cookson
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206583
- eISBN:
- 9780191677236
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206583.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
This chapter investigates the tension set up between a huge volunteer force and governments which successively sought a militarily more effective and ...
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This chapter investigates the tension set up between a huge volunteer force and governments which successively sought a militarily more effective and politically more reliable alternative. Castlereagh's local militia of 1808 is seen to represent the triumph of the militia model, which provided for firmer county and army control, over William Windham's model of an ‘armed peasantry’ and William Pitt's model of a nation-in-arms. The addition of mass to war had the further effect of establishing national manpower as a matter of concern to the state. However, the state's recruitment of military manpower continued to be tightly constrained by pre-bureaucratic localism, social privilege, economic interest, and popular anti-militarism. The failure of the volunteer system, then, does not have an obvious explanation: it was cheap, popular, based on local communities, and appeared to strike the right balance between the military service the state required and that which society was prepared to offer.Less
This chapter investigates the tension set up between a huge volunteer force and governments which successively sought a militarily more effective and politically more reliable alternative. Castlereagh's local militia of 1808 is seen to represent the triumph of the militia model, which provided for firmer county and army control, over William Windham's model of an ‘armed peasantry’ and William Pitt's model of a nation-in-arms. The addition of mass to war had the further effect of establishing national manpower as a matter of concern to the state. However, the state's recruitment of military manpower continued to be tightly constrained by pre-bureaucratic localism, social privilege, economic interest, and popular anti-militarism. The failure of the volunteer system, then, does not have an obvious explanation: it was cheap, popular, based on local communities, and appeared to strike the right balance between the military service the state required and that which society was prepared to offer.
Stephen Conway
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199253753
- eISBN:
- 9780191719738
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253753.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter examines the growth of the armed forces, regular and irregular, and particularly the contribution of British and Irish males. The level of mobilization was much greater than is usually ...
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This chapter examines the growth of the armed forces, regular and irregular, and particularly the contribution of British and Irish males. The level of mobilization was much greater than is usually appreciated, and involved men from parts of society generally thought to have been unaffected by military service.Less
This chapter examines the growth of the armed forces, regular and irregular, and particularly the contribution of British and Irish males. The level of mobilization was much greater than is usually appreciated, and involved men from parts of society generally thought to have been unaffected by military service.
Derek J. Penslar
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691138879
- eISBN:
- 9781400848577
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691138879.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This epilogue argues that over the century and a half, from the French revolutionary wars to World War II, Jews in military service were carriers of multiple, overlapping, and at times clashing ...
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This epilogue argues that over the century and a half, from the French revolutionary wars to World War II, Jews in military service were carriers of multiple, overlapping, and at times clashing identities. They often felt a sincere, profound attachment to their homeland and fought with no sense of qualitative difference from their countrymen. Believing that their homeland epitomized toleration and respect for human dignity, Jews in western Europe and North America defined their countries' wars as Jewish wars. Moreover, Jews celebrated their men in uniform not only for their virility and bravery, not only for fulfilling their patriotic duty, but also for boldly asserting their religious particularism. The Jewish soldier at a Sabbath service in the field or a synagogue at home brought glory to his community not simply because he donned his uniform and decorations but because he did so while occupying a manifestly Jewish space.Less
This epilogue argues that over the century and a half, from the French revolutionary wars to World War II, Jews in military service were carriers of multiple, overlapping, and at times clashing identities. They often felt a sincere, profound attachment to their homeland and fought with no sense of qualitative difference from their countrymen. Believing that their homeland epitomized toleration and respect for human dignity, Jews in western Europe and North America defined their countries' wars as Jewish wars. Moreover, Jews celebrated their men in uniform not only for their virility and bravery, not only for fulfilling their patriotic duty, but also for boldly asserting their religious particularism. The Jewish soldier at a Sabbath service in the field or a synagogue at home brought glory to his community not simply because he donned his uniform and decorations but because he did so while occupying a manifestly Jewish space.
Kathleen M. German
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781496812353
- eISBN:
- 9781496812391
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496812353.003.0003
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This chapter unravels the assumptions of citizenship rooted in the early city-states of Greece and Rome that form the basis for rewards and responsibilities in the twentieth century United States. It ...
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This chapter unravels the assumptions of citizenship rooted in the early city-states of Greece and Rome that form the basis for rewards and responsibilities in the twentieth century United States. It argues that military service has historically been linked to citizenship and the privileges gained through citizenship.Less
This chapter unravels the assumptions of citizenship rooted in the early city-states of Greece and Rome that form the basis for rewards and responsibilities in the twentieth century United States. It argues that military service has historically been linked to citizenship and the privileges gained through citizenship.
Derek J. Penslar
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691138879
- eISBN:
- 9781400848577
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691138879.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book is the first comprehensive and comparative look at Jewish involvement in the military and their attitudes toward war from the 1600s until the creation of the state of Israel in 1948. The ...
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This book is the first comprehensive and comparative look at Jewish involvement in the military and their attitudes toward war from the 1600s until the creation of the state of Israel in 1948. The book shows that although Jews have often been described as people who shun the army, in fact they have frequently been willing, even eager, to do military service, and only a minuscule minority have been pacifists. The book demonstrates that Israel's military ethos did not emerge from a vacuum and that long before the state's establishment, Jews had a vested interest in military affairs. Spanning Europe, North America, and the Middle East, the book discusses the myths and realities of Jewish draft dodging, how Jews reacted to facing their coreligionists in battle, the careers of Jewish officers and their reception in the Jewish community, the effects of World War I on Jewish veterans, and Jewish participation in the Spanish Civil War and World War II. The book culminates with a study of Israel's War of Independence as a Jewish world war, which drew on the military expertise and financial support of a mobilized, global Jewish community. The book considers how military service was a central issue in debates about Jewish emancipation and a primary indicator of the position of Jews in any given society. Deconstructing old stereotypes, the book radically transforms our understanding of Jews' historic relationship to war and military power.Less
This book is the first comprehensive and comparative look at Jewish involvement in the military and their attitudes toward war from the 1600s until the creation of the state of Israel in 1948. The book shows that although Jews have often been described as people who shun the army, in fact they have frequently been willing, even eager, to do military service, and only a minuscule minority have been pacifists. The book demonstrates that Israel's military ethos did not emerge from a vacuum and that long before the state's establishment, Jews had a vested interest in military affairs. Spanning Europe, North America, and the Middle East, the book discusses the myths and realities of Jewish draft dodging, how Jews reacted to facing their coreligionists in battle, the careers of Jewish officers and their reception in the Jewish community, the effects of World War I on Jewish veterans, and Jewish participation in the Spanish Civil War and World War II. The book culminates with a study of Israel's War of Independence as a Jewish world war, which drew on the military expertise and financial support of a mobilized, global Jewish community. The book considers how military service was a central issue in debates about Jewish emancipation and a primary indicator of the position of Jews in any given society. Deconstructing old stereotypes, the book radically transforms our understanding of Jews' historic relationship to war and military power.
Joan Tumblety
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199695577
- eISBN:
- 9780191745072
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199695577.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Cultural History
This chapter explores the conceptual and institutional links between physical culturist ‘experts’ and the public powers: the former often functioned as lobbyists or advisers with close ties to ...
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This chapter explores the conceptual and institutional links between physical culturist ‘experts’ and the public powers: the former often functioned as lobbyists or advisers with close ties to government. The chapter shows how the hygienist concerns about male physical failure discussed in the first chapter resonated in public debates about reducing the length of military service, about the physical state of French conscripts, and about the alleged intellectual overwork in schools. In official circles the language of degeneration and the ‘improvement of the race’ was strikingly pervasive, crossing conventional party political lines and finding expression even in the physical education policies of the Popular Front governments of 1936–8. The purchase of these concerns was reflected very clearly by the fact that in the 1937 Paris world's fair the category featuring sport and physical education also included eugenics.Less
This chapter explores the conceptual and institutional links between physical culturist ‘experts’ and the public powers: the former often functioned as lobbyists or advisers with close ties to government. The chapter shows how the hygienist concerns about male physical failure discussed in the first chapter resonated in public debates about reducing the length of military service, about the physical state of French conscripts, and about the alleged intellectual overwork in schools. In official circles the language of degeneration and the ‘improvement of the race’ was strikingly pervasive, crossing conventional party political lines and finding expression even in the physical education policies of the Popular Front governments of 1936–8. The purchase of these concerns was reflected very clearly by the fact that in the 1937 Paris world's fair the category featuring sport and physical education also included eugenics.
L. V. SCOTT
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204213
- eISBN:
- 9780191676154
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204213.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
In sponsoring the 1939 Military Training Act the government abandoned its previous pledges not to introduce military conscription in peacetime in haste and without the consultation that the ...
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In sponsoring the 1939 Military Training Act the government abandoned its previous pledges not to introduce military conscription in peacetime in haste and without the consultation that the opposition had come to enjoy. The Labour Party did not oppose the principle of compulsory military service in wartime, but found peacetime conscription unacceptable. Chamberlain announced that the government still committed to the voluntary principle in service recruitment. However, in the next month he changed his mind, and announced the ‘temporary and limited’ measures that would conscript twenty-year olds for a period of six months’ military training. Chamberlain changed his mind for a mixture of diplomatic and military reasons. In Parliament peacetime compulsion brought a flood of embittered rhetoric from Labour members. The Labour Party became increasingly isolated in its hostility. The Liberal Party quickly accepted the need for the Military Training Act and voted with the government.Less
In sponsoring the 1939 Military Training Act the government abandoned its previous pledges not to introduce military conscription in peacetime in haste and without the consultation that the opposition had come to enjoy. The Labour Party did not oppose the principle of compulsory military service in wartime, but found peacetime conscription unacceptable. Chamberlain announced that the government still committed to the voluntary principle in service recruitment. However, in the next month he changed his mind, and announced the ‘temporary and limited’ measures that would conscript twenty-year olds for a period of six months’ military training. Chamberlain changed his mind for a mixture of diplomatic and military reasons. In Parliament peacetime compulsion brought a flood of embittered rhetoric from Labour members. The Labour Party became increasingly isolated in its hostility. The Liberal Party quickly accepted the need for the Military Training Act and voted with the government.
Matthews James
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199655748
- eISBN:
- 9780199949953
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199655748.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines serious breaches of discipline in both Nationalist and Republican armies. These threatened their systems of recruitment and their capacity to retain conscripted men within the ...
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This chapter examines serious breaches of discipline in both Nationalist and Republican armies. These threatened their systems of recruitment and their capacity to retain conscripted men within the armed forces. It examines the motivation behind decisions to defect and desert, and also looks at the opportunities outwardly to conform to mobilization, while simultaneously procuring the safest possible posting within both armies. The chapter also focuses on both sides’ attempts to limit the number of men avoiding military service, including via self-mutilation, and examines the measures for ‘recycling’ deserters and prisoners of war. These men were monitored and, if their conduct and background checks allowed it, they were enlisted to fight in their captors’ army. While this was practiced by both sides, it was particularly important for the Nationalists because they captured more enemy soldiers than the Republic.Less
This chapter examines serious breaches of discipline in both Nationalist and Republican armies. These threatened their systems of recruitment and their capacity to retain conscripted men within the armed forces. It examines the motivation behind decisions to defect and desert, and also looks at the opportunities outwardly to conform to mobilization, while simultaneously procuring the safest possible posting within both armies. The chapter also focuses on both sides’ attempts to limit the number of men avoiding military service, including via self-mutilation, and examines the measures for ‘recycling’ deserters and prisoners of war. These men were monitored and, if their conduct and background checks allowed it, they were enlisted to fight in their captors’ army. While this was practiced by both sides, it was particularly important for the Nationalists because they captured more enemy soldiers than the Republic.
Ben Herzog
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814760383
- eISBN:
- 9780814770962
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814760383.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
U.S. expatriation policies have been influenced and sometimes dictated by international relations between the United States and both its allies and its enemies. This chapter traces those ...
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U.S. expatriation policies have been influenced and sometimes dictated by international relations between the United States and both its allies and its enemies. This chapter traces those considerations by looking at the treaties the United States signed regarding expatriation, including the Bancroft treaties and the United Nations Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, as well as the Hague conference of 1930. While some expatriation policies were constructed in response to the ideology of exclusive national allegiance, others—involving immigration and naturalization—were overturned in response to the state’s immediate needs in the international arena (mainly in respect to military service). Protecting the national order makes a state vulnerable to other, nonmilitary exigencies, and this accounts for much of the complexity of the history of expatriation legislation and the conversation around it.Less
U.S. expatriation policies have been influenced and sometimes dictated by international relations between the United States and both its allies and its enemies. This chapter traces those considerations by looking at the treaties the United States signed regarding expatriation, including the Bancroft treaties and the United Nations Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, as well as the Hague conference of 1930. While some expatriation policies were constructed in response to the ideology of exclusive national allegiance, others—involving immigration and naturalization—were overturned in response to the state’s immediate needs in the international arena (mainly in respect to military service). Protecting the national order makes a state vulnerable to other, nonmilitary exigencies, and this accounts for much of the complexity of the history of expatriation legislation and the conversation around it.
