Roger B. Manning
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199261499
- eISBN:
- 9780191718625
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261499.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
Because of lingering prejudices against soldiers of fortune at the beginning of the British and Irish civil wars, Scottish and English aristocrats believed that they possessed the best claim to ...
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Because of lingering prejudices against soldiers of fortune at the beginning of the British and Irish civil wars, Scottish and English aristocrats believed that they possessed the best claim to military command because of their superior social rank and the military exploits of their ancestors, despite evidence of the military experience and competence of the British and Irish veterans of the mainland European wars. The concept that military hierarchies were necessary for order and discipline still had not etched itself upon the English military mentality at home. It was thought that the king’s honour required that armies be commanded by men of noble birth, and this emphasis upon social hierarchy made some sense as long as noblemen could recruit their tenants or kinsmen to fill their regiments; the actual command of such units in the field could be entrusted to experienced professionals. This arrangement worked well in Scotland, parts of Ireland, and in Wales and northern England, but was a notable failure throughout the remainder of England where rents rather than loyalty had become the nexus between lord and smallholder. The Parliamentary New Model Army gained an advantage when the grandees, such as the third earl of Essex and the earl of Manchester, who belonged to the peace party which advocated limited war aims, were purged in favour of generals and officers who gained promotion by merit and seniority, and aimed at total victory.Less
Because of lingering prejudices against soldiers of fortune at the beginning of the British and Irish civil wars, Scottish and English aristocrats believed that they possessed the best claim to military command because of their superior social rank and the military exploits of their ancestors, despite evidence of the military experience and competence of the British and Irish veterans of the mainland European wars. The concept that military hierarchies were necessary for order and discipline still had not etched itself upon the English military mentality at home. It was thought that the king’s honour required that armies be commanded by men of noble birth, and this emphasis upon social hierarchy made some sense as long as noblemen could recruit their tenants or kinsmen to fill their regiments; the actual command of such units in the field could be entrusted to experienced professionals. This arrangement worked well in Scotland, parts of Ireland, and in Wales and northern England, but was a notable failure throughout the remainder of England where rents rather than loyalty had become the nexus between lord and smallholder. The Parliamentary New Model Army gained an advantage when the grandees, such as the third earl of Essex and the earl of Manchester, who belonged to the peace party which advocated limited war aims, were purged in favour of generals and officers who gained promotion by merit and seniority, and aimed at total victory.
Roger B. Manning
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199261499
- eISBN:
- 9780191718625
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261499.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This book examines the military experiences of peers and gentlemen from the British Isles who volunteered to fight in the religious and dynastic wars of mainland Europe, as well as the ordinary men ...
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This book examines the military experiences of peers and gentlemen from the British Isles who volunteered to fight in the religious and dynastic wars of mainland Europe, as well as the ordinary men who were impressed to serve in the ranks, from the time of the English intervention in the Dutch war of independence to the death of the soldier-king William III in 1702. The apprenticeship in arms exposed these men to the technological innovations of the military revolution, laid the foundations for a professional officer class based upon merit, established a fund of military expertise, and helped to shape a British identity. The remilitarization of aristocratic culture and society was completed by 1640, and provided numerous experienced military officers for the various armies of the British and Irish civil wars and, subsequently, for the embryonic British army after William III invaded and conquered the British Isles and committed the Three Kingdoms to the armed struggles against Louis XIV during the Nine Years War. Conflicts between amateur aristocrats and so-called ‘soldiers of fortune’ led to continuing debates about the relative merits of standing armies and a select militia. The individual pursuit of honour and glory by such amateurs also obscured the more rational military and political objectives of the modern state, subverted military discipline, and delayed the process of professionalization of the officer corps of the British army.Less
This book examines the military experiences of peers and gentlemen from the British Isles who volunteered to fight in the religious and dynastic wars of mainland Europe, as well as the ordinary men who were impressed to serve in the ranks, from the time of the English intervention in the Dutch war of independence to the death of the soldier-king William III in 1702. The apprenticeship in arms exposed these men to the technological innovations of the military revolution, laid the foundations for a professional officer class based upon merit, established a fund of military expertise, and helped to shape a British identity. The remilitarization of aristocratic culture and society was completed by 1640, and provided numerous experienced military officers for the various armies of the British and Irish civil wars and, subsequently, for the embryonic British army after William III invaded and conquered the British Isles and committed the Three Kingdoms to the armed struggles against Louis XIV during the Nine Years War. Conflicts between amateur aristocrats and so-called ‘soldiers of fortune’ led to continuing debates about the relative merits of standing armies and a select militia. The individual pursuit of honour and glory by such amateurs also obscured the more rational military and political objectives of the modern state, subverted military discipline, and delayed the process of professionalization of the officer corps of the British army.
Matthew M. Briones
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691129488
- eISBN:
- 9781400842216
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691129488.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter looks at how Kikuchi found army life somewhat of a rude awakening after having spent two years living in Chicago, working on his master's degree in social work, and conducting research ...
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This chapter looks at how Kikuchi found army life somewhat of a rude awakening after having spent two years living in Chicago, working on his master's degree in social work, and conducting research for JERS. It proved to be as much a mental challenge as a physical one: the bureaucracy of the military hierarchy and its conservative ideology were most surprising to Kikuchi. He discovered that deep-seated racism directed toward African American soldiers and civilians pervaded the army ranks, a difficult pill to swallow given his own position as a recently imprisoned Nisei. Nevertheless, he managed to retain an intense faith and belief in the power and potential of America's democracy, hoping that his individual service would, in some small measure, reflect the commitment of the Nisei as a whole.Less
This chapter looks at how Kikuchi found army life somewhat of a rude awakening after having spent two years living in Chicago, working on his master's degree in social work, and conducting research for JERS. It proved to be as much a mental challenge as a physical one: the bureaucracy of the military hierarchy and its conservative ideology were most surprising to Kikuchi. He discovered that deep-seated racism directed toward African American soldiers and civilians pervaded the army ranks, a difficult pill to swallow given his own position as a recently imprisoned Nisei. Nevertheless, he managed to retain an intense faith and belief in the power and potential of America's democracy, hoping that his individual service would, in some small measure, reflect the commitment of the Nisei as a whole.
Andrei Markevich
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300125245
- eISBN:
- 9780300151701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300125245.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the procedures for planning the defense industry in the Soviet Union during the interwar period, and describes the three key features of defense planning distinct from the ...
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This chapter examines the procedures for planning the defense industry in the Soviet Union during the interwar period, and describes the three key features of defense planning distinct from the civilian economy. These include the high priority for supply of national defense in the broadest sense, and the forward-looking character of the process of military and economic planning for defense that created the context of defense industry plans. The chapter also mentions that the planning of the defense industry was carried on simultaneously in two separate bureaucracies: a military hierarchy preoccupied with formulating demands; and an industrial hierarchy the task of which was to organize supply.Less
This chapter examines the procedures for planning the defense industry in the Soviet Union during the interwar period, and describes the three key features of defense planning distinct from the civilian economy. These include the high priority for supply of national defense in the broadest sense, and the forward-looking character of the process of military and economic planning for defense that created the context of defense industry plans. The chapter also mentions that the planning of the defense industry was carried on simultaneously in two separate bureaucracies: a military hierarchy preoccupied with formulating demands; and an industrial hierarchy the task of which was to organize supply.
Yagil Levy
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814753347
- eISBN:
- 9780814753354
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814753347.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter examines the dynamics of matching the right to protect and the right to protection in Israel. It begins with an overview of the relationship between the military hierarchy and the social ...
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This chapter examines the dynamics of matching the right to protect and the right to protection in Israel. It begins with an overview of the relationship between the military hierarchy and the social hierarchy in Israel and the role played by the Israel Defense Force in legitimizing social inequalities in the country. It then considers how, until the 1980s, rights were balanced for the secular middle class, which advanced the community's right to protection in exchange for upholding its right to protect, which was convertible into political and social rights. It also explains how the legitimacy to sacrifice declined after the 1970s and especially during the 1980s, following the drop in the motivation of the secular middle class occasioned by the First Lebanon War (1982). The chapter concludes with a discussion of the impact of the devalued right to protect on the middle class, casualty sensitivity, and bereavement discourse.Less
This chapter examines the dynamics of matching the right to protect and the right to protection in Israel. It begins with an overview of the relationship between the military hierarchy and the social hierarchy in Israel and the role played by the Israel Defense Force in legitimizing social inequalities in the country. It then considers how, until the 1980s, rights were balanced for the secular middle class, which advanced the community's right to protection in exchange for upholding its right to protect, which was convertible into political and social rights. It also explains how the legitimacy to sacrifice declined after the 1970s and especially during the 1980s, following the drop in the motivation of the secular middle class occasioned by the First Lebanon War (1982). The chapter concludes with a discussion of the impact of the devalued right to protect on the middle class, casualty sensitivity, and bereavement discourse.
Graham Dominy
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252040047
- eISBN:
- 9780252098246
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252040047.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter examines the reflection of the British military hierarchy in the class relations in settler society by comparing the “respectable” actions of soldiers taking their discharge and becoming ...
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This chapter examines the reflection of the British military hierarchy in the class relations in settler society by comparing the “respectable” actions of soldiers taking their discharge and becoming settlers with the “rough” actions of drunkenness and desertion. It first considers the garrison's influence in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and in Natal before discussing the social side of the garrison that emphasized class differentiation. It then explores the reinforcement of the colonial “middling” class by the recruitment of respectable soldier-settlers and how the Christian converts of Edendale, the amaKholwa, provided the new reference points for a community attempting to define itself in terms of middle-class respectability. It also looks at the role of drunkenness in acts of indiscipline and low morale among British troops in the garrison at Fort Napier, along with the hunting ideology that fed into broader concepts of masculinity, aggression, and images of warriors. The chapter shows that garrison activities were integral to the wider social and cultural life of settler society in Natal.Less
This chapter examines the reflection of the British military hierarchy in the class relations in settler society by comparing the “respectable” actions of soldiers taking their discharge and becoming settlers with the “rough” actions of drunkenness and desertion. It first considers the garrison's influence in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and in Natal before discussing the social side of the garrison that emphasized class differentiation. It then explores the reinforcement of the colonial “middling” class by the recruitment of respectable soldier-settlers and how the Christian converts of Edendale, the amaKholwa, provided the new reference points for a community attempting to define itself in terms of middle-class respectability. It also looks at the role of drunkenness in acts of indiscipline and low morale among British troops in the garrison at Fort Napier, along with the hunting ideology that fed into broader concepts of masculinity, aggression, and images of warriors. The chapter shows that garrison activities were integral to the wider social and cultural life of settler society in Natal.
Regina Mühlhäuser
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781474459075
- eISBN:
- 9781474496445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474459075.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter takes current debates-such as 1) whether soldiers commit less rape when there are race pollution taboos; 2) how we can capture the different, often conflicting, interests of military ...
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This chapter takes current debates-such as 1) whether soldiers commit less rape when there are race pollution taboos; 2) how we can capture the different, often conflicting, interests of military groups with regard to sexual violence perpetrated by their soldiers; 3) what is sexual about sexual violence; or 4) when sexual violence becomes a weapon and strategy of war-and discusses them in terms of historical source material on World War II. Looking to the past offers the opportunity to consider, more independently of the particular interests of the parties to the conflict in current wars, what structural commonalities and historical specifics we can observe when this form of violence is perpetrated.Less
This chapter takes current debates-such as 1) whether soldiers commit less rape when there are race pollution taboos; 2) how we can capture the different, often conflicting, interests of military groups with regard to sexual violence perpetrated by their soldiers; 3) what is sexual about sexual violence; or 4) when sexual violence becomes a weapon and strategy of war-and discusses them in terms of historical source material on World War II. Looking to the past offers the opportunity to consider, more independently of the particular interests of the parties to the conflict in current wars, what structural commonalities and historical specifics we can observe when this form of violence is perpetrated.