Brian K. Feltman
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469619934
- eISBN:
- 9781469623160
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469619934.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter focuses on the dishonor of captivity against the backdrop of “normative” notions of manhood. More than 997,000 German soldiers fell into enemy hands from 1914 to 1918, and roughly ...
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This chapter focuses on the dishonor of captivity against the backdrop of “normative” notions of manhood. More than 997,000 German soldiers fell into enemy hands from 1914 to 1918, and roughly 325,000 surrendered to the British. Soldiers who were subjected to the indignity of capture or surrender faced the possibility that their soldierly virtue might be called into question. Surrender threatened a soldier's attachment to a community at war by making him vulnerable to charges of cowardice or treason and damaging his sense of belonging to a larger entity. Within the German army, few military observers failed to recognize that it was not death tolls but unprecedented waves of surrender that led to military defeat in November 1918. In the postwar era, military prisoners would be closely linked with the shame of Germany's defeat, regardless of the circumstances of their capture.Less
This chapter focuses on the dishonor of captivity against the backdrop of “normative” notions of manhood. More than 997,000 German soldiers fell into enemy hands from 1914 to 1918, and roughly 325,000 surrendered to the British. Soldiers who were subjected to the indignity of capture or surrender faced the possibility that their soldierly virtue might be called into question. Surrender threatened a soldier's attachment to a community at war by making him vulnerable to charges of cowardice or treason and damaging his sense of belonging to a larger entity. Within the German army, few military observers failed to recognize that it was not death tolls but unprecedented waves of surrender that led to military defeat in November 1918. In the postwar era, military prisoners would be closely linked with the shame of Germany's defeat, regardless of the circumstances of their capture.
Joan Tumblety
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199695577
- eISBN:
- 9780191745072
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199695577.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Cultural History
This chapter outlines how responses to the catastrophic military collapse of 1940 cast it as proof of French physical failure, and considers how the Vichy regime, which invested more resources in ...
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This chapter outlines how responses to the catastrophic military collapse of 1940 cast it as proof of French physical failure, and considers how the Vichy regime, which invested more resources in sport and physical education than even the Popular Front, sought masculine renewal as part of its anti-republican reordering of French society. It also traces the fortunes of the protagonists examined across the book, showing how the physician-culturists of the 1920s and 1930s often brought their expertise to roles in Vichy administration, if not policy-making. The chapter argues that the regime's sustained engagement with the desire to rebuild French men in the wake of defeat shows — although not nearly so much as previously in the eugenicist language of the ‘regeneration of the race’ — not only a further instance of the political uses of male athleticism, but the purchase of interwar notions of the merits of ‘rational’ physical exercise.Less
This chapter outlines how responses to the catastrophic military collapse of 1940 cast it as proof of French physical failure, and considers how the Vichy regime, which invested more resources in sport and physical education than even the Popular Front, sought masculine renewal as part of its anti-republican reordering of French society. It also traces the fortunes of the protagonists examined across the book, showing how the physician-culturists of the 1920s and 1930s often brought their expertise to roles in Vichy administration, if not policy-making. The chapter argues that the regime's sustained engagement with the desire to rebuild French men in the wake of defeat shows — although not nearly so much as previously in the eugenicist language of the ‘regeneration of the race’ — not only a further instance of the political uses of male athleticism, but the purchase of interwar notions of the merits of ‘rational’ physical exercise.
Erik N. Jensen
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195395648
- eISBN:
- 9780199866564
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395648.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History, European Modern History
After Germany's stunning military defeat in 1918, the physical fitness of its citizens became a national priority, and no one did more to heighten the level of self‐scrutiny and to establish ideals ...
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After Germany's stunning military defeat in 1918, the physical fitness of its citizens became a national priority, and no one did more to heighten the level of self‐scrutiny and to establish ideals more commensurate with the demands of the era than competitive athletes. Male and female athletes provided templates for an explicitly modern body — powerful, streamlined, and engineered for maximum performance — that many Germans believed would liberate the hitherto latent potential in men and women alike. Boxers, sprinters, and tennis players exuded a distinctively postwar spirit, untethered from prewar norms and focused on the aggressive pursuit of self‐interest. They demonstrated to their legions of fans how to negotiate the fast‐paced, restlessly experimental, performance‐oriented world of the Weimar Republic.Less
After Germany's stunning military defeat in 1918, the physical fitness of its citizens became a national priority, and no one did more to heighten the level of self‐scrutiny and to establish ideals more commensurate with the demands of the era than competitive athletes. Male and female athletes provided templates for an explicitly modern body — powerful, streamlined, and engineered for maximum performance — that many Germans believed would liberate the hitherto latent potential in men and women alike. Boxers, sprinters, and tennis players exuded a distinctively postwar spirit, untethered from prewar norms and focused on the aggressive pursuit of self‐interest. They demonstrated to their legions of fans how to negotiate the fast‐paced, restlessly experimental, performance‐oriented world of the Weimar Republic.
Joseph Roisman
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520241923
- eISBN:
- 9780520931138
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520241923.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
This chapter concentrates on the expectation, revealed and manipulated in the orations, that men are guardians against shame in both the public and private realms, and the dilemmas attendant on that ...
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This chapter concentrates on the expectation, revealed and manipulated in the orations, that men are guardians against shame in both the public and private realms, and the dilemmas attendant on that expectation. With some reservations, ancient Athens can be viewed as a shame culture, that is, a culture that emphasized the power of shame in guiding moral behavior. The rhetoric of military defeat is discussed. Athenian men were particularly vulnerable to deliberate attempts on the part of other men to shame them. Physical violence unconnected to war and sport could also tarnish manliness in ancient Athens. The use of shame to promote conformity and moral conduct was supposed to complement the wish of Athenian men to protect their honor. The speeches indicate that the injunction that Athenian men guard against shame was an unattainable ideal subject to manipulation.Less
This chapter concentrates on the expectation, revealed and manipulated in the orations, that men are guardians against shame in both the public and private realms, and the dilemmas attendant on that expectation. With some reservations, ancient Athens can be viewed as a shame culture, that is, a culture that emphasized the power of shame in guiding moral behavior. The rhetoric of military defeat is discussed. Athenian men were particularly vulnerable to deliberate attempts on the part of other men to shame them. Physical violence unconnected to war and sport could also tarnish manliness in ancient Athens. The use of shame to promote conformity and moral conduct was supposed to complement the wish of Athenian men to protect their honor. The speeches indicate that the injunction that Athenian men guard against shame was an unattainable ideal subject to manipulation.
Natasha Zaretsky
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807830949
- eISBN:
- 9781469604428
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807867808_zaretsky.5
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter examines the Nixon administration's 1968–1973 publicity campaign to call the public's attention to the plight of American prisoners of war (POWs) and their families and how it combined ...
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This chapter examines the Nixon administration's 1968–1973 publicity campaign to call the public's attention to the plight of American prisoners of war (POWs) and their families and how it combined the themes of military defeat abroad and male absenteeism within the home by featuring ubiquitous images of families without fathers. It shows how these images, originally intended to sanctify the national cause with regard to the Vietnam War, took on new meanings as POW wives—influenced by the rise of feminism—became more independent in their husbands' absences and did not want to relinquish it upon repatriation. The chapter also discusses the theme of male absenteeism in relation to those missing in action, and how it translated into a critique of a supposedly weak and corrupt federal government that had “left men behind”.Less
This chapter examines the Nixon administration's 1968–1973 publicity campaign to call the public's attention to the plight of American prisoners of war (POWs) and their families and how it combined the themes of military defeat abroad and male absenteeism within the home by featuring ubiquitous images of families without fathers. It shows how these images, originally intended to sanctify the national cause with regard to the Vietnam War, took on new meanings as POW wives—influenced by the rise of feminism—became more independent in their husbands' absences and did not want to relinquish it upon repatriation. The chapter also discusses the theme of male absenteeism in relation to those missing in action, and how it translated into a critique of a supposedly weak and corrupt federal government that had “left men behind”.
Peter Stearns (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252037894
- eISBN:
- 9780252095153
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252037894.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
Contemporary world history has highlighted militarization in many ways, from the global Cold War and numerous regional conflicts to the general assumption that nationhood implies a significant and ...
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Contemporary world history has highlighted militarization in many ways, from the global Cold War and numerous regional conflicts to the general assumption that nationhood implies a significant and growing military. Yet the twentieth century also offers notable examples of large-scale demilitarization, both imposed and voluntary. This book fills a key gap in current historical understanding by examining demilitarization programs in Germany, Japan, Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Costa Rica. The chapters outline each nation's demilitarization choices and how they were made. The book investigates factors such as military defeat, border security risks, economic pressures, and the development of strong peace cultures among citizenry. Also at center stage is the influence of the United States, which fills a paradoxical role as both an enabler of demilitarization and a leader in steadily accelerating militarization. The book explores what true demilitarization means and how it impacts a society at all levels, military and civilian, political and private. The examples chosen reveal that successful demilitarization must go beyond mere troop demobilization or arms reduction to generate significant political and even psychological shifts in the culture at large. Exemplifying the political difficulties of demilitarization in both its failures and successes, it provides a possible roadmap for future policies and practices.Less
Contemporary world history has highlighted militarization in many ways, from the global Cold War and numerous regional conflicts to the general assumption that nationhood implies a significant and growing military. Yet the twentieth century also offers notable examples of large-scale demilitarization, both imposed and voluntary. This book fills a key gap in current historical understanding by examining demilitarization programs in Germany, Japan, Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Costa Rica. The chapters outline each nation's demilitarization choices and how they were made. The book investigates factors such as military defeat, border security risks, economic pressures, and the development of strong peace cultures among citizenry. Also at center stage is the influence of the United States, which fills a paradoxical role as both an enabler of demilitarization and a leader in steadily accelerating militarization. The book explores what true demilitarization means and how it impacts a society at all levels, military and civilian, political and private. The examples chosen reveal that successful demilitarization must go beyond mere troop demobilization or arms reduction to generate significant political and even psychological shifts in the culture at large. Exemplifying the political difficulties of demilitarization in both its failures and successes, it provides a possible roadmap for future policies and practices.
Eyal Ginio
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190264031
- eISBN:
- 9780190638498
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190264031.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This book deals with military defeat and national catastrophe, and their implications for society. When the First Balkan War broke out in October 1912, few Ottomans anticipated that it would prove to ...
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This book deals with military defeat and national catastrophe, and their implications for society. When the First Balkan War broke out in October 1912, few Ottomans anticipated that it would prove to be a watershed moment for the Empire, ending in atrocities, ignominy, national catastrophe, and the loss of its remaining provinces in the Balkans. Defeat at the hands of an alliance of Balkan states comprising Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and Montenegro created deep national trauma and led to bitter soul-searching, giving rise to a so-called “Culture of Defeat” in which condemnation, exclusion of the non-Muslim minorities, criticism over the project of Ottomanism, and calls for national rejuvenation prevailed in a way clearly at odds with the reformist discourse which followed the Young Turk Revolution of 1908. This book discusses some of the different visual and written products of the defeat, published in Ottoman local languages (Turkish, Arabic and Ladino), with the aim of understanding the experience of defeat–how it was perceived, analyzed and commemorated by different sectors in Ottoman society–to show that it is key to understanding the decisions and actions of the Ottoman political elite during the subsequent World War One and the early decades of the Turkish Republic.Less
This book deals with military defeat and national catastrophe, and their implications for society. When the First Balkan War broke out in October 1912, few Ottomans anticipated that it would prove to be a watershed moment for the Empire, ending in atrocities, ignominy, national catastrophe, and the loss of its remaining provinces in the Balkans. Defeat at the hands of an alliance of Balkan states comprising Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and Montenegro created deep national trauma and led to bitter soul-searching, giving rise to a so-called “Culture of Defeat” in which condemnation, exclusion of the non-Muslim minorities, criticism over the project of Ottomanism, and calls for national rejuvenation prevailed in a way clearly at odds with the reformist discourse which followed the Young Turk Revolution of 1908. This book discusses some of the different visual and written products of the defeat, published in Ottoman local languages (Turkish, Arabic and Ladino), with the aim of understanding the experience of defeat–how it was perceived, analyzed and commemorated by different sectors in Ottoman society–to show that it is key to understanding the decisions and actions of the Ottoman political elite during the subsequent World War One and the early decades of the Turkish Republic.
James R. Brandon
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824832001
- eISBN:
- 9780824869137
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824832001.003.0008
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
This chapter discusses events surrounding the world of kabuki in 1943. These include kabuki artists' response to Japan's military defeats; the staging of forty-six programs of old and new kabuki ...
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This chapter discusses events surrounding the world of kabuki in 1943. These include kabuki artists' response to Japan's military defeats; the staging of forty-six programs of old and new kabuki plays in Kyoto; the formation of independent troupes: New Commando Kabuki, Shock Troop Kabuki, and Public Service Kabuki; kabuki censorship; decrease in the newspaper coverage of kabuki; kabuki's decline in play contests; kabuki' period of severe malaise, marked by the inability to find a suitable posture within wartime society; kabuki's passionate defenders; the Japan League of Touring Theaters; alternatives to kabuki; and different futures envisioned for kabuki in the waning months of 1943.Less
This chapter discusses events surrounding the world of kabuki in 1943. These include kabuki artists' response to Japan's military defeats; the staging of forty-six programs of old and new kabuki plays in Kyoto; the formation of independent troupes: New Commando Kabuki, Shock Troop Kabuki, and Public Service Kabuki; kabuki censorship; decrease in the newspaper coverage of kabuki; kabuki's decline in play contests; kabuki' period of severe malaise, marked by the inability to find a suitable posture within wartime society; kabuki's passionate defenders; the Japan League of Touring Theaters; alternatives to kabuki; and different futures envisioned for kabuki in the waning months of 1943.
Klaus Petersen and Nils Arne Sørensen
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- August 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198779599
- eISBN:
- 9780191824647
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198779599.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
Compared to most other countries, Denmark was only marginally affected by the two world wars. However, this does not mean that war had no impact on the historical development of the Danish welfare ...
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Compared to most other countries, Denmark was only marginally affected by the two world wars. However, this does not mean that war had no impact on the historical development of the Danish welfare state. First, the formation of the nation state is directly linked to war and military defeats. As a result, Denmark gradually went from being a medium-sized European power to a small nation state with a very homogeneous population. Second, being a small state, the overall Danish security strategy was a passive one from 1870 to the end of the Cold War with a focus on domestic issues. The welfare state is part of this story. Third, as a consequence of this, the voice of the military was marginalized in politics and almost completely absent in debates on social issues. Still, war was a reality and both world wars affected the Danish social security system in various ways.Less
Compared to most other countries, Denmark was only marginally affected by the two world wars. However, this does not mean that war had no impact on the historical development of the Danish welfare state. First, the formation of the nation state is directly linked to war and military defeats. As a result, Denmark gradually went from being a medium-sized European power to a small nation state with a very homogeneous population. Second, being a small state, the overall Danish security strategy was a passive one from 1870 to the end of the Cold War with a focus on domestic issues. The welfare state is part of this story. Third, as a consequence of this, the voice of the military was marginalized in politics and almost completely absent in debates on social issues. Still, war was a reality and both world wars affected the Danish social security system in various ways.
Christopher Lloyd
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719070143
- eISBN:
- 9781781701065
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719070143.003.0012
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This chapter illustrates the military defeat and subsequent occupation of France in 1940 by the Germans. The chapter explores the devastation, the chaos routed by the invading German forces and the ...
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This chapter illustrates the military defeat and subsequent occupation of France in 1940 by the Germans. The chapter explores the devastation, the chaos routed by the invading German forces and the loss of life of the French armies in May and June. The government had abandoned the capital and took refuge in Bordeaux. The signing of the armistice left the Germans in control of two-thirds of the country and they were fully able to exploit its economic resources. The parliamentary democracy of the Third Republic was abolished and replaced by a puppet regime with direct control of only the remaining third of the country. Based in the spa town of Vichy and headed by the aged Marshal Pétain, the new French state embarked on a policy of collaboration with the Germans, a relationship which in reality amounted to subservience rather than partnership.Less
This chapter illustrates the military defeat and subsequent occupation of France in 1940 by the Germans. The chapter explores the devastation, the chaos routed by the invading German forces and the loss of life of the French armies in May and June. The government had abandoned the capital and took refuge in Bordeaux. The signing of the armistice left the Germans in control of two-thirds of the country and they were fully able to exploit its economic resources. The parliamentary democracy of the Third Republic was abolished and replaced by a puppet regime with direct control of only the remaining third of the country. Based in the spa town of Vichy and headed by the aged Marshal Pétain, the new French state embarked on a policy of collaboration with the Germans, a relationship which in reality amounted to subservience rather than partnership.
Haroro Ingram, Craig Whiteside, and Charlie Winter
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197501436
- eISBN:
- 9780197520789
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780197501436.003.0016
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
Chapter 15 features Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi’s final speech which appeared in an Islamic State video titled ‘In the Hospitality of Amirul-Mu’minin’ on 29 April 2019. Three features are particularly ...
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Chapter 15 features Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi’s final speech which appeared in an Islamic State video titled ‘In the Hospitality of Amirul-Mu’minin’ on 29 April 2019. Three features are particularly noteworthy. First, Baghdadi uses the speech to demonstrate that he is closely monitoring not only global events and issues but the fortunes of the personnel within his organization. Second, his physical appearance in the video was markedly different to his last appearance in 2014. He was now the guerrilla caliph managing a global insurgency on the run. Third, Baghdadi was projecting his authority as not just Islamic State’s leader but ‘amirul-mu’minin’ (commander of the faithful). Less than six months later, Baghdadi would be killed in a special forces leadership decapitation raid on his hideout in northern Syria. Under his leadership, the Islamic State had become the flagship of the global jihad with provinces around the world.Less
Chapter 15 features Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi’s final speech which appeared in an Islamic State video titled ‘In the Hospitality of Amirul-Mu’minin’ on 29 April 2019. Three features are particularly noteworthy. First, Baghdadi uses the speech to demonstrate that he is closely monitoring not only global events and issues but the fortunes of the personnel within his organization. Second, his physical appearance in the video was markedly different to his last appearance in 2014. He was now the guerrilla caliph managing a global insurgency on the run. Third, Baghdadi was projecting his authority as not just Islamic State’s leader but ‘amirul-mu’minin’ (commander of the faithful). Less than six months later, Baghdadi would be killed in a special forces leadership decapitation raid on his hideout in northern Syria. Under his leadership, the Islamic State had become the flagship of the global jihad with provinces around the world.
Haroro Ingram, Craig Whiteside, and Charlie Winter
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197501436
- eISBN:
- 9780197520789
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780197501436.003.0015
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
This chapter discusses extracts of a speech by Abul Hasan al-Muhajir, then-spokesman of the Islamic State, which was published on 18 March 2019, just before its defeat in Baghuz, eastern Syria. ...
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This chapter discusses extracts of a speech by Abul Hasan al-Muhajir, then-spokesman of the Islamic State, which was published on 18 March 2019, just before its defeat in Baghuz, eastern Syria. Entitled ‘He Was True to Allah and Allah Was True to Him,’ it captures how the group attempted to navigate its supporters through material collapse by playing down the significance of its last stand in Baghuz and deriding its adversaries. Among other things, Muhajir ties together events which occurred on opposite ends of the earth, weaving them into an emotionally compelling narrative, one in which the slaughters of Muslims in Baghuz, Syria, and Christchurch, New Zealand were symbolic of an enemy conspiracy against Islam and a reminders of the righteousness of Islamic State’s global insurgency.Less
This chapter discusses extracts of a speech by Abul Hasan al-Muhajir, then-spokesman of the Islamic State, which was published on 18 March 2019, just before its defeat in Baghuz, eastern Syria. Entitled ‘He Was True to Allah and Allah Was True to Him,’ it captures how the group attempted to navigate its supporters through material collapse by playing down the significance of its last stand in Baghuz and deriding its adversaries. Among other things, Muhajir ties together events which occurred on opposite ends of the earth, weaving them into an emotionally compelling narrative, one in which the slaughters of Muslims in Baghuz, Syria, and Christchurch, New Zealand were symbolic of an enemy conspiracy against Islam and a reminders of the righteousness of Islamic State’s global insurgency.