Jane H. Ohlmeyer
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199251841
- eISBN:
- 9780191698064
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199251841.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter examines English colonial expansion in Ireland in the early modern era, from the early sixteenth century through the end of the seventeenth. State-sponsored imperialism, which promoted ...
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This chapter examines English colonial expansion in Ireland in the early modern era, from the early sixteenth century through the end of the seventeenth. State-sponsored imperialism, which promoted military conquest, plantation, and active colonisation, was pursued alongside more reforming assimilationist policies. The metropole first intended to complete the military conquest of Ireland; then, having pacified the island, the state aimed to establish political, administrative, and legal control over all elements of Irish society. Closely linked to this was the determination to secure religious conformity with the Church of Ireland. Finally, a combination of reform initiatives in the 1540s, 1570s, and 1580s together with official plantation and unregulated colonization, transformed the legal basis on which land was held in Ireland and reconfigured Ireland's economic and tenurial infrastructure. These strategies effectively amounted to a form of imperialism that sought to exploit Ireland for England's political and economic advantage and to Anglicise the native population.Less
This chapter examines English colonial expansion in Ireland in the early modern era, from the early sixteenth century through the end of the seventeenth. State-sponsored imperialism, which promoted military conquest, plantation, and active colonisation, was pursued alongside more reforming assimilationist policies. The metropole first intended to complete the military conquest of Ireland; then, having pacified the island, the state aimed to establish political, administrative, and legal control over all elements of Irish society. Closely linked to this was the determination to secure religious conformity with the Church of Ireland. Finally, a combination of reform initiatives in the 1540s, 1570s, and 1580s together with official plantation and unregulated colonization, transformed the legal basis on which land was held in Ireland and reconfigured Ireland's economic and tenurial infrastructure. These strategies effectively amounted to a form of imperialism that sought to exploit Ireland for England's political and economic advantage and to Anglicise the native population.
Jeff Mielke
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520265783
- eISBN:
- 9780520947665
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520265783.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter recounts the history of Japan's brutal military conquest of the Taiwanese aborigines and examines the legal rationales that colonial officials offered to justify this conquest. As ...
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This chapter recounts the history of Japan's brutal military conquest of the Taiwanese aborigines and examines the legal rationales that colonial officials offered to justify this conquest. As Japanese military force encountered fierce resistance by aboriginal groups, the aborigines came to be viewed in Japanese discourse entirely in terms of “headhunting.” Even as Japanese colonial administrators endeavored to stamp out this custom, they carefully preserved the figure of the “headhunter” as a trope, and they circulated images of this “headhunter” to justify the violent subjugation of the savage “Other” and to affirm their civilizing mission. In the legend of Go Hō, a story that was widely disseminated to young Japanese and Taiwanese, a Qing official sacrifices his own life in order to persuade the savages to renounce headhunting. Once the savages were incorporated into the Japanese empire, some Japanese writers discovered a savage within themselves. The protagonist of Ōshika's “The Savage” goes to the aboriginal lands in search of his inner savage and becomes a “headhunter” to free himself from civilized modernity. Just as an earlier generation of writers drew on global discourses on civilization to write tales of Japan's colonial conquests of savages, late imperial writers appropriated tropes of primitivism prevalent in Western literatures to address a critique of Japanese modernity.Less
This chapter recounts the history of Japan's brutal military conquest of the Taiwanese aborigines and examines the legal rationales that colonial officials offered to justify this conquest. As Japanese military force encountered fierce resistance by aboriginal groups, the aborigines came to be viewed in Japanese discourse entirely in terms of “headhunting.” Even as Japanese colonial administrators endeavored to stamp out this custom, they carefully preserved the figure of the “headhunter” as a trope, and they circulated images of this “headhunter” to justify the violent subjugation of the savage “Other” and to affirm their civilizing mission. In the legend of Go Hō, a story that was widely disseminated to young Japanese and Taiwanese, a Qing official sacrifices his own life in order to persuade the savages to renounce headhunting. Once the savages were incorporated into the Japanese empire, some Japanese writers discovered a savage within themselves. The protagonist of Ōshika's “The Savage” goes to the aboriginal lands in search of his inner savage and becomes a “headhunter” to free himself from civilized modernity. Just as an earlier generation of writers drew on global discourses on civilization to write tales of Japan's colonial conquests of savages, late imperial writers appropriated tropes of primitivism prevalent in Western literatures to address a critique of Japanese modernity.
Michael Khodarkovsky
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801449727
- eISBN:
- 9780801462894
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801449727.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Russian and Former Soviet Union History
This chapter describes Russia's conquest and colonization of North Caucasus. Russia's annexation of the North Caucasus began in earnest in the 1760s with the construction of the Mozdok Fortification ...
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This chapter describes Russia's conquest and colonization of North Caucasus. Russia's annexation of the North Caucasus began in earnest in the 1760s with the construction of the Mozdok Fortification Line. By the mid-nineteenth century Russia had succeeded in turning the Caucasus from a contested frontier zone into a borderland of the Russian Empire. The North Caucasus was substantially altered by Russian policies. The geography of the region underwent a dramatic transformation as rivers were diverted, primeval forests systematically cut down, and pastureland seized to build forts, settlements, industries, and spas. The traditional economies had become more dependent on Russian products and cash. Traditional law had increasingly come under the influence of the Russian one, and various peoples began to redefine their identity through modern notions of ethnicity. Finally, Russian policies created a colonial situation that served as a catalyst in intensifying the social antagonisms between the indigenous elite and commoners on the one hand, and among different groups of the indigenous elite on the other. The result was the emergence of two sharply polarized factions within native societies: one pro-Russian, the other pro-Islamic and consequently anti-Russian.Less
This chapter describes Russia's conquest and colonization of North Caucasus. Russia's annexation of the North Caucasus began in earnest in the 1760s with the construction of the Mozdok Fortification Line. By the mid-nineteenth century Russia had succeeded in turning the Caucasus from a contested frontier zone into a borderland of the Russian Empire. The North Caucasus was substantially altered by Russian policies. The geography of the region underwent a dramatic transformation as rivers were diverted, primeval forests systematically cut down, and pastureland seized to build forts, settlements, industries, and spas. The traditional economies had become more dependent on Russian products and cash. Traditional law had increasingly come under the influence of the Russian one, and various peoples began to redefine their identity through modern notions of ethnicity. Finally, Russian policies created a colonial situation that served as a catalyst in intensifying the social antagonisms between the indigenous elite and commoners on the one hand, and among different groups of the indigenous elite on the other. The result was the emergence of two sharply polarized factions within native societies: one pro-Russian, the other pro-Islamic and consequently anti-Russian.
Robin McNeal
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824831202
- eISBN:
- 9780824869441
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824831202.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
China's Warring States era (c. fifth–third centuries BCE) was the setting for an explosion of textual production, and one of the most sophisticated and enduring genres of writing from this period was ...
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China's Warring States era (c. fifth–third centuries BCE) was the setting for an explosion of textual production, and one of the most sophisticated and enduring genres of writing from this period was the military text. Social and political changes were driven in large part by the increasing scope and scale of warfare, and some of the best minds of the day devoted their attention to the systematic analysis of all factors involved in waging war. This book makes available a corpus of military texts from a long-neglected Warring States compendium of historical, political, military, and ritual writings known as the Yi Zhou shu, or Remainder of the Zhou Documents. The texts articulate the relationship between military conquest of an enemy and incorporation of conquered territories into one's civilian government, expressed dynamically through the paired Chinese concept of wen and wu, the civil and the martial. Exploring this conceptual dyad provides an alternative view of the social and intellectual history of classical China—one based not primarily on philosophical works but on a complex array of ideological writings concerned with the just, effective, and appropriate use of state power. In addition, the book presents a careful reconstruction of the poetic structure of these texts; analyzes their place in the broader discourse on warfare and governance in early China; introduces the many text historical problems of the Yi Zhou shu itself; and offers a synthetic analysis of early Chinese thinking about warfare, strategy, and the early state's use of coercive power.Less
China's Warring States era (c. fifth–third centuries BCE) was the setting for an explosion of textual production, and one of the most sophisticated and enduring genres of writing from this period was the military text. Social and political changes were driven in large part by the increasing scope and scale of warfare, and some of the best minds of the day devoted their attention to the systematic analysis of all factors involved in waging war. This book makes available a corpus of military texts from a long-neglected Warring States compendium of historical, political, military, and ritual writings known as the Yi Zhou shu, or Remainder of the Zhou Documents. The texts articulate the relationship between military conquest of an enemy and incorporation of conquered territories into one's civilian government, expressed dynamically through the paired Chinese concept of wen and wu, the civil and the martial. Exploring this conceptual dyad provides an alternative view of the social and intellectual history of classical China—one based not primarily on philosophical works but on a complex array of ideological writings concerned with the just, effective, and appropriate use of state power. In addition, the book presents a careful reconstruction of the poetic structure of these texts; analyzes their place in the broader discourse on warfare and governance in early China; introduces the many text historical problems of the Yi Zhou shu itself; and offers a synthetic analysis of early Chinese thinking about warfare, strategy, and the early state's use of coercive power.
Jennifer E. Sessions
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801449758
- eISBN:
- 9780801454479
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801449758.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of France's invasion and colonization of Algeria starting in the 1830s. It then sets out the book's central argument, that the roots of French ...
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This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of France's invasion and colonization of Algeria starting in the 1830s. It then sets out the book's central argument, that the roots of French Algeria lay in contests over political legitimacy sparked by the Atlantic revolutions of the eighteenth century. The crisis of colonial legitimacy resulting from the Haitian Revolution as well as the crisis of political legitimacy engendered by the French Revolution pushed forward the processes of military conquest and settlement colonization that made Algeria not just a French colony, but ultimately part of France itself. The book seeks to explain the policy choices that led France back onto the colonial stage between 1830 and 1848. It also aims to understand how contemporary culture shaped the processes of military conquest and settler colonization that made Algeria French. Together, these questions provide an understanding of why the founding of France's most important modern colony took place when and how it did.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of France's invasion and colonization of Algeria starting in the 1830s. It then sets out the book's central argument, that the roots of French Algeria lay in contests over political legitimacy sparked by the Atlantic revolutions of the eighteenth century. The crisis of colonial legitimacy resulting from the Haitian Revolution as well as the crisis of political legitimacy engendered by the French Revolution pushed forward the processes of military conquest and settlement colonization that made Algeria not just a French colony, but ultimately part of France itself. The book seeks to explain the policy choices that led France back onto the colonial stage between 1830 and 1848. It also aims to understand how contemporary culture shaped the processes of military conquest and settler colonization that made Algeria French. Together, these questions provide an understanding of why the founding of France's most important modern colony took place when and how it did.
Horst Carl
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9781846317118
- eISBN:
- 9781846317699
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/UPO9781846317699.008
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Based on international law, military occupation, which is defined as a legally and customarily defined situation that differs from military conquest, territorial annexation, or regime change, is, as ...
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Based on international law, military occupation, which is defined as a legally and customarily defined situation that differs from military conquest, territorial annexation, or regime change, is, as a phenomenon, central to the relationship between civilians and war. This chapter challenges the notion that military occupation has been a transhistorical feature of war since ancient times and argues that it has a historically specific character in the context of warfare in continental Europe. Military occupation is both an index and a component of the ‘bureaucratisation’ or rationalisation of war. The chapter examines the administration of occupation in the German territories during the mid-eighteenth century, focusing on the development of a regulated system of payments, billeting, and political intervention as well as arbitrary violence during occupation. It also considers irregular warfare, or kleiner Krieg, and how patriotism undermined efforts directed towards the ‘containment’ of war.Less
Based on international law, military occupation, which is defined as a legally and customarily defined situation that differs from military conquest, territorial annexation, or regime change, is, as a phenomenon, central to the relationship between civilians and war. This chapter challenges the notion that military occupation has been a transhistorical feature of war since ancient times and argues that it has a historically specific character in the context of warfare in continental Europe. Military occupation is both an index and a component of the ‘bureaucratisation’ or rationalisation of war. The chapter examines the administration of occupation in the German territories during the mid-eighteenth century, focusing on the development of a regulated system of payments, billeting, and political intervention as well as arbitrary violence during occupation. It also considers irregular warfare, or kleiner Krieg, and how patriotism undermined efforts directed towards the ‘containment’ of war.
Vijaya Ramadas Mandala
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780199489381
- eISBN:
- 9780199096619
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199489381.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
Drawing on rich archival material, sportsmen’s memoirs and colonial documents, this chapter develops the argument that hill-sport was another important feature of British social and cultural life in ...
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Drawing on rich archival material, sportsmen’s memoirs and colonial documents, this chapter develops the argument that hill-sport was another important feature of British social and cultural life in colonial India. Hill-sport played a significant role in shaping and transforming their cultural identity from the beginning of the nineteenth century. While scholarship to date has not touched upon this subject, chapter two traces the historical antecedents of the British military conquest, which led to exploration and the discovery of new geographies, that is, mountain and hill terrains in the north and south of India. It is possible to argue that the Nilgiris and the Doon Valley had the advantage of favourable climatic conditions and better hunting grounds, and therefore plentiful opportunities for hill-sport, which in turn provided the healthier lifestyle to the Britons living on the hill stations. In such mountain peripheries, there emerged aesthetic preferences among the colonial sporting fraternity, which were born out of their hunting experiences in the cultural geography of the Himalayas and the Nilgiris. Furthermore, this chapter also suggests that the British hunters in colonial India also created a dichotomy of difference in terms of the ecology and wild fauna of the mountains, which also influenced their development of different genres of hill-sport. In addition, this chapter offers a fresh perspective on the notions of masculinity and virile energy enshrined in the big-game hunting tradition in relation to mountain geographies in colonial India.Less
Drawing on rich archival material, sportsmen’s memoirs and colonial documents, this chapter develops the argument that hill-sport was another important feature of British social and cultural life in colonial India. Hill-sport played a significant role in shaping and transforming their cultural identity from the beginning of the nineteenth century. While scholarship to date has not touched upon this subject, chapter two traces the historical antecedents of the British military conquest, which led to exploration and the discovery of new geographies, that is, mountain and hill terrains in the north and south of India. It is possible to argue that the Nilgiris and the Doon Valley had the advantage of favourable climatic conditions and better hunting grounds, and therefore plentiful opportunities for hill-sport, which in turn provided the healthier lifestyle to the Britons living on the hill stations. In such mountain peripheries, there emerged aesthetic preferences among the colonial sporting fraternity, which were born out of their hunting experiences in the cultural geography of the Himalayas and the Nilgiris. Furthermore, this chapter also suggests that the British hunters in colonial India also created a dichotomy of difference in terms of the ecology and wild fauna of the mountains, which also influenced their development of different genres of hill-sport. In addition, this chapter offers a fresh perspective on the notions of masculinity and virile energy enshrined in the big-game hunting tradition in relation to mountain geographies in colonial India.
Stephen Constantine
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719076350
- eISBN:
- 9781781702048
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719076350.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This study concerns the history of Gibraltar following its military conquest in 1704, after which sovereignty of the territory was transferred from Spain to Britain and it became a British fortress ...
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This study concerns the history of Gibraltar following its military conquest in 1704, after which sovereignty of the territory was transferred from Spain to Britain and it became a British fortress and colony. It focuses on the civilian population and shows how a substantial multi-ethnic Roman Catholic and Jewish population, derived mainly from the littorals and islands of the Mediterranean, became settled in British Gibraltar, much of it in defiance of British efforts to control entry and restrict residence. To explain why that population arrived and took root, the book also analyses the changing fortunes of the local economy over 300 years, the occupational opportunities presented and the variable living standards which resulted. Although for most of the period the British authorities primarily regarded Gibraltar as a fortress and governed it autocratically, they also began to incorporate civilians into administration, until it eventually, though still a British Overseas Territory, became internally a self-governing civilian democracy. The principal intention of the study is to show how the demographic, economic, administrative and political history of Gibraltar accounts for the construction, eventually and problematically, of a distinctive ‘Gibraltarian’ identity. With Gibraltar's political future still today contested, this is a matter of considerable political importance.Less
This study concerns the history of Gibraltar following its military conquest in 1704, after which sovereignty of the territory was transferred from Spain to Britain and it became a British fortress and colony. It focuses on the civilian population and shows how a substantial multi-ethnic Roman Catholic and Jewish population, derived mainly from the littorals and islands of the Mediterranean, became settled in British Gibraltar, much of it in defiance of British efforts to control entry and restrict residence. To explain why that population arrived and took root, the book also analyses the changing fortunes of the local economy over 300 years, the occupational opportunities presented and the variable living standards which resulted. Although for most of the period the British authorities primarily regarded Gibraltar as a fortress and governed it autocratically, they also began to incorporate civilians into administration, until it eventually, though still a British Overseas Territory, became internally a self-governing civilian democracy. The principal intention of the study is to show how the demographic, economic, administrative and political history of Gibraltar accounts for the construction, eventually and problematically, of a distinctive ‘Gibraltarian’ identity. With Gibraltar's political future still today contested, this is a matter of considerable political importance.
