Sabine Fruhstuck
Katharine Rodger (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520247949
- eISBN:
- 9780520939646
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520247949.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
Following World War II, Japan's postwar constitution forbade the country to wage war or create an army. However, with the emergence of the Cold War in the 1950s, Japan was urged to establish the ...
More
Following World War II, Japan's postwar constitution forbade the country to wage war or create an army. However, with the emergence of the Cold War in the 1950s, Japan was urged to establish the Self-Defense Forces (SDF) as a way to bolster Western defenses against the tide of Asian communism. Although the SDF's role is supposedly limited to self-defense, Japan's armed forces are equipped with advanced weapons technology and the world's third-largest military budget. This book draws on interviews, historical research, and analysis to describe the unusual case of a non-war-making military. Written by the first scholar permitted to participate in basic SDF training, the book offers a firsthand look at an army trained for combat that nevertheless serves nontraditional military needs.Less
Following World War II, Japan's postwar constitution forbade the country to wage war or create an army. However, with the emergence of the Cold War in the 1950s, Japan was urged to establish the Self-Defense Forces (SDF) as a way to bolster Western defenses against the tide of Asian communism. Although the SDF's role is supposedly limited to self-defense, Japan's armed forces are equipped with advanced weapons technology and the world's third-largest military budget. This book draws on interviews, historical research, and analysis to describe the unusual case of a non-war-making military. Written by the first scholar permitted to participate in basic SDF training, the book offers a firsthand look at an army trained for combat that nevertheless serves nontraditional military needs.
Kenneth O Morgan
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198227649
- eISBN:
- 9780191678769
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227649.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The Suez Canal incident brought painful realizations of diminished power in the international arena along with currency restrictions, social spending cuts, and petrol rationing due to related oil ...
More
The Suez Canal incident brought painful realizations of diminished power in the international arena along with currency restrictions, social spending cuts, and petrol rationing due to related oil supply issues. Britain implemented cuts in its military budget and activity and abandoned the nuclear defence programme, which further highlighted the spectre of dependency with the United States. However, there were successes on the domestic front brought about by conservative financial management and led to moderate economic growth, the resolution of another sterling crisis, low unemployment, and the stabilization of the balance-of-payments deficit led to an almost total Conservative party victory in the 1959 elections. Challenges to Tory rule were presented by the Labour Party as well as the growing nuclear disarmament group. The rise in living standards and affluence also masked problems of social inequality for marginalized citizens, housing inadequacies, and the monopolies of real estate developers.Less
The Suez Canal incident brought painful realizations of diminished power in the international arena along with currency restrictions, social spending cuts, and petrol rationing due to related oil supply issues. Britain implemented cuts in its military budget and activity and abandoned the nuclear defence programme, which further highlighted the spectre of dependency with the United States. However, there were successes on the domestic front brought about by conservative financial management and led to moderate economic growth, the resolution of another sterling crisis, low unemployment, and the stabilization of the balance-of-payments deficit led to an almost total Conservative party victory in the 1959 elections. Challenges to Tory rule were presented by the Labour Party as well as the growing nuclear disarmament group. The rise in living standards and affluence also masked problems of social inequality for marginalized citizens, housing inadequacies, and the monopolies of real estate developers.
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804758079
- eISBN:
- 9780804768467
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804758079.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter reports the ironies of apocalypse management as they were manifest in President Dwight Eisenhower's approach to military budget, and mutual security. Eisenhower was vastly tormented that ...
More
This chapter reports the ironies of apocalypse management as they were manifest in President Dwight Eisenhower's approach to military budget, and mutual security. Eisenhower was vastly tormented that Congress and the public protested his calls for major increases in mutual security. The economic benefits of mutual security would develop “those conditions of well-being which are in a very real sense a primary line of defense for the entire free world.” Moreover, Eisenhower proposed that the United States could become “a highly regimented society of an armed camp.” Security relied on quantifiable quantities of progress toward superiority. Furthermore, Eisenhower's hope to limit the military budget resulted in direct conflict with the military and the emotion-management requirements of the New Look. To the end of his presidency, the fundamental issue rested on the spiritual struggle between selfish greed and self-disciplined sacrifice.Less
This chapter reports the ironies of apocalypse management as they were manifest in President Dwight Eisenhower's approach to military budget, and mutual security. Eisenhower was vastly tormented that Congress and the public protested his calls for major increases in mutual security. The economic benefits of mutual security would develop “those conditions of well-being which are in a very real sense a primary line of defense for the entire free world.” Moreover, Eisenhower proposed that the United States could become “a highly regimented society of an armed camp.” Security relied on quantifiable quantities of progress toward superiority. Furthermore, Eisenhower's hope to limit the military budget resulted in direct conflict with the military and the emotion-management requirements of the New Look. To the end of his presidency, the fundamental issue rested on the spiritual struggle between selfish greed and self-disciplined sacrifice.
Danny Orbach
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501705281
- eISBN:
- 9781501708343
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501705281.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter examines the Taishō political crisis of 1912–1913. It first considers Home Minister Hara Kei's “positive policy” and the military budget dispute of autumn 1912 involving the army and ...
More
This chapter examines the Taishō political crisis of 1912–1913. It first considers Home Minister Hara Kei's “positive policy” and the military budget dispute of autumn 1912 involving the army and navy before discussing the imperial ordinance known as the “rule of active duty ministry.” It then turns to Prime Minister Saionji Kinmochi's conflict with the army and his successor Katsura Tarō's dispute with the navy. It also explains how the “active duty rule” and the political tools it had generated turned the budgetary dispute of autumn 1912 into a government crisis, and finally, into a military coup d'état. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the ramifications of the Taishō political crisis for the future.Less
This chapter examines the Taishō political crisis of 1912–1913. It first considers Home Minister Hara Kei's “positive policy” and the military budget dispute of autumn 1912 involving the army and navy before discussing the imperial ordinance known as the “rule of active duty ministry.” It then turns to Prime Minister Saionji Kinmochi's conflict with the army and his successor Katsura Tarō's dispute with the navy. It also explains how the “active duty rule” and the political tools it had generated turned the budgetary dispute of autumn 1912 into a government crisis, and finally, into a military coup d'état. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the ramifications of the Taishō political crisis for the future.
Alan Bowman
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198790662
- eISBN:
- 9780191833175
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198790662.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
The main fiscal instruments the Roman government could use to affect economic behaviour and performance were currency, taxation, and regulation of markets. This chapter is primarily concerned with ...
More
The main fiscal instruments the Roman government could use to affect economic behaviour and performance were currency, taxation, and regulation of markets. This chapter is primarily concerned with taxation, and considers the central features of the relationship between direct and indirect taxation and trade, taking Hopkins’s taxes-and-trade model as a point of departure. It argues that, before AD 300, taxation was fairly low, but not as low as Hopkins thought, when we consider the things he omitted. Various fiscal stimuli, the government use of coin, and taxation all affected trade positively in different ways. After Diocletian, by re-establishing the currency as central to government fiscal operations and by reducing the transaction costs that fell directly upon central government, rates of taxation could effectively be lowered without significant loss of revenue, and that institutionalization of the relationship between imperial and municipal taxation was broadly beneficial from a fiscal viewpoint.Less
The main fiscal instruments the Roman government could use to affect economic behaviour and performance were currency, taxation, and regulation of markets. This chapter is primarily concerned with taxation, and considers the central features of the relationship between direct and indirect taxation and trade, taking Hopkins’s taxes-and-trade model as a point of departure. It argues that, before AD 300, taxation was fairly low, but not as low as Hopkins thought, when we consider the things he omitted. Various fiscal stimuli, the government use of coin, and taxation all affected trade positively in different ways. After Diocletian, by re-establishing the currency as central to government fiscal operations and by reducing the transaction costs that fell directly upon central government, rates of taxation could effectively be lowered without significant loss of revenue, and that institutionalization of the relationship between imperial and municipal taxation was broadly beneficial from a fiscal viewpoint.
