Maria Nadia Covini
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198202141
- eISBN:
- 9780191675188
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202141.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter considers the Italian political system from the middle of the 13th to the beginning of the 16th centuries. It examines the political and military powers which operated on the peninsula ...
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This chapter considers the Italian political system from the middle of the 13th to the beginning of the 16th centuries. It examines the political and military powers which operated on the peninsula during this period and identifies the factors of change, elements of conflict, and the multiplicity of factors involved. It addresses questions concerning the relationships of interdependence created within the system between the major states and other autonomous holders of political power, and the competitive dynamics and consequent selection of the competitors.Less
This chapter considers the Italian political system from the middle of the 13th to the beginning of the 16th centuries. It examines the political and military powers which operated on the peninsula during this period and identifies the factors of change, elements of conflict, and the multiplicity of factors involved. It addresses questions concerning the relationships of interdependence created within the system between the major states and other autonomous holders of political power, and the competitive dynamics and consequent selection of the competitors.
Kai A. Konrad
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780262026895
- eISBN:
- 9780262321976
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262026895.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
This chapter examines the scope for alliance formation in conflict, focusing on aspects and considerations in alliance formation that offset the strategic disadvantages. It considers (1) ...
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This chapter examines the scope for alliance formation in conflict, focusing on aspects and considerations in alliance formation that offset the strategic disadvantages. It considers (1) supermodularity in alliance members’ efforts; (2) budget constraints that are sufficiently tight to remove the strategic problems of free-riding and holdup; (3) the potentially beneficial role of a threat of internal conflict, as an incentive for overcoming the free-riding problem in making contributions to the alliance effort; (4) possible benefits from information transfers among members of an alliance; (5) the role of multiple fronts if alliance members are resource constrained and can mutually support each other by resource transfers; and (6) evolutionary forces that generate in-group favoritism and spiteful behavior toward the out-group.Less
This chapter examines the scope for alliance formation in conflict, focusing on aspects and considerations in alliance formation that offset the strategic disadvantages. It considers (1) supermodularity in alliance members’ efforts; (2) budget constraints that are sufficiently tight to remove the strategic problems of free-riding and holdup; (3) the potentially beneficial role of a threat of internal conflict, as an incentive for overcoming the free-riding problem in making contributions to the alliance effort; (4) possible benefits from information transfers among members of an alliance; (5) the role of multiple fronts if alliance members are resource constrained and can mutually support each other by resource transfers; and (6) evolutionary forces that generate in-group favoritism and spiteful behavior toward the out-group.
von Hlatky Stéfanie
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199673681
- eISBN:
- 9780191756207
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199673681.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
How can secondary states hope to gain in the US global alliance network? Allies benefit from American extended deterrence but are sometimes called upon to make military contributions when the US ...
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How can secondary states hope to gain in the US global alliance network? Allies benefit from American extended deterrence but are sometimes called upon to make military contributions when the US launches a military intervention. Yet, the diversity of allied responses in times of war is perplexing. Allies differ widely in the type and scope of their military contributions and sometimes, opt out altogether. The book introduces a theory to better understand the level and scope of military cooperation between democratic allies, with a focus on US allies. Taking international relations and foreign policy theories into account, the argument is that secondary allies appear unpredictable because they must balance alliance considerations against domestic constraints. This chapter lays out the central puzzle and research design, while providing an overview of the book. Finally, this chapter introduces a typology of intra-alliances strategies used to compare the case studies.Less
How can secondary states hope to gain in the US global alliance network? Allies benefit from American extended deterrence but are sometimes called upon to make military contributions when the US launches a military intervention. Yet, the diversity of allied responses in times of war is perplexing. Allies differ widely in the type and scope of their military contributions and sometimes, opt out altogether. The book introduces a theory to better understand the level and scope of military cooperation between democratic allies, with a focus on US allies. Taking international relations and foreign policy theories into account, the argument is that secondary allies appear unpredictable because they must balance alliance considerations against domestic constraints. This chapter lays out the central puzzle and research design, while providing an overview of the book. Finally, this chapter introduces a typology of intra-alliances strategies used to compare the case studies.
Paul Poast
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501740244
- eISBN:
- 9781501740251
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501740244.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This introductory chapter provides an overview of alliance treaties. Alliance treaties are documents calling on the signatories to cooperate in responding with active military force to a ...
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This introductory chapter provides an overview of alliance treaties. Alliance treaties are documents calling on the signatories to cooperate in responding with active military force to a non-signatory's aggression. The documents are written and signed by official representatives of states, and the signatory states become allies. The military action specified in the document can be either offensive or defensive. Defensive action entails protecting another signatory under attack, while offensive action entails protecting a non-signatory by attacking its aggressor. Reflecting the variety of documents that can constitute an alliance treaty, a negotiation can be a simple conversation between diplomats or a series of formal meetings involving officials from numerous countries. A negotiation concludes in either agreement, meaning it produces an alliance treaty signed by all the participants, or nonagreement, meaning the talks end without a signed alliance treaty and the participants have no plans to continue the talks. This book assesses why alliance treaty negotiations end in agreement or nonagreement. Since states have attempted but failed to negotiate alliance treaties, there is a need to explore the process that distinguishes groups of states that form alliances from groups of states that attempt to do so but fail. Only then can one truly understand the meaning and purpose of military alliances.Less
This introductory chapter provides an overview of alliance treaties. Alliance treaties are documents calling on the signatories to cooperate in responding with active military force to a non-signatory's aggression. The documents are written and signed by official representatives of states, and the signatory states become allies. The military action specified in the document can be either offensive or defensive. Defensive action entails protecting another signatory under attack, while offensive action entails protecting a non-signatory by attacking its aggressor. Reflecting the variety of documents that can constitute an alliance treaty, a negotiation can be a simple conversation between diplomats or a series of formal meetings involving officials from numerous countries. A negotiation concludes in either agreement, meaning it produces an alliance treaty signed by all the participants, or nonagreement, meaning the talks end without a signed alliance treaty and the participants have no plans to continue the talks. This book assesses why alliance treaty negotiations end in agreement or nonagreement. Since states have attempted but failed to negotiate alliance treaties, there is a need to explore the process that distinguishes groups of states that form alliances from groups of states that attempt to do so but fail. Only then can one truly understand the meaning and purpose of military alliances.
Michael Doran
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195123616
- eISBN:
- 9780199854530
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195123616.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter follows Ismail Sidqi's successor, Mahmud Fahmi al-Nuqrashi, as he attempted to enlist the support of the United States in an effort to break Britain's grip on Egypt. The al-Nuqrashi ...
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This chapter follows Ismail Sidqi's successor, Mahmud Fahmi al-Nuqrashi, as he attempted to enlist the support of the United States in an effort to break Britain's grip on Egypt. The al-Nuqrashi government, hoping to capitalize on the tensions created by the Cold War, placed the question of Anglo-Egyptian relations before the United Nations, demanding the abrogation of the existing treaty of alliance. The Egyptian appeal to the Security Council was in essence a call for help from the United States government. Considerable support for the Egyptian position did exist in Washington, where many officials feared that the Anglo-Egyptian conflict would redound to the detriment of the West in its struggle against the Soviet Union. Nonetheless, the Americans regarded the continuation of the Anglo-Egyptian military alliance as necessary for the defense of the Middle East. Consequently, they took a line in the Security Council that in effect killed the Egyptian appeal.Less
This chapter follows Ismail Sidqi's successor, Mahmud Fahmi al-Nuqrashi, as he attempted to enlist the support of the United States in an effort to break Britain's grip on Egypt. The al-Nuqrashi government, hoping to capitalize on the tensions created by the Cold War, placed the question of Anglo-Egyptian relations before the United Nations, demanding the abrogation of the existing treaty of alliance. The Egyptian appeal to the Security Council was in essence a call for help from the United States government. Considerable support for the Egyptian position did exist in Washington, where many officials feared that the Anglo-Egyptian conflict would redound to the detriment of the West in its struggle against the Soviet Union. Nonetheless, the Americans regarded the continuation of the Anglo-Egyptian military alliance as necessary for the defense of the Middle East. Consequently, they took a line in the Security Council that in effect killed the Egyptian appeal.
Gao Bei
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199840908
- eISBN:
- 9780199979820
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199840908.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Asian History, European Modern History
Chapter Three elucidates how after Japan and Germany signed the Anti-Comintern Pact, and after Japan drove the Chinese Nationalists from Shanghai, the Japanese treated the Jewish refugees in China ...
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Chapter Three elucidates how after Japan and Germany signed the Anti-Comintern Pact, and after Japan drove the Chinese Nationalists from Shanghai, the Japanese treated the Jewish refugees in China less harshly than the Nazis wished. Instead of exterminating the Jews, the Japanese tried to take advantage of purported Jewish financial and political power to support Japan's conquest of China and East Asia. From the late 1920s to the early 1930s the Japanese military assumed control over Japan's foreign policy. The military's leading role in determining Japan's foreign policy made it possible for Army and Navy “Jewish problem experts” to convert their ideas into national policy. Colonel Yasue and Captain Inuzuka were either individually or jointly responsible for making Japan's Jewish policy in 1938 and 1939. Japan and Germany had not yet reached an agreement establishing a formal military alliance. This delayed radical and pro-German groups in the military from coming to power.Less
Chapter Three elucidates how after Japan and Germany signed the Anti-Comintern Pact, and after Japan drove the Chinese Nationalists from Shanghai, the Japanese treated the Jewish refugees in China less harshly than the Nazis wished. Instead of exterminating the Jews, the Japanese tried to take advantage of purported Jewish financial and political power to support Japan's conquest of China and East Asia. From the late 1920s to the early 1930s the Japanese military assumed control over Japan's foreign policy. The military's leading role in determining Japan's foreign policy made it possible for Army and Navy “Jewish problem experts” to convert their ideas into national policy. Colonel Yasue and Captain Inuzuka were either individually or jointly responsible for making Japan's Jewish policy in 1938 and 1939. Japan and Germany had not yet reached an agreement establishing a formal military alliance. This delayed radical and pro-German groups in the military from coming to power.
Gregory D. Miller
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450310
- eISBN:
- 9780801464133
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450310.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
This book examines the role that reputation plays in international politics, emphasizing the importance of reliability—confidence that, based on past political actions, a country will make good on ...
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This book examines the role that reputation plays in international politics, emphasizing the importance of reliability—confidence that, based on past political actions, a country will make good on its promises—in the formation of military alliances. Challenging recent scholarship that focuses on the importance of credibility—a state’s reputation for following through on its threats—the book finds that reliable states have much greater freedom in forming alliances than those that invest resources in building military force but then use it inconsistently. To explore the formation and maintenance of alliances based on reputation, the book draws on insights from both political science and business theory to track the evolution of great power relations before the First World War. It starts with the British decision to abandon “splendid isolation” in 1900 and examines three crises—the First Moroccan Crisis (1905–6), the Bosnia-Herzegovina Crisis (1908–9), and the Agadir Crisis (1911)—leading up to the war. It determines that states with a reputation for being a reliable ally have an easier time finding other reliable allies, and have greater autonomy within their alliances, than do states with a reputation for unreliability. Further, a history of reliability carries long-term benefits, as states tend not to lose allies even when their reputation declines.Less
This book examines the role that reputation plays in international politics, emphasizing the importance of reliability—confidence that, based on past political actions, a country will make good on its promises—in the formation of military alliances. Challenging recent scholarship that focuses on the importance of credibility—a state’s reputation for following through on its threats—the book finds that reliable states have much greater freedom in forming alliances than those that invest resources in building military force but then use it inconsistently. To explore the formation and maintenance of alliances based on reputation, the book draws on insights from both political science and business theory to track the evolution of great power relations before the First World War. It starts with the British decision to abandon “splendid isolation” in 1900 and examines three crises—the First Moroccan Crisis (1905–6), the Bosnia-Herzegovina Crisis (1908–9), and the Agadir Crisis (1911)—leading up to the war. It determines that states with a reputation for being a reliable ally have an easier time finding other reliable allies, and have greater autonomy within their alliances, than do states with a reputation for unreliability. Further, a history of reliability carries long-term benefits, as states tend not to lose allies even when their reputation declines.
von Hlatky Stéfanie
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199673681
- eISBN:
- 9780191756207
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199673681.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This concluding chapter provides an overview of the book's main findings. It highlights the importance of domestic constraints in foreign policy decision making for democratic allies. Decisions on ...
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This concluding chapter provides an overview of the book's main findings. It highlights the importance of domestic constraints in foreign policy decision making for democratic allies. Decisions on the use of force are tied to the political and material resources that the foreign policy executive has at its disposal. The scale of military cooperation increases as domestic-level constraints decrease. The chapter also provides a brief summary of the case study analysis, showing how political and military constraints impacted on military contributions made by the UK, Canada and Australia during the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Finally, this chapter discusses the broader theoretical and policy implications of the book, with insights on the relationship between democracy and foreign policy.Less
This concluding chapter provides an overview of the book's main findings. It highlights the importance of domestic constraints in foreign policy decision making for democratic allies. Decisions on the use of force are tied to the political and material resources that the foreign policy executive has at its disposal. The scale of military cooperation increases as domestic-level constraints decrease. The chapter also provides a brief summary of the case study analysis, showing how political and military constraints impacted on military contributions made by the UK, Canada and Australia during the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Finally, this chapter discusses the broader theoretical and policy implications of the book, with insights on the relationship between democracy and foreign policy.
Pallavi Raghavan
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781469651163
- eISBN:
- 9781469651187
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651163.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter explores the geopolitical legacy of colonialism between India and Pakistan, and the United States, by investigating the influence over trade, military alliances, and international ...
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This chapter explores the geopolitical legacy of colonialism between India and Pakistan, and the United States, by investigating the influence over trade, military alliances, and international politics. The chapter covers India and Pakistan’s foreign policy and factors that lead up to the transfer of power. The chapter focuses on preexisting colonial ideas and strategies that optimized India’s, Pakistan’s, and the United States’ positions during the Cold War.Less
This chapter explores the geopolitical legacy of colonialism between India and Pakistan, and the United States, by investigating the influence over trade, military alliances, and international politics. The chapter covers India and Pakistan’s foreign policy and factors that lead up to the transfer of power. The chapter focuses on preexisting colonial ideas and strategies that optimized India’s, Pakistan’s, and the United States’ positions during the Cold War.
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226645605
- eISBN:
- 9780226645643
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226645643.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines the groups responsible for suicide terrorism in Pakistan, including their objectives, state sponsorship, targeting patterns, local community support, and recruitment. It shows ...
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This chapter examines the groups responsible for suicide terrorism in Pakistan, including their objectives, state sponsorship, targeting patterns, local community support, and recruitment. It shows that the initiation and trajectory of the Pakistani suicide campaign are functions of the evolving political and military alliance between the United States and Pakistan since 2002. The chapter also evaluates the consequences of the recent escalation of U.S. drone attacks in the region.Less
This chapter examines the groups responsible for suicide terrorism in Pakistan, including their objectives, state sponsorship, targeting patterns, local community support, and recruitment. It shows that the initiation and trajectory of the Pakistani suicide campaign are functions of the evolving political and military alliance between the United States and Pakistan since 2002. The chapter also evaluates the consequences of the recent escalation of U.S. drone attacks in the region.
Zara Steiner
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199676095
- eISBN:
- 9780191804786
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199676095.003.0015
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter focuses on Adolf Hitler's military action aimed at settling the ‘Polish question’ in the wake of the Anglo-French guarantees in March 1939. It considers Hitler's belief that Britain was ...
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This chapter focuses on Adolf Hitler's military action aimed at settling the ‘Polish question’ in the wake of the Anglo-French guarantees in March 1939. It considers Hitler's belief that Britain was Germany's most dangerous adversary and the main obstacle to his programme of territorial expansion, along with his response to British interference in Poland. It also examines Hitler's efforts to convince the Poles to acknowledge Germany's hegemonic position in Europe and accept a satellite role, Italy's military alliance with Germany, and Hitler's signing of the orders for ‘Operation White’ in April 1939 to wage war against Poland.Less
This chapter focuses on Adolf Hitler's military action aimed at settling the ‘Polish question’ in the wake of the Anglo-French guarantees in March 1939. It considers Hitler's belief that Britain was Germany's most dangerous adversary and the main obstacle to his programme of territorial expansion, along with his response to British interference in Poland. It also examines Hitler's efforts to convince the Poles to acknowledge Germany's hegemonic position in Europe and accept a satellite role, Italy's military alliance with Germany, and Hitler's signing of the orders for ‘Operation White’ in April 1939 to wage war against Poland.
John T. Juricek
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034683
- eISBN:
- 9780813038582
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034683.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter discusses the events which led to the confrontation between English and the French and the Cherokee combined. It also takes into account the outcome of the realization of the Creeks of ...
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This chapter discusses the events which led to the confrontation between English and the French and the Cherokee combined. It also takes into account the outcome of the realization of the Creeks of the need to find a way to unite so they could speak with one voice and act accordingly. Two main events shaped the course of the colonies and the Franco-British war for the control of North America. Firstly, the English blundered into a costly war with the Cherokees in late 1759 and secondly the secret agreement between the Bourbon kings of France and Spain brought Spain into the North American war in early 1762 which led the course of the imperial triumph.Less
This chapter discusses the events which led to the confrontation between English and the French and the Cherokee combined. It also takes into account the outcome of the realization of the Creeks of the need to find a way to unite so they could speak with one voice and act accordingly. Two main events shaped the course of the colonies and the Franco-British war for the control of North America. Firstly, the English blundered into a costly war with the Cherokees in late 1759 and secondly the secret agreement between the Bourbon kings of France and Spain brought Spain into the North American war in early 1762 which led the course of the imperial triumph.
Berry Craig
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780813146928
- eISBN:
- 9780813151441
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813146928.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
Purchase disdain for neutrality led some citizens to call for a military alliance with Tennessee or for regional secession and the formation of a Confederate state with West Tennessee. Delegates to a ...
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Purchase disdain for neutrality led some citizens to call for a military alliance with Tennessee or for regional secession and the formation of a Confederate state with West Tennessee. Delegates to a convention in Mayfield in May ultimately abandoned both proposals because they believed the rest of the state was bound to secede anyway. But apparently no other part of a loyal border state considered such an unprecedented move during the Civil War.Less
Purchase disdain for neutrality led some citizens to call for a military alliance with Tennessee or for regional secession and the formation of a Confederate state with West Tennessee. Delegates to a convention in Mayfield in May ultimately abandoned both proposals because they believed the rest of the state was bound to secede anyway. But apparently no other part of a loyal border state considered such an unprecedented move during the Civil War.
Daniel J. Tortora
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469621227
- eISBN:
- 9781469623382
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469621227.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter discusses Cherokees' involvement in the British campaigns against Fort Duquesne. Cherokees and others served vital and often underappreciated roles, like scouting enemy operations; ...
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This chapter discusses Cherokees' involvement in the British campaigns against Fort Duquesne. Cherokees and others served vital and often underappreciated roles, like scouting enemy operations; sharing their customs, beliefs, and medicines; participating in diplomatic relations for the benefit of all; and so on. Given their contributions, the proposal for Cherokee involvement in a larger push toward Fort Duquesne in 1758 seemed straightforward. But the 1758 Fort Duquesne campaign shattered the Anglo-Cherokee military alliance. Over a three-year period, one thousand Cherokees had served as British military allies. Some had traveled nearly three thousand miles and had provided valuable assistance. Yet thirty-seven warriors had died—not fighting their Indian enemies but at the hands of those who they thought were their allies: the Virginia frontiersmen. Maligned, misunderstood, and murdered, despite their military and diplomatic contributions, the Cherokees were more disaffected than ever.Less
This chapter discusses Cherokees' involvement in the British campaigns against Fort Duquesne. Cherokees and others served vital and often underappreciated roles, like scouting enemy operations; sharing their customs, beliefs, and medicines; participating in diplomatic relations for the benefit of all; and so on. Given their contributions, the proposal for Cherokee involvement in a larger push toward Fort Duquesne in 1758 seemed straightforward. But the 1758 Fort Duquesne campaign shattered the Anglo-Cherokee military alliance. Over a three-year period, one thousand Cherokees had served as British military allies. Some had traveled nearly three thousand miles and had provided valuable assistance. Yet thirty-seven warriors had died—not fighting their Indian enemies but at the hands of those who they thought were their allies: the Virginia frontiersmen. Maligned, misunderstood, and murdered, despite their military and diplomatic contributions, the Cherokees were more disaffected than ever.
Paul A. Rahe
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780300242614
- eISBN:
- 9780300249262
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300242614.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter looks at how the Persians coped with their defeat during the war. In 480 BCE, Xerxes son of Darius, the Achaemenid king of Persia, withdrew to Sardis in western Anatolia. The following ...
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This chapter looks at how the Persians coped with their defeat during the war. In 480 BCE, Xerxes son of Darius, the Achaemenid king of Persia, withdrew to Sardis in western Anatolia. The following year, as events unfolded in mainland Greece and Ionia, he waited patiently in the ancient Lydian capital, providing guidance insofar as communications allowed and anxiously awaiting news—at least until, one must suspect, the arrival of a report concerning Persia's defeat. If Xerxes was dismayed at the outcome of his war with the Hellenes, he certainly did not let on. Yet despite the defeat of the Achaemenid Empire, events were already unfolding in Hellas which led to the gradual division of the once-great military alliance of the Greeks. Things were beginning to unfold to the Persians' advantage.Less
This chapter looks at how the Persians coped with their defeat during the war. In 480 BCE, Xerxes son of Darius, the Achaemenid king of Persia, withdrew to Sardis in western Anatolia. The following year, as events unfolded in mainland Greece and Ionia, he waited patiently in the ancient Lydian capital, providing guidance insofar as communications allowed and anxiously awaiting news—at least until, one must suspect, the arrival of a report concerning Persia's defeat. If Xerxes was dismayed at the outcome of his war with the Hellenes, he certainly did not let on. Yet despite the defeat of the Achaemenid Empire, events were already unfolding in Hellas which led to the gradual division of the once-great military alliance of the Greeks. Things were beginning to unfold to the Persians' advantage.
Berry Craig
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780813146928
- eISBN:
- 9780813151441
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813146928.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
Dubbed “the South Carolina of Kentucky,” the Jackson Purchase was Kentucky's only pro-Confederate region during the Civil War. Secession sentiment was so strong that in 1861, while Kentucky was ...
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Dubbed “the South Carolina of Kentucky,” the Jackson Purchase was Kentucky's only pro-Confederate region during the Civil War. Secession sentiment was so strong that in 1861, while Kentucky was officially neutral, leading politicians and influential citizens met in Mayfield and considered a regional military alliance with Tennessee or secession from Kentucky to form a Confederate state with West Tennessee. In addition, the Purchase was Kentucky's only region that furnished more soldiers to the Confederacy army than to the Union forces. Between 1861 and 1865, nearly 5,000 Purchase men donned Rebel gray while approximately 850—white and African American—opted for Yankee blue. Statewide, between 90,000 and 100,000 Kentuckians—white and African American—fought for the Union, and between 25,000 and 40,000 took up arms for the Confederacy.Less
Dubbed “the South Carolina of Kentucky,” the Jackson Purchase was Kentucky's only pro-Confederate region during the Civil War. Secession sentiment was so strong that in 1861, while Kentucky was officially neutral, leading politicians and influential citizens met in Mayfield and considered a regional military alliance with Tennessee or secession from Kentucky to form a Confederate state with West Tennessee. In addition, the Purchase was Kentucky's only region that furnished more soldiers to the Confederacy army than to the Union forces. Between 1861 and 1865, nearly 5,000 Purchase men donned Rebel gray while approximately 850—white and African American—opted for Yankee blue. Statewide, between 90,000 and 100,000 Kentuckians—white and African American—fought for the Union, and between 25,000 and 40,000 took up arms for the Confederacy.
Cécile Fabre
- Published in print:
- 2022
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780198833765
- eISBN:
- 9780191872174
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198833765.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
There are swathes of information which members of a political community may wish to keep secret, such that they have a right that such information be treated as such by outsiders. This chapter ...
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There are swathes of information which members of a political community may wish to keep secret, such that they have a right that such information be treated as such by outsiders. This chapter examines the grounds on which outsiders may justifiably procure those secrets against their bearers’ consent. It argues that a political community may justifiably spy on another political community, but only as a means to thwart rights violations. It then defends the duty to spy to those same ends. It exposes an infinite regress at the heart of the defence of espionage set out here and offers a tentative solution to the problem. The final section considers the controversial practice of espionage between allies.Less
There are swathes of information which members of a political community may wish to keep secret, such that they have a right that such information be treated as such by outsiders. This chapter examines the grounds on which outsiders may justifiably procure those secrets against their bearers’ consent. It argues that a political community may justifiably spy on another political community, but only as a means to thwart rights violations. It then defends the duty to spy to those same ends. It exposes an infinite regress at the heart of the defence of espionage set out here and offers a tentative solution to the problem. The final section considers the controversial practice of espionage between allies.
Srikanth Kondapalli
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780199479337
- eISBN:
- 9780199092086
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199479337.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Asian Politics
In this chapter, the author examines the various elements of China’s security presence in the Indian Ocean. He argues that while a ‘flag-following-trade’ policy was visible earlier, China’s policy ...
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In this chapter, the author examines the various elements of China’s security presence in the Indian Ocean. He argues that while a ‘flag-following-trade’ policy was visible earlier, China’s policy today is to influence the structure of maritime power in the Indian Ocean region through strengthening its offshore defence capabilities. This involves the development of semi-military alliances, dual-use port facilities, stationing of non-combat troops initially abroad, Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW) missions and arms transfers to the region. He concludes that while China has succeeded in entering into the Indian Ocean region, it faces formidable challenges from the United States, India and others and the limitations on China’s power projection capabilities are becoming increasingly clear.Less
In this chapter, the author examines the various elements of China’s security presence in the Indian Ocean. He argues that while a ‘flag-following-trade’ policy was visible earlier, China’s policy today is to influence the structure of maritime power in the Indian Ocean region through strengthening its offshore defence capabilities. This involves the development of semi-military alliances, dual-use port facilities, stationing of non-combat troops initially abroad, Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW) missions and arms transfers to the region. He concludes that while China has succeeded in entering into the Indian Ocean region, it faces formidable challenges from the United States, India and others and the limitations on China’s power projection capabilities are becoming increasingly clear.