Robert Grosse and Luiz F. Mesquita (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199233755
- eISBN:
- 9780191715549
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233755.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
In many discussions of globalization and growth, attention focuses on Asia, notably China, South Korea, and India. In contrast, this book looks at business developments in another key emerging market ...
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In many discussions of globalization and growth, attention focuses on Asia, notably China, South Korea, and India. In contrast, this book looks at business developments in another key emerging market region, Latin America. It examines the success and failure of Latin American firms in their own markets and elsewhere in the world, the reasons behind these outcomes, and these firms' future prospects. Contributors to this book draw on concepts from organization theory, industrial organization, economics, marketing, sociology, and political science. The book includes sections on the broad themes of competitiveness in Latin America, micro-level strategies of firms in specific sectors, and the competitiveness of firms in specific countries and competing in emerging markets. The cases examined range in size and sector, and include some of the largest firms in Latin America, such as as Embraer in Brazil, Quiñenco (Luksic) in Chile, Techint in Argentina, Grupo Carso in Mexico, Cisneros in Venezuela, and Grupo Empresarial Antioqueño in Colombia.Less
In many discussions of globalization and growth, attention focuses on Asia, notably China, South Korea, and India. In contrast, this book looks at business developments in another key emerging market region, Latin America. It examines the success and failure of Latin American firms in their own markets and elsewhere in the world, the reasons behind these outcomes, and these firms' future prospects. Contributors to this book draw on concepts from organization theory, industrial organization, economics, marketing, sociology, and political science. The book includes sections on the broad themes of competitiveness in Latin America, micro-level strategies of firms in specific sectors, and the competitiveness of firms in specific countries and competing in emerging markets. The cases examined range in size and sector, and include some of the largest firms in Latin America, such as as Embraer in Brazil, Quiñenco (Luksic) in Chile, Techint in Argentina, Grupo Carso in Mexico, Cisneros in Venezuela, and Grupo Empresarial Antioqueño in Colombia.
Jere R. Behrman
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199244072
- eISBN:
- 9780191595974
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199244073.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter argues that a micro perspective is essential for many questions regarding population change and economic development. It presents some fundamentals for thinking about population change ...
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This chapter argues that a micro perspective is essential for many questions regarding population change and economic development. It presents some fundamentals for thinking about population change and development at the micro level, and for empirically assessing population change and development. It then provides some fundamentals for thinking about policy development followed by illustrations of these fundamentals, and summarises selected empirical micro studies that build on such frameworks.Less
This chapter argues that a micro perspective is essential for many questions regarding population change and economic development. It presents some fundamentals for thinking about population change and development at the micro level, and for empirically assessing population change and development. It then provides some fundamentals for thinking about policy development followed by illustrations of these fundamentals, and summarises selected empirical micro studies that build on such frameworks.
Emily Erikson
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159065
- eISBN:
- 9781400850334
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159065.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter presents the volume's main argument: that a decentralized organizational structure—constructed through the combination of private and Company trade—was the central pillar of the English ...
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This chapter presents the volume's main argument: that a decentralized organizational structure—constructed through the combination of private and Company trade—was the central pillar of the English East India Company's continued expansion and adaptability over nearly two centuries as a predominantly commercial operation. It delves into the history of the English East India Company and the reasons for its success. Additionally, the chapter also looks at alternative explanations for the success of the company. Finally, this chapter lays out the study's theoretical approach: by considering the micro-level behavioral patterns and opportunity structures that allowed for the development and transformation of the English Company and, through it, larger patterns of global trade.Less
This chapter presents the volume's main argument: that a decentralized organizational structure—constructed through the combination of private and Company trade—was the central pillar of the English East India Company's continued expansion and adaptability over nearly two centuries as a predominantly commercial operation. It delves into the history of the English East India Company and the reasons for its success. Additionally, the chapter also looks at alternative explanations for the success of the company. Finally, this chapter lays out the study's theoretical approach: by considering the micro-level behavioral patterns and opportunity structures that allowed for the development and transformation of the English Company and, through it, larger patterns of global trade.
Thomas Faist
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198293910
- eISBN:
- 9780191685002
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198293910.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
For purposes of convenience, this book has divided three levels of analysis on migration and post-migration processes — micro, macro, and meso. This study has focused on the meso level or meso link ...
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For purposes of convenience, this book has divided three levels of analysis on migration and post-migration processes — micro, macro, and meso. This study has focused on the meso level or meso link that provides a connection between the two other levels of analysis. Such a meso link offers mechanisms for disaggregating macro- into micro- and aggregating micro- into macro-level analysis. Deliberately abjuring a more ambitious synthesis for the sake of simplicity, the meso-level considerations presented in the preceding chapters are a step in linking the micro- and macro-levels and thus enlarge the possibilities of analysis. As the discussion of migration system theories already indicated, more comprehensive approaches cover more than one level of analysis. It is now time to bring the other two levels back in and wrestle with connecting all three layers.Less
For purposes of convenience, this book has divided three levels of analysis on migration and post-migration processes — micro, macro, and meso. This study has focused on the meso level or meso link that provides a connection between the two other levels of analysis. Such a meso link offers mechanisms for disaggregating macro- into micro- and aggregating micro- into macro-level analysis. Deliberately abjuring a more ambitious synthesis for the sake of simplicity, the meso-level considerations presented in the preceding chapters are a step in linking the micro- and macro-levels and thus enlarge the possibilities of analysis. As the discussion of migration system theories already indicated, more comprehensive approaches cover more than one level of analysis. It is now time to bring the other two levels back in and wrestle with connecting all three layers.
Mohd. Sanjeer Alam
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198076940
- eISBN:
- 9780199080946
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198076940.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Sociology of Religion
Too often, the macro-level picture obscures reality at micro level. It is particularly true in the context of complex issues of disparities in access to educational opportunities. The macro-level ...
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Too often, the macro-level picture obscures reality at micro level. It is particularly true in the context of complex issues of disparities in access to educational opportunities. The macro-level pattern of differential access to educational opportunities can be misleading and therefore may have serious implications for policy and planning aiming at addressing social disparities in education at micro level. This chapter fleshes out educational attainment of the two religious groups under study-Muslims and Hindus-with the help of primary data collected in the villages of Patna and Purnia districts of Bihar. It elaborately examines and discusses the educational status of religious groups under study. This chapter sets the ground for the central argument of this book.Less
Too often, the macro-level picture obscures reality at micro level. It is particularly true in the context of complex issues of disparities in access to educational opportunities. The macro-level pattern of differential access to educational opportunities can be misleading and therefore may have serious implications for policy and planning aiming at addressing social disparities in education at micro level. This chapter fleshes out educational attainment of the two religious groups under study-Muslims and Hindus-with the help of primary data collected in the villages of Patna and Purnia districts of Bihar. It elaborately examines and discusses the educational status of religious groups under study. This chapter sets the ground for the central argument of this book.
Jocelyn Viterna
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199843633
- eISBN:
- 9780199369591
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199843633.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Movements and Social Change, Gender and Sexuality
Over the past several decades, women have joined insurgent armies in significant and surprising numbers. Why do women become guerrilla insurgents? What experiences do they have in guerrilla armies? ...
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Over the past several decades, women have joined insurgent armies in significant and surprising numbers. Why do women become guerrilla insurgents? What experiences do they have in guerrilla armies? What are the long-term repercussions of this participation for the women themselves and the societies in which they live? Women in War answers these questions while providing a rare look at guerrilla life from the viewpoint of rank and-file participants in the FMLN rebel army. Using data from 230 in-depth interviews with men and women guerrillas, guerrilla supporters, and non-participants in rural El Salvador, this book investigates why some women were able to channel their wartime actions into post-war gains, and how those patterns differed from the benefits that accrued to men. In the process, Women in War makes theoretical contributions to studies of gender, revolution, civil war, and political violence. Most centrally, Women in War develops a new micro-level theory of mobilization that challenges several assumptions embedded within more macro- and meso-level approaches, and extends our understanding of the causes and consequences of mobilization in many social movement settings.Less
Over the past several decades, women have joined insurgent armies in significant and surprising numbers. Why do women become guerrilla insurgents? What experiences do they have in guerrilla armies? What are the long-term repercussions of this participation for the women themselves and the societies in which they live? Women in War answers these questions while providing a rare look at guerrilla life from the viewpoint of rank and-file participants in the FMLN rebel army. Using data from 230 in-depth interviews with men and women guerrillas, guerrilla supporters, and non-participants in rural El Salvador, this book investigates why some women were able to channel their wartime actions into post-war gains, and how those patterns differed from the benefits that accrued to men. In the process, Women in War makes theoretical contributions to studies of gender, revolution, civil war, and political violence. Most centrally, Women in War develops a new micro-level theory of mobilization that challenges several assumptions embedded within more macro- and meso-level approaches, and extends our understanding of the causes and consequences of mobilization in many social movement settings.
Jocelyn Viterna
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199843633
- eISBN:
- 9780199369591
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199843633.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Movements and Social Change, Gender and Sexuality
This chapter introduces a new theory of micro-level mobilization that challenges and extends the more common macro- and meso-level approaches to social movement studies. Rooted in the concept of ...
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This chapter introduces a new theory of micro-level mobilization that challenges and extends the more common macro- and meso-level approaches to social movement studies. Rooted in the concept of identity, the theory allows scholars to capture and explain individual-level variations in how people participate across three key moments of a social movement: initial mobilization, on-going participation, and re- or de-mobilization. Social movement organizers regularly use emotion-laden narratives to target specific identities for recruitment. Individuals are most likely to accept these invitations when a shifting macro-level context—conceptualized as an “arena”—re-shapes their network memberships and encourages the expansion of their existing identities. Once mobilized, movements assign participants to different tasks, and limit the number and kind of social ties they can form, thus structuring how their identities might change through participation. Finally, the different identities developed through initial mobilization and on-going participation interact in the post-movement environment to determine whether a participant will remain politically active after the initial social movement ends (re-mobilization), or will eschew future political participation (demobilization). The chapter concludes that capturing individual-level variations across participants will improve scholars’ answers to central questions like why social movements begin, how they endure, and whether they change the societies they target.Less
This chapter introduces a new theory of micro-level mobilization that challenges and extends the more common macro- and meso-level approaches to social movement studies. Rooted in the concept of identity, the theory allows scholars to capture and explain individual-level variations in how people participate across three key moments of a social movement: initial mobilization, on-going participation, and re- or de-mobilization. Social movement organizers regularly use emotion-laden narratives to target specific identities for recruitment. Individuals are most likely to accept these invitations when a shifting macro-level context—conceptualized as an “arena”—re-shapes their network memberships and encourages the expansion of their existing identities. Once mobilized, movements assign participants to different tasks, and limit the number and kind of social ties they can form, thus structuring how their identities might change through participation. Finally, the different identities developed through initial mobilization and on-going participation interact in the post-movement environment to determine whether a participant will remain politically active after the initial social movement ends (re-mobilization), or will eschew future political participation (demobilization). The chapter concludes that capturing individual-level variations across participants will improve scholars’ answers to central questions like why social movements begin, how they endure, and whether they change the societies they target.
Jocelyn Viterna
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199843633
- eISBN:
- 9780199369591
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199843633.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Movements and Social Change, Gender and Sexuality
This chapter summarizes the three main theoretical contributions of Women in War. First, the gender focus of this book brings novel insights to studies of political violence. Interested publics do ...
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This chapter summarizes the three main theoretical contributions of Women in War. First, the gender focus of this book brings novel insights to studies of political violence. Interested publics do not always perceive political violence as “radical.” It also may be considered “righteous.” Mobilizing imagery from the existing sexual order is therefore a powerful means by which almost any violent organization can shape its public face, and may help explain why individuals chose to join violent organizations in the first place. Second, this book extends existing explanations of why women’s gender-bending participation in “radical” movements seldom brings about broader gender changes. It questions whether women are really attracted to radical activism by emancipatory goals in the first place, and suggests instead that women may be propelled to radical activism when they embrace, rather than reject, conservative gender norms. Third, modelling micro-level processes of mobilization is both feasible and desirable. The identity-based model introduced in this book helps scholars understand which macro- and meso-level factors matter for mobilization, how current movement members strategically appropriate those factors to recruit new participants, and what are the various (yet still parsimonious) paths that individuals may follow when joining, participating in, and leaving a movement.Less
This chapter summarizes the three main theoretical contributions of Women in War. First, the gender focus of this book brings novel insights to studies of political violence. Interested publics do not always perceive political violence as “radical.” It also may be considered “righteous.” Mobilizing imagery from the existing sexual order is therefore a powerful means by which almost any violent organization can shape its public face, and may help explain why individuals chose to join violent organizations in the first place. Second, this book extends existing explanations of why women’s gender-bending participation in “radical” movements seldom brings about broader gender changes. It questions whether women are really attracted to radical activism by emancipatory goals in the first place, and suggests instead that women may be propelled to radical activism when they embrace, rather than reject, conservative gender norms. Third, modelling micro-level processes of mobilization is both feasible and desirable. The identity-based model introduced in this book helps scholars understand which macro- and meso-level factors matter for mobilization, how current movement members strategically appropriate those factors to recruit new participants, and what are the various (yet still parsimonious) paths that individuals may follow when joining, participating in, and leaving a movement.
István György Tóth and Tamás Keller
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804778244
- eISBN:
- 9780804786751
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804778244.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter analyses how redistributive preference relates to actual income and to its distribution. For measuring redistributive preference a composite index is developed using public opinion ...
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This chapter analyses how redistributive preference relates to actual income and to its distribution. For measuring redistributive preference a composite index is developed using public opinion (Eurobarometer) survey data. An empirical analysis of the data is presented, covering 17 European countries, on both the macro and micro level. To measure the relationship on the macro level, distance-based measures of income inequality (P-ratios, based on data from LIS) are defined and used to estimate contextual effects on individual redistributive claims. At the individual micro level, mechanisms such as self-interest, failure attribution, inequality sensitivity, and value preferences are tested. The results presented in this chapter can contribute to a refinement of the predictions developed in the frame of the median voter theorem and, via this, to a better understanding of political processes.Less
This chapter analyses how redistributive preference relates to actual income and to its distribution. For measuring redistributive preference a composite index is developed using public opinion (Eurobarometer) survey data. An empirical analysis of the data is presented, covering 17 European countries, on both the macro and micro level. To measure the relationship on the macro level, distance-based measures of income inequality (P-ratios, based on data from LIS) are defined and used to estimate contextual effects on individual redistributive claims. At the individual micro level, mechanisms such as self-interest, failure attribution, inequality sensitivity, and value preferences are tested. The results presented in this chapter can contribute to a refinement of the predictions developed in the frame of the median voter theorem and, via this, to a better understanding of political processes.
Mohd. Sanjeer Alam
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198076940
- eISBN:
- 9780199080946
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198076940.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Sociology of Religion
While there is no doubt that Muslims of India, as a whole, lag behind other religious communities in the sphere of education as in other aspects of life, the ways in which their educational ...
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While there is no doubt that Muslims of India, as a whole, lag behind other religious communities in the sphere of education as in other aspects of life, the ways in which their educational backwardness is explained are overly simplistic and designed to buttress specific perspectives. A closer look at macro-level educational statistics seems to suggest that educational status of the Muslims as a whole does not follow any uni-linear pattern. Their relative educational backwardness varies considerably across spatial contexts. As the findings of this study suggest, such spatiality exists even at the micro-level. The macro- and micro-level factors interact in complex ways to determine access of socio-religious communities to educational opportunities. To be brief, the complex issue of schooling as a social variable needs framing in multi-layered and nuanced manners and has to be placed within a wider conceptual and analytical framework.Less
While there is no doubt that Muslims of India, as a whole, lag behind other religious communities in the sphere of education as in other aspects of life, the ways in which their educational backwardness is explained are overly simplistic and designed to buttress specific perspectives. A closer look at macro-level educational statistics seems to suggest that educational status of the Muslims as a whole does not follow any uni-linear pattern. Their relative educational backwardness varies considerably across spatial contexts. As the findings of this study suggest, such spatiality exists even at the micro-level. The macro- and micro-level factors interact in complex ways to determine access of socio-religious communities to educational opportunities. To be brief, the complex issue of schooling as a social variable needs framing in multi-layered and nuanced manners and has to be placed within a wider conceptual and analytical framework.
Patricia Justino, Tilman Brück, and Philip Verwimp (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199664597
- eISBN:
- 9780191749254
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199664597.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This book presents an innovative new analytical framework for understanding the dynamics of violent conflict and its impact on people and communities living in contexts of violence. Bringing together ...
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This book presents an innovative new analytical framework for understanding the dynamics of violent conflict and its impact on people and communities living in contexts of violence. Bringing together the findings of MICROCON, an influential five-year research programme funded by the European Commission, it provides readers with the most current and comprehensive evidence available on violent conflict from a micro-level perspective. Whilst traditional studies into conflict have been through an international/regional lens, with the state as the primary unit of analysis, the micro-level perspective offered by this volume places the individuals, households, groups, and communities affected by conflict at the centre of analysis. Studying how people behave in groups and communities, and how they interact with the formal and informal institutions that manage local tensions, is crucial to understanding the conflict cycle. These micro-foundations therefore provide a more in-depth analysis of the causes and consequences of violent conflict. By challenging the ways we think about conflict, this book bridges the gap in evidence, allowing for more specific and accurate policy interventions for conflict resolution and development processes to help reduce poverty in the lives of those affected by conflict. This volume is divided into four parts. Part I introduces the conceptual framework of MICROCON. Part II focuses on individual and group motivations in conflict processes. Part III highlights the micro-level consequences of violent conflict. The final section of this volume focuses on policy implications and future research agenda.Less
This book presents an innovative new analytical framework for understanding the dynamics of violent conflict and its impact on people and communities living in contexts of violence. Bringing together the findings of MICROCON, an influential five-year research programme funded by the European Commission, it provides readers with the most current and comprehensive evidence available on violent conflict from a micro-level perspective. Whilst traditional studies into conflict have been through an international/regional lens, with the state as the primary unit of analysis, the micro-level perspective offered by this volume places the individuals, households, groups, and communities affected by conflict at the centre of analysis. Studying how people behave in groups and communities, and how they interact with the formal and informal institutions that manage local tensions, is crucial to understanding the conflict cycle. These micro-foundations therefore provide a more in-depth analysis of the causes and consequences of violent conflict. By challenging the ways we think about conflict, this book bridges the gap in evidence, allowing for more specific and accurate policy interventions for conflict resolution and development processes to help reduce poverty in the lives of those affected by conflict. This volume is divided into four parts. Part I introduces the conceptual framework of MICROCON. Part II focuses on individual and group motivations in conflict processes. Part III highlights the micro-level consequences of violent conflict. The final section of this volume focuses on policy implications and future research agenda.
Donald Maurice
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195156904
- eISBN:
- 9780199868339
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156904.003.0006
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter introduces musical elements relating to large-scale structure in the work, through to the micro-level of numbers of beats and measures, to serve possible larger predetermined frameworks. ...
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This chapter introduces musical elements relating to large-scale structure in the work, through to the micro-level of numbers of beats and measures, to serve possible larger predetermined frameworks. While each movement is subjected to a structural analysis, the manuscript poses special challenges in determining the correct placement within the work of parts of the sketches and how explaining those placements affect the overall structure of the three-movement work and its linking sections. The composer's own comments are taken into account and some alternative solutions are offered to support some of the clues found in the sketches. The principles of the Golden Section are discussed, and calculations based on the Fibonacci series are applied to seek answers to some of the incomplete sections. Possible links to the Third Piano Concerto are also explored to provide answers.Less
This chapter introduces musical elements relating to large-scale structure in the work, through to the micro-level of numbers of beats and measures, to serve possible larger predetermined frameworks. While each movement is subjected to a structural analysis, the manuscript poses special challenges in determining the correct placement within the work of parts of the sketches and how explaining those placements affect the overall structure of the three-movement work and its linking sections. The composer's own comments are taken into account and some alternative solutions are offered to support some of the clues found in the sketches. The principles of the Golden Section are discussed, and calculations based on the Fibonacci series are applied to seek answers to some of the incomplete sections. Possible links to the Third Piano Concerto are also explored to provide answers.
David Leon and Gill Walt (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192631961
- eISBN:
- 9780191723599
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192631961.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This book raises new and critical issues about health inequalities. It provides an international perspective on this problem, with contributions from the developed and developing world. The outcome ...
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This book raises new and critical issues about health inequalities. It provides an international perspective on this problem, with contributions from the developed and developing world. The outcome of a Public Health Forum organized by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, this book brings together material from internationally recognised contributors from a wide range of disciplines and countries. The chapters reflect this diversity, ranging from the micro- to the macro-level, and from aetiology to intervention. Topics covered include: the over-arching concepts linking economic and social forces and health status the extent to which ethical concerns lie at the heart of the issue of inequalities in health and attempts to ameliorate them; macro-level features of inequalities in health within and between countries; an overview of the main body of work on inequalities in health in developed countries and those in transition within Europe; specific pathways and mechanisms at the individual level that link poverty and inequality to health status; the interaction of social and biological influences on health status throughout life; specific disease-specific links; and issues of policy and interventions aimed at reducing inequalities in health.Less
This book raises new and critical issues about health inequalities. It provides an international perspective on this problem, with contributions from the developed and developing world. The outcome of a Public Health Forum organized by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, this book brings together material from internationally recognised contributors from a wide range of disciplines and countries. The chapters reflect this diversity, ranging from the micro- to the macro-level, and from aetiology to intervention. Topics covered include: the over-arching concepts linking economic and social forces and health status the extent to which ethical concerns lie at the heart of the issue of inequalities in health and attempts to ameliorate them; macro-level features of inequalities in health within and between countries; an overview of the main body of work on inequalities in health in developed countries and those in transition within Europe; specific pathways and mechanisms at the individual level that link poverty and inequality to health status; the interaction of social and biological influences on health status throughout life; specific disease-specific links; and issues of policy and interventions aimed at reducing inequalities in health.
Debarati Guha-Sapir and Indhira Santos (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199841936
- eISBN:
- 9780199950157
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199841936.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Natural disasters, in particular climate related ones, are increasing in frequency. Along with this, their socio economic impacts have doubled or even tripled. These trends present important ...
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Natural disasters, in particular climate related ones, are increasing in frequency. Along with this, their socio economic impacts have doubled or even tripled. These trends present important challenges to policy makers at national and international levels, especially within the context of climate change and global warming. This book focuses on the economic impact of these catastrophic events. The first part critically reviews economic tools currently available to measure and analyze impact on national economies as well as household welfare. It also examines ex-ante and ex-post mechanisms to deal with the effects of disasters and the relationship between extreme natural events and climate change. The authors discuss methods related to the valuation of disaster losses and their impact on non-marketed goods like the environment as well as balancing risks, costs and benefits of disaster management. Case studies from different economic settings are then presented. Examples from industrialized countries, including Netherlands and Japan, consider cost benefit analysis, micro-level consumption and insurance patterns. Cases from developing countries such as Nicaragua and Bangladesh cover topics ranging from informal mechanisms of inter-household transfers and their relations to public aid schemes, to flood loss management for adaptation options. The book concludes with concrete research and policy priorities that are relevant at national and international levels. It opens up new avenues for thinking and debate, emphasizing the need for better evidence of the socio economic effects of disasters and better policies to reduce impact.Less
Natural disasters, in particular climate related ones, are increasing in frequency. Along with this, their socio economic impacts have doubled or even tripled. These trends present important challenges to policy makers at national and international levels, especially within the context of climate change and global warming. This book focuses on the economic impact of these catastrophic events. The first part critically reviews economic tools currently available to measure and analyze impact on national economies as well as household welfare. It also examines ex-ante and ex-post mechanisms to deal with the effects of disasters and the relationship between extreme natural events and climate change. The authors discuss methods related to the valuation of disaster losses and their impact on non-marketed goods like the environment as well as balancing risks, costs and benefits of disaster management. Case studies from different economic settings are then presented. Examples from industrialized countries, including Netherlands and Japan, consider cost benefit analysis, micro-level consumption and insurance patterns. Cases from developing countries such as Nicaragua and Bangladesh cover topics ranging from informal mechanisms of inter-household transfers and their relations to public aid schemes, to flood loss management for adaptation options. The book concludes with concrete research and policy priorities that are relevant at national and international levels. It opens up new avenues for thinking and debate, emphasizing the need for better evidence of the socio economic effects of disasters and better policies to reduce impact.
Helle Kryger Aggerholm and Birte Asmuß
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198759485
- eISBN:
- 9780191818882
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198759485.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
The chapter explores some of the performative resources available to individual actors when discursively creating and sustaining a certain organizational routine, namely performance appraisal ...
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The chapter explores some of the performative resources available to individual actors when discursively creating and sustaining a certain organizational routine, namely performance appraisal interviews (PAIs). By looking at one substantial and recurrent micro-level activity in PAIs, namely the evaluation of employee performance, this chapter pursues a better understanding of the relationship between social interaction and the negotiation of power in micro-level routines on the one hand and the performance of larger organizational routines on the other. The study indicates that interactional micro-level routines are not power neutral. Due to the internal power dynamics of organizational routines, performative and ostensive aspects cannot be separated, given that both elements function as interactional resources for the participants in accomplishing the actions at stake. Although language and its effects have been acknowledged as important objects of study in organizational routines, the study highlights the constitutive role of language and interaction for organizational routines.Less
The chapter explores some of the performative resources available to individual actors when discursively creating and sustaining a certain organizational routine, namely performance appraisal interviews (PAIs). By looking at one substantial and recurrent micro-level activity in PAIs, namely the evaluation of employee performance, this chapter pursues a better understanding of the relationship between social interaction and the negotiation of power in micro-level routines on the one hand and the performance of larger organizational routines on the other. The study indicates that interactional micro-level routines are not power neutral. Due to the internal power dynamics of organizational routines, performative and ostensive aspects cannot be separated, given that both elements function as interactional resources for the participants in accomplishing the actions at stake. Although language and its effects have been acknowledged as important objects of study in organizational routines, the study highlights the constitutive role of language and interaction for organizational routines.
Jenny M. Luke
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781496818911
- eISBN:
- 9781496818959
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
The bulk of the introduction is devoted to identifying the scope, themes, and objectives of the book, each section and chapter being described in brief. An assessment of current maternal and infant ...
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The bulk of the introduction is devoted to identifying the scope, themes, and objectives of the book, each section and chapter being described in brief. An assessment of current maternal and infant mortality rates in the United States is presented and the book’s geographic realm and historical context are isolated. The micro-level and macro-level components of maternity care used throughout as an analytic tool are defined, as are the various classifications of American midwives. The historiography of African American lay midwifery and the professionalization of midwifery is discussed.Less
The bulk of the introduction is devoted to identifying the scope, themes, and objectives of the book, each section and chapter being described in brief. An assessment of current maternal and infant mortality rates in the United States is presented and the book’s geographic realm and historical context are isolated. The micro-level and macro-level components of maternity care used throughout as an analytic tool are defined, as are the various classifications of American midwives. The historiography of African American lay midwifery and the professionalization of midwifery is discussed.
Yasir Suleiman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199747016
- eISBN:
- 9780199896905
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199747016.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
The chapter deals with the link between names and three notions in the social world: Self, identity, and conflict. Dealing with three categories of names: personal names, toponyms or place names, and ...
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The chapter deals with the link between names and three notions in the social world: Self, identity, and conflict. Dealing with three categories of names: personal names, toponyms or place names, and code-names, this study starts from the assumption that it is the symbolic meanings of names, rather than their indexicality, that make them suitable to investigate from a sociolinguistic perspective. In identifying and analysing these meanings, the chapter uses a variety of data, including name pools, web-based materials, self-report data and literary compositions. Two modes of analysis will be applied in this chapter. Marco-level analyses will be provided to outline the major themes in names and naming from the twin perspectives of identity and conflict. These analyses will be augmented with the micro-level deconstruction of selected data to show the multi-layered nature of these perspectives.Less
The chapter deals with the link between names and three notions in the social world: Self, identity, and conflict. Dealing with three categories of names: personal names, toponyms or place names, and code-names, this study starts from the assumption that it is the symbolic meanings of names, rather than their indexicality, that make them suitable to investigate from a sociolinguistic perspective. In identifying and analysing these meanings, the chapter uses a variety of data, including name pools, web-based materials, self-report data and literary compositions. Two modes of analysis will be applied in this chapter. Marco-level analyses will be provided to outline the major themes in names and naming from the twin perspectives of identity and conflict. These analyses will be augmented with the micro-level deconstruction of selected data to show the multi-layered nature of these perspectives.
Jocelyn Viterna
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199843633
- eISBN:
- 9780199369591
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199843633.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Movements and Social Change, Gender and Sexuality
This chapter introduces the central questions of the book, explains why a micro-level approach is necessary to answer these questions, and foreshadows the answers. It also reviews the data and ...
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This chapter introduces the central questions of the book, explains why a micro-level approach is necessary to answer these questions, and foreshadows the answers. It also reviews the data and methods on which the analysis of women guerrillas in the FMLN is based. It then briefly summarizes the book’s theoretical contributions to studies of social movements, gender, and political violence, as well as its contributions to the historiography of civil war in El Salvador.Less
This chapter introduces the central questions of the book, explains why a micro-level approach is necessary to answer these questions, and foreshadows the answers. It also reviews the data and methods on which the analysis of women guerrillas in the FMLN is based. It then briefly summarizes the book’s theoretical contributions to studies of social movements, gender, and political violence, as well as its contributions to the historiography of civil war in El Salvador.
Shannon Elizabeth Bell
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262034340
- eISBN:
- 9780262333597
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262034340.003.0003
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
Chapter 2 places the problem of movement non-participation within the existing sociological literature on the micro-level processes that contribute to an individual’s decision to participate–or not ...
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Chapter 2 places the problem of movement non-participation within the existing sociological literature on the micro-level processes that contribute to an individual’s decision to participate–or not participate–in a social movement. The chapter provides an overview of the social movements literature on the four “central problematics” of micromobilization–solidarity, identity correspondence, consciousness transformation (also called “cognitive liberation”), and the creation of micromobilization contexts. In studies of social movements, these four processes continually arise as important micro-level issues shaping activist participation. This chapter synthesizes the theoretical and empirical work on these four factors and suggests that the low level of local participation in the coalfield justice movement is the result of problems with all four of these processes. The next four chapters present a series of studies that examine potential barriers to the four central problematics of micromobilization outlined in this chapter.Less
Chapter 2 places the problem of movement non-participation within the existing sociological literature on the micro-level processes that contribute to an individual’s decision to participate–or not participate–in a social movement. The chapter provides an overview of the social movements literature on the four “central problematics” of micromobilization–solidarity, identity correspondence, consciousness transformation (also called “cognitive liberation”), and the creation of micromobilization contexts. In studies of social movements, these four processes continually arise as important micro-level issues shaping activist participation. This chapter synthesizes the theoretical and empirical work on these four factors and suggests that the low level of local participation in the coalfield justice movement is the result of problems with all four of these processes. The next four chapters present a series of studies that examine potential barriers to the four central problematics of micromobilization outlined in this chapter.
Jenny M. Luke
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781496818911
- eISBN:
- 9781496818959
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496818911.003.0014
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
The shift towards macro-centered maternity care was not merely about improved safety in childbirth, a more complex situation is unravelled in chapter 13. Hopes for progress and inclusion and equality ...
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The shift towards macro-centered maternity care was not merely about improved safety in childbirth, a more complex situation is unravelled in chapter 13. Hopes for progress and inclusion and equality of access stimulated black women’s agency for change and micro level childbirth customs were adjusted accordingly. The implementation of Medicaid solidified the shift leaving licensed lay midwives in the distant past, figuratively speaking.Less
The shift towards macro-centered maternity care was not merely about improved safety in childbirth, a more complex situation is unravelled in chapter 13. Hopes for progress and inclusion and equality of access stimulated black women’s agency for change and micro level childbirth customs were adjusted accordingly. The implementation of Medicaid solidified the shift leaving licensed lay midwives in the distant past, figuratively speaking.
