Herman Cappelen
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199644865
- eISBN:
- 9780191739026
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199644865.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
The claim that contemporary analytic philosophers rely extensively on intuitions as evidence is almost universally accepted in current meta-philosophical debates and it figures prominently in our ...
More
The claim that contemporary analytic philosophers rely extensively on intuitions as evidence is almost universally accepted in current meta-philosophical debates and it figures prominently in our self-understanding as analytic philosophers. No matter what area you happen to work in and what views you happen to hold in those areas, you are likely to think that philosophizing requires constructing cases and making intuitive judgments about those cases. This assumption also underlines the entire experimental philosophy movement: Only if philosophers rely on intuitions as evidence are data about non-philosophers’ intuitions of any interest to us. Our alleged reliance on the intuitive makes many philosophers who don’t work on meta-philosophy concerned about their own discipline: they are unsure what intuitions are and whether they can carry the evidential weight we allegedly assign to them. The goal of this book is to argue that this concern is unwarranted since the claim is false: it is not true that philosophers rely extensively (or even a little bit) on intuitions as evidence. At worst, analytic philosophers are guilty of engaging in somewhat irresponsible use of ‘intuition’-vocabulary. While this irresponsibility has had little effect on first order philosophy, it has fundamentally misled meta-philosophers: It has encouraged meta-philosophical pseudo-problems and misleading pictures of what philosophy is.Less
The claim that contemporary analytic philosophers rely extensively on intuitions as evidence is almost universally accepted in current meta-philosophical debates and it figures prominently in our self-understanding as analytic philosophers. No matter what area you happen to work in and what views you happen to hold in those areas, you are likely to think that philosophizing requires constructing cases and making intuitive judgments about those cases. This assumption also underlines the entire experimental philosophy movement: Only if philosophers rely on intuitions as evidence are data about non-philosophers’ intuitions of any interest to us. Our alleged reliance on the intuitive makes many philosophers who don’t work on meta-philosophy concerned about their own discipline: they are unsure what intuitions are and whether they can carry the evidential weight we allegedly assign to them. The goal of this book is to argue that this concern is unwarranted since the claim is false: it is not true that philosophers rely extensively (or even a little bit) on intuitions as evidence. At worst, analytic philosophers are guilty of engaging in somewhat irresponsible use of ‘intuition’-vocabulary. While this irresponsibility has had little effect on first order philosophy, it has fundamentally misled meta-philosophers: It has encouraged meta-philosophical pseudo-problems and misleading pictures of what philosophy is.
Hugo Adam Bedau
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195108774
- eISBN:
- 9780199852888
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195108774.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This book demonstrates the usefulness of “casuistry”, or “the method of cases” in arriving at moral decisions. It examines well-known cases that compel us to consider questions about who ought to ...
More
This book demonstrates the usefulness of “casuistry”, or “the method of cases” in arriving at moral decisions. It examines well-known cases that compel us to consider questions about who ought to survive when not all can. By doing so, we learn something about how we actually reason concerning such life and death situations, as well as about how we ought to reason if we wish both to be consistent and properly respect human life.Less
This book demonstrates the usefulness of “casuistry”, or “the method of cases” in arriving at moral decisions. It examines well-known cases that compel us to consider questions about who ought to survive when not all can. By doing so, we learn something about how we actually reason concerning such life and death situations, as well as about how we ought to reason if we wish both to be consistent and properly respect human life.
Herman Cappelen
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199644865
- eISBN:
- 9780191739026
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199644865.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
The claim that contemporary analytic philosophers rely on intuitions as evidence (Centrality) is widely accepted both in philosophical methodology or metaphilosophy and philosophy at large. This ...
More
The claim that contemporary analytic philosophers rely on intuitions as evidence (Centrality) is widely accepted both in philosophical methodology or metaphilosophy and philosophy at large. This introductory chapter provides an overview and taxonomy of views about what intuitions are and what role they play in philosophical practices such as the method of cases, thought experimentation and conceptual analysis. It outlines two key arguments that can be appealed to in favor of Centrality: the first is based on how philosophers use “intuitions”-vocabulary, and the second on the kind of judgements that philosophers’ make about cases. Part I of the book explores the first argument and Part II the second.Less
The claim that contemporary analytic philosophers rely on intuitions as evidence (Centrality) is widely accepted both in philosophical methodology or metaphilosophy and philosophy at large. This introductory chapter provides an overview and taxonomy of views about what intuitions are and what role they play in philosophical practices such as the method of cases, thought experimentation and conceptual analysis. It outlines two key arguments that can be appealed to in favor of Centrality: the first is based on how philosophers use “intuitions”-vocabulary, and the second on the kind of judgements that philosophers’ make about cases. Part I of the book explores the first argument and Part II the second.
Herman Cappelen
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199644865
- eISBN:
- 9780191739026
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199644865.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Some so-called moderate rationalists such as Bealer present a controversial picture of philosophy: methodological rationalism. In addition to claiming that philosophers rely on intuitions as ...
More
Some so-called moderate rationalists such as Bealer present a controversial picture of philosophy: methodological rationalism. In addition to claiming that philosophers rely on intuitions as evidence, the methodological rationalist maintains that philosophers seek necessary a priori truths and the method of cases or thought experiments figure centrally in their discovery. A wide range of philosophers opposed to this conception of how philosophy should be done nonetheless consider it—to varying degrees—an adequate description of how philosophy is done. This chapter considers in detail this descriptive picture of philosophy, and offers a taxonomy of different normative attitudes one might have towards it. In later chapters it will be argued that we should not go along with the rationalist in her description of how philosophy is done in the first place.Less
Some so-called moderate rationalists such as Bealer present a controversial picture of philosophy: methodological rationalism. In addition to claiming that philosophers rely on intuitions as evidence, the methodological rationalist maintains that philosophers seek necessary a priori truths and the method of cases or thought experiments figure centrally in their discovery. A wide range of philosophers opposed to this conception of how philosophy should be done nonetheless consider it—to varying degrees—an adequate description of how philosophy is done. This chapter considers in detail this descriptive picture of philosophy, and offers a taxonomy of different normative attitudes one might have towards it. In later chapters it will be argued that we should not go along with the rationalist in her description of how philosophy is done in the first place.
Edouard Machery
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- August 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198807520
- eISBN:
- 9780191845444
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198807520.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Many areas of philosophy rely on the method of cases: Philosophers consider actual or hypothetical situations (which cases or thought experiments describe) in order to determine what facts hold in ...
More
Many areas of philosophy rely on the method of cases: Philosophers consider actual or hypothetical situations (which cases or thought experiments describe) in order to determine what facts hold in these situations and to bring them to bear on philosophical controversies. Surprisingly, however, the characterization of the method of cases is controversial. Chapter 1 defends a particular characterization of the method of cases and identifies some of the roles it plays in contemporary philosophy. Alternative characterizations, which appeal to notions such as metaphysical or epistemological analyticity, conceptual competence, or intuition, are rejected. Only a minimalist characterization, according to which cases elicit everyday judgments, is philosophically adequate—it does not rely on empty notions or on notions useless to characterize the method of cases—and descriptively adequate—it captures how philosophers really use cases.Less
Many areas of philosophy rely on the method of cases: Philosophers consider actual or hypothetical situations (which cases or thought experiments describe) in order to determine what facts hold in these situations and to bring them to bear on philosophical controversies. Surprisingly, however, the characterization of the method of cases is controversial. Chapter 1 defends a particular characterization of the method of cases and identifies some of the roles it plays in contemporary philosophy. Alternative characterizations, which appeal to notions such as metaphysical or epistemological analyticity, conceptual competence, or intuition, are rejected. Only a minimalist characterization, according to which cases elicit everyday judgments, is philosophically adequate—it does not rely on empty notions or on notions useless to characterize the method of cases—and descriptively adequate—it captures how philosophers really use cases.
Avner Baz
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198801887
- eISBN:
- 9780191840432
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198801887.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General, Metaphysics/Epistemology
The chapter examines Timothy Williamson’s and Herman Cappelen’s attempts to defend the method of cases in its traditional, “armchair” form, against the “cognitive diversity” and “calibration” ...
More
The chapter examines Timothy Williamson’s and Herman Cappelen’s attempts to defend the method of cases in its traditional, “armchair” form, against the “cognitive diversity” and “calibration” objections. The aim of the chapter is to continue the work of Chapter One of exposing the internal difficulties that have presented themselves for those wishing to defend the method, and to begin to work toward establishing the book’s basic contention that the method of cases rests on substantive and (therefore) challengeable presuppositions about language. More specifically, the chapter argues that Williamson’s and Cappelen’s defense of the method rests entirely on the claim of continuity between our employment of words outside philosophy and what we do with them when we ask the theorist’s questions and give our answers to them.Less
The chapter examines Timothy Williamson’s and Herman Cappelen’s attempts to defend the method of cases in its traditional, “armchair” form, against the “cognitive diversity” and “calibration” objections. The aim of the chapter is to continue the work of Chapter One of exposing the internal difficulties that have presented themselves for those wishing to defend the method, and to begin to work toward establishing the book’s basic contention that the method of cases rests on substantive and (therefore) challengeable presuppositions about language. More specifically, the chapter argues that Williamson’s and Cappelen’s defense of the method rests entirely on the claim of continuity between our employment of words outside philosophy and what we do with them when we ask the theorist’s questions and give our answers to them.
James Woodward
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- October 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780197585412
- eISBN:
- 9780197585443
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780197585412.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter critically discusses several methods for investigating causal cognition, including the intuition-driven, case judgment methods employed in traditional armchair philosophy, experimental ...
More
This chapter critically discusses several methods for investigating causal cognition, including the intuition-driven, case judgment methods employed in traditional armchair philosophy, experimental philosophy approaches, and those employed in experimental psychology. It is argued that appeals to intuition should not be understood as sources of information about the metaphysics of causation (what causation “is”) or about “our concept” of causation; instead when they are a reliable source of information, intuitions tell us about patterns of causal reasoning and judgment shared by the intuiter and others. In this respect, intuition can provide some of the same kind of information as is provided by empirical psychology. However, while intuition is sometimes a reliable source of information about how people judge, it is often not a reliable source of information about why they judge as they do—experiment or causal modeling is required for the latter. This chapter also discusses various possible goals for a theory of causal cognition, including explaining why subjects are successful to the extent that they are.Less
This chapter critically discusses several methods for investigating causal cognition, including the intuition-driven, case judgment methods employed in traditional armchair philosophy, experimental philosophy approaches, and those employed in experimental psychology. It is argued that appeals to intuition should not be understood as sources of information about the metaphysics of causation (what causation “is”) or about “our concept” of causation; instead when they are a reliable source of information, intuitions tell us about patterns of causal reasoning and judgment shared by the intuiter and others. In this respect, intuition can provide some of the same kind of information as is provided by empirical psychology. However, while intuition is sometimes a reliable source of information about how people judge, it is often not a reliable source of information about why they judge as they do—experiment or causal modeling is required for the latter. This chapter also discusses various possible goals for a theory of causal cognition, including explaining why subjects are successful to the extent that they are.
Mark Johnston
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199608751
- eISBN:
- 9780191823305
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199608751.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter raises three objections to animalism. First, if it isn’t an account of what we essentially are then the “too many persons” argument is ineffectual, since “animal” could be a phase ...
More
This chapter raises three objections to animalism. First, if it isn’t an account of what we essentially are then the “too many persons” argument is ineffectual, since “animal” could be a phase sortal. If it is an account of what we essentially are then this needs independent argument, not provided by the “too many persons” argument. Second, the “too many persons” argument threatens animalism, once we distinguish an animal and the brain that is its organ of mentation. Third, animalism has a problem with “remnant” persons, e.g. the person who comes into existence when my head is severed from my destroyed body and lives for a little time, as in a gruesome variant on the guillotine. It looks as if the animalist must say that a person comes into being merely as a non-causal upshot of the destruction of non-neural tissue. Various replies on behalf of animalism are considered and rejected.Less
This chapter raises three objections to animalism. First, if it isn’t an account of what we essentially are then the “too many persons” argument is ineffectual, since “animal” could be a phase sortal. If it is an account of what we essentially are then this needs independent argument, not provided by the “too many persons” argument. Second, the “too many persons” argument threatens animalism, once we distinguish an animal and the brain that is its organ of mentation. Third, animalism has a problem with “remnant” persons, e.g. the person who comes into existence when my head is severed from my destroyed body and lives for a little time, as in a gruesome variant on the guillotine. It looks as if the animalist must say that a person comes into being merely as a non-causal upshot of the destruction of non-neural tissue. Various replies on behalf of animalism are considered and rejected.
Avner Baz
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198801887
- eISBN:
- 9780191840432
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198801887.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General, Metaphysics/Epistemology
The book presents a critique of what has come to be called “the method of cases”—theorizing on the basis of the “application” of words to cases—as well as of the recent debates between “armchair” and ...
More
The book presents a critique of what has come to be called “the method of cases”—theorizing on the basis of the “application” of words to cases—as well as of the recent debates between “armchair” and “experimental” philosophers concerning that method. It argues that the method of cases as commonly practiced by both armchair and experimental philosophers is underwritten by a “representationalist” conception of language that is philosophically challengeable and empirically poorly supported—a conception on which the primary function of language is to record and communicate “classifications” or “categorizations” of worldly “items,” or “cases”, where what, if any, classifications a word (or expression) is fit to record and communicate, is taken to be determinable apart from any consideration of how it normally and ordinarily functions in discourse. The first part of the book shows that both defenders of the method (Williamson, Cappelen, Jackson, Nagel, and others) and those who have been critical of it (Stich, Cummins, Weinberg, Nado, and others), together with all practitioners of the method—armchair and experimental alike—have shown themselves committed to some version or another of that conception. The second part of the book challenges that conception. Drawing on ideas of Wittgenstein’s and of Merleau-Ponty’s, as well as on empirical studies of first language acquisition, it presents and motivates, both philosophically and empirically, a broadly pragmatist conception of language on which the method of cases as commonly practiced by both armchair and experimental philosophers is fundamentally misguided and bound to lead us astray.Less
The book presents a critique of what has come to be called “the method of cases”—theorizing on the basis of the “application” of words to cases—as well as of the recent debates between “armchair” and “experimental” philosophers concerning that method. It argues that the method of cases as commonly practiced by both armchair and experimental philosophers is underwritten by a “representationalist” conception of language that is philosophically challengeable and empirically poorly supported—a conception on which the primary function of language is to record and communicate “classifications” or “categorizations” of worldly “items,” or “cases”, where what, if any, classifications a word (or expression) is fit to record and communicate, is taken to be determinable apart from any consideration of how it normally and ordinarily functions in discourse. The first part of the book shows that both defenders of the method (Williamson, Cappelen, Jackson, Nagel, and others) and those who have been critical of it (Stich, Cummins, Weinberg, Nado, and others), together with all practitioners of the method—armchair and experimental alike—have shown themselves committed to some version or another of that conception. The second part of the book challenges that conception. Drawing on ideas of Wittgenstein’s and of Merleau-Ponty’s, as well as on empirical studies of first language acquisition, it presents and motivates, both philosophically and empirically, a broadly pragmatist conception of language on which the method of cases as commonly practiced by both armchair and experimental philosophers is fundamentally misguided and bound to lead us astray.
Avner Baz
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198801887
- eISBN:
- 9780191840432
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198801887.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General, Metaphysics/Epistemology
There is little question that experimental philosophy constitutes one of the most significant developments in analytic philosophy in the last couple of decades. What is less clear is what its ...
More
There is little question that experimental philosophy constitutes one of the most significant developments in analytic philosophy in the last couple of decades. What is less clear is what its philosophical significance is, or has been. Whereas its proponents tend to present it as a way of moving forward in philosophy, I would argue that its singular contribution thus far has been that of pressing analytic philosophers to reflect on their favored method of inquiry, thereby helping to bring out fundamental problems with that method. More specifically, the present book argues that the new experimental movement and the responses to it by traditional, “armchair” philosophers have helped to make clear that what is known in contemporary analytic philosophy as “the method of cases”—that is, the widespread philosophical practice of theorizing on the basis of the “application” of terms to “cases”—rests on substantive and challengeable assumptions about language.Less
There is little question that experimental philosophy constitutes one of the most significant developments in analytic philosophy in the last couple of decades. What is less clear is what its philosophical significance is, or has been. Whereas its proponents tend to present it as a way of moving forward in philosophy, I would argue that its singular contribution thus far has been that of pressing analytic philosophers to reflect on their favored method of inquiry, thereby helping to bring out fundamental problems with that method. More specifically, the present book argues that the new experimental movement and the responses to it by traditional, “armchair” philosophers have helped to make clear that what is known in contemporary analytic philosophy as “the method of cases”—that is, the widespread philosophical practice of theorizing on the basis of the “application” of terms to “cases”—rests on substantive and challengeable assumptions about language.
Mark Johnston and Sarah-Jane Leslie
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- April 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190639679
- eISBN:
- 9780190639709
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190639679.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter distinguishes the clusters of psychologically real heuristics that govern our use of terms—the “psi-concepts”—from the “phi-concepts” or meanings that are the semantic determinants of ...
More
This chapter distinguishes the clusters of psychologically real heuristics that govern our use of terms—the “psi-concepts”—from the “phi-concepts” or meanings that are the semantic determinants of the extensions of the terms in question, and hence of the truth-conditions of the sentences that contain those terms. Concerning the psi-concepts the chapter proposes a new, empirically motivated, and philosophically consequential amendment to both the theory-theory and the prototype theory, namely the generic encoding hypothesis: the heuristics which typically guide our use of terms by exploiting prevalence, cue-validity, and causal explanatory structure are properly formulated in generic terms. The chapter then explores the philosophical consequences of the generic encoding hypothesis, exploring its destructive impact on the method of cases (with particular attention to its use in the philosophy of personal identity), philosophical analysis, the “normativity of meaning,” and the idea that we know how to use terms by grasping meanings.Less
This chapter distinguishes the clusters of psychologically real heuristics that govern our use of terms—the “psi-concepts”—from the “phi-concepts” or meanings that are the semantic determinants of the extensions of the terms in question, and hence of the truth-conditions of the sentences that contain those terms. Concerning the psi-concepts the chapter proposes a new, empirically motivated, and philosophically consequential amendment to both the theory-theory and the prototype theory, namely the generic encoding hypothesis: the heuristics which typically guide our use of terms by exploiting prevalence, cue-validity, and causal explanatory structure are properly formulated in generic terms. The chapter then explores the philosophical consequences of the generic encoding hypothesis, exploring its destructive impact on the method of cases (with particular attention to its use in the philosophy of personal identity), philosophical analysis, the “normativity of meaning,” and the idea that we know how to use terms by grasping meanings.
Edouard Machery, Stephen Stich, David Rose, Amita Chatterjee, Kaori Karasawa, Noel Struchiner, Smita Sirker, Naoki Usui, and Takaaki Hashimoto
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- October 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190865085
- eISBN:
- 9780190865115
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190865085.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Gettier cases describe situations where an agent possesses a justified true belief that p, without, at least according to mainstream analytic epistemology, knowing that p, while the “Gettier ...
More
Gettier cases describe situations where an agent possesses a justified true belief that p, without, at least according to mainstream analytic epistemology, knowing that p, while the “Gettier intuition” is the judgment that a protagonist in a Gettier case does not know the relevant proposition. Our goal in this chapter is to show that we can make the Gettier intuition compelling or underwhelming by presenting it in different contexts. We report a surprising order effect whereby people find the Gettier intuition less compelling when a case describing a justified but false belief is presented before a Gettier case. We also report a surprising framing effect: two Gettier cases that differ only in their philosophically irrelevant narrative details elicit substantially different judgments. Finally, we discuss the metaphilosophical implications of these effects.Less
Gettier cases describe situations where an agent possesses a justified true belief that p, without, at least according to mainstream analytic epistemology, knowing that p, while the “Gettier intuition” is the judgment that a protagonist in a Gettier case does not know the relevant proposition. Our goal in this chapter is to show that we can make the Gettier intuition compelling or underwhelming by presenting it in different contexts. We report a surprising order effect whereby people find the Gettier intuition less compelling when a case describing a justified but false belief is presented before a Gettier case. We also report a surprising framing effect: two Gettier cases that differ only in their philosophically irrelevant narrative details elicit substantially different judgments. Finally, we discuss the metaphilosophical implications of these effects.
Markus Kneer, David Colaço, Joshua Alexander, and Edouard Machery
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780192856890
- eISBN:
- 9780191947674
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780192856890.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter sheds light on a response to experimental philosophy that has not yet received enough attention: the reflection defense. According to proponents of this defense, judgments about ...
More
This chapter sheds light on a response to experimental philosophy that has not yet received enough attention: the reflection defense. According to proponents of this defense, judgments about philosophical cases are relevant only when they are the product of careful, nuanced, and conceptually rigorous reflection. The chapter argues that the reflection defense is misguided: Five studies (N>1800) are presented, showing that people make the same judgments when they are primed to engage in careful reflection as they do in the conditions standardly used by experimental philosophers.Less
This chapter sheds light on a response to experimental philosophy that has not yet received enough attention: the reflection defense. According to proponents of this defense, judgments about philosophical cases are relevant only when they are the product of careful, nuanced, and conceptually rigorous reflection. The chapter argues that the reflection defense is misguided: Five studies (N>1800) are presented, showing that people make the same judgments when they are primed to engage in careful reflection as they do in the conditions standardly used by experimental philosophers.
Tom Dougherty
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- June 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780192894793
- eISBN:
- 9780191915666
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780192894793.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter frames this book’s inquiry by discussing the question of what fixes the scope of consent and the methods to use in order to answer this question. The question of the scope of consent is ...
More
This chapter frames this book’s inquiry by discussing the question of what fixes the scope of consent and the methods to use in order to answer this question. The question of the scope of consent is a question about which moral changes are brought about by consent. When someone’s consent is valid, it releases the consent-receiver from duties. This book sets to one side the questions of which duties we have and which conditions must be met for consent to be valid. Instead, this book asks a downstream question. Phrased in terms of duties, this question is: of all the duties from which the consent-giver can release the consent-receiver, what determines the duties from which the consent-receiver is released by the consent-giver’s valid consent? To answer that question, this book will use four methods. First, this book will adopt the comparative method in moral philosophy by comparing the pros and cons of three rival accounts. Each account is made up of a view of consent, a principle for consent’s scope, and an argument that supports this view and principle. Second, this book will develop and evaluate these accounts by adopting the method of cases, which involves considering accounts’ implications for various cases. Third, this book will look at bigger-picture arguments. Fourth, this book will inform our discussion by drawing on work in the philosophy of mind, the philosophy of language, and epistemology.Less
This chapter frames this book’s inquiry by discussing the question of what fixes the scope of consent and the methods to use in order to answer this question. The question of the scope of consent is a question about which moral changes are brought about by consent. When someone’s consent is valid, it releases the consent-receiver from duties. This book sets to one side the questions of which duties we have and which conditions must be met for consent to be valid. Instead, this book asks a downstream question. Phrased in terms of duties, this question is: of all the duties from which the consent-giver can release the consent-receiver, what determines the duties from which the consent-receiver is released by the consent-giver’s valid consent? To answer that question, this book will use four methods. First, this book will adopt the comparative method in moral philosophy by comparing the pros and cons of three rival accounts. Each account is made up of a view of consent, a principle for consent’s scope, and an argument that supports this view and principle. Second, this book will develop and evaluate these accounts by adopting the method of cases, which involves considering accounts’ implications for various cases. Third, this book will look at bigger-picture arguments. Fourth, this book will inform our discussion by drawing on work in the philosophy of mind, the philosophy of language, and epistemology.
Avner Baz
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198801887
- eISBN:
- 9780191840432
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198801887.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General, Metaphysics/Epistemology
The conclusion underscores the difference between the method of cases as commonly practiced and ordinary language philosophy. The latter proceeds by inviting us to project ourselves imaginatively ...
More
The conclusion underscores the difference between the method of cases as commonly practiced and ordinary language philosophy. The latter proceeds by inviting us to project ourselves imaginatively into situations of significant speech—situations in which the words would actually be used; the former invites us to “apply” our words to “cases” from a metaphysically detached position in which nothing but a philosophical theory hangs on what we say. But, as argued in this book, apart from being put to some particular use or another, in a context suitable for that use, our words mean, and say, nothing determinate. The Conclusion accordingly proposes that in deploying the method of cases, we are going, and getting, nowhere with our words. It ends with a few thoughts about how that sort of philosophical idleness may be avoided.Less
The conclusion underscores the difference between the method of cases as commonly practiced and ordinary language philosophy. The latter proceeds by inviting us to project ourselves imaginatively into situations of significant speech—situations in which the words would actually be used; the former invites us to “apply” our words to “cases” from a metaphysically detached position in which nothing but a philosophical theory hangs on what we say. But, as argued in this book, apart from being put to some particular use or another, in a context suitable for that use, our words mean, and say, nothing determinate. The Conclusion accordingly proposes that in deploying the method of cases, we are going, and getting, nowhere with our words. It ends with a few thoughts about how that sort of philosophical idleness may be avoided.
Edouard Machery
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- August 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198807520
- eISBN:
- 9780191845444
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198807520.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
In Philosophy Within Its Proper Bounds, Edouard Machery argues that resolving many traditional and contemporary philosophical issues is beyond our epistemic reach and that philosophy should reorient ...
More
In Philosophy Within Its Proper Bounds, Edouard Machery argues that resolving many traditional and contemporary philosophical issues is beyond our epistemic reach and that philosophy should reorient itself toward more humble, but ultimately more important intellectual endeavors. Attempts to resolve such issues are modally immodest: Any resolution would require an epistemic access to metaphysical possibilities and necessities, which, Edouard Machery argues, we do not have. In effect, then, Philosophy Within Its Proper Bounds defends a form of modal skepticism. The book assesses the main philosophical method for acquiring the modal knowledge that the resolution of modally immodest philosophical issues turns on: the method of cases, that is, the consideration of actual or hypothetical situations (which cases or thought experiments describe) in order to determine what facts hold in these situations. Canvassing the extensive work done by experimental philosophers over the last fifteen years, Edouard Machery shows that the method of cases is unreliable and should be rejected. Importantly, the dismissal of modally immodest philosophical issues is no cause for despair: Many important philosophical issues remain within our epistemic reach. In particular, reorienting the course of philosophy would free time and resources for bringing back to prominence a once-central intellectual endeavor: conceptual analysis.Less
In Philosophy Within Its Proper Bounds, Edouard Machery argues that resolving many traditional and contemporary philosophical issues is beyond our epistemic reach and that philosophy should reorient itself toward more humble, but ultimately more important intellectual endeavors. Attempts to resolve such issues are modally immodest: Any resolution would require an epistemic access to metaphysical possibilities and necessities, which, Edouard Machery argues, we do not have. In effect, then, Philosophy Within Its Proper Bounds defends a form of modal skepticism. The book assesses the main philosophical method for acquiring the modal knowledge that the resolution of modally immodest philosophical issues turns on: the method of cases, that is, the consideration of actual or hypothetical situations (which cases or thought experiments describe) in order to determine what facts hold in these situations. Canvassing the extensive work done by experimental philosophers over the last fifteen years, Edouard Machery shows that the method of cases is unreliable and should be rejected. Importantly, the dismissal of modally immodest philosophical issues is no cause for despair: Many important philosophical issues remain within our epistemic reach. In particular, reorienting the course of philosophy would free time and resources for bringing back to prominence a once-central intellectual endeavor: conceptual analysis.