Adolfo Cordero-Rivera and Robby Stoks
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199230693
- eISBN:
- 9780191710889
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230693.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Animal Biology
Population ecologists track wild animals over their lifetimes using mark-recapture methods. Odonates are easily marked and remain near water bodies, allowing for high recapture rates. In recent ...
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Population ecologists track wild animals over their lifetimes using mark-recapture methods. Odonates are easily marked and remain near water bodies, allowing for high recapture rates. In recent years, the focus in mark-recapture models has switched from population size estimates to survival and recapture rate estimation, and from testing hypotheses to model selection and inference. This chapter presents a review of the literature on mark-recapture studies, with a suggestion of areas where more research is needed. These include the effect of marking on survival and recapture rates, differences in survival between sexes and female colour morphs, the relative importance of processes in the larval and the adult stage in driving population dynamics, and the contribution of local and regional processes in shaping metapopulation dynamics.Less
Population ecologists track wild animals over their lifetimes using mark-recapture methods. Odonates are easily marked and remain near water bodies, allowing for high recapture rates. In recent years, the focus in mark-recapture models has switched from population size estimates to survival and recapture rate estimation, and from testing hypotheses to model selection and inference. This chapter presents a review of the literature on mark-recapture studies, with a suggestion of areas where more research is needed. These include the effect of marking on survival and recapture rates, differences in survival between sexes and female colour morphs, the relative importance of processes in the larval and the adult stage in driving population dynamics, and the contribution of local and regional processes in shaping metapopulation dynamics.
Robert Holt and Thierry Boulinier
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198529873
- eISBN:
- 9780191712777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529873.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
Spatial patterns of parasitism are thought to be strongly associated with local adaptation, relative rates of migration by hosts and parasites, and local levels of resource availability. This chapter ...
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Spatial patterns of parasitism are thought to be strongly associated with local adaptation, relative rates of migration by hosts and parasites, and local levels of resource availability. This chapter reviews theoretical and empirical studies of local adaptation, and their bearings on spatial patterns of parasitism. It then reviews theoretical and empirical studies of dispersal and parasitism, and theoretical and empirical studies of the relationship between productivity and spatial patterns of levels of parasite defence and host offence. The effects of these processes on the distribution and spatial patterns of coexistence of hosts and parasites are investigated.Less
Spatial patterns of parasitism are thought to be strongly associated with local adaptation, relative rates of migration by hosts and parasites, and local levels of resource availability. This chapter reviews theoretical and empirical studies of local adaptation, and their bearings on spatial patterns of parasitism. It then reviews theoretical and empirical studies of dispersal and parasitism, and theoretical and empirical studies of the relationship between productivity and spatial patterns of levels of parasite defence and host offence. The effects of these processes on the distribution and spatial patterns of coexistence of hosts and parasites are investigated.
Michael J. Wade
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226129563
- eISBN:
- 9780226129877
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226129877.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
The central question addressed in this book is this: How is the process of adaptation different if the members of a population live clustered in small groups instead of being homogenously distributed ...
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The central question addressed in this book is this: How is the process of adaptation different if the members of a population live clustered in small groups instead of being homogenously distributed like grass on a lawn? The field is called ‘evolution in subdivided populations’ or ‘adaptation in metapopulations.’ The book covers a diverse array of topics, including group selection, family selection, kin selection and sexual selection, as well as speciation genetics, maternal and paternal genetic effects, and host-symbiont co-evolution. These topics are addressed using a combination of conceptual, theoretical, field and laboratory studies and a diversity of living systems ranging from the laboratory model of flour beetles in the genus, Tribolium, to willow leaf beetles, to other animals, plants and microbes.Less
The central question addressed in this book is this: How is the process of adaptation different if the members of a population live clustered in small groups instead of being homogenously distributed like grass on a lawn? The field is called ‘evolution in subdivided populations’ or ‘adaptation in metapopulations.’ The book covers a diverse array of topics, including group selection, family selection, kin selection and sexual selection, as well as speciation genetics, maternal and paternal genetic effects, and host-symbiont co-evolution. These topics are addressed using a combination of conceptual, theoretical, field and laboratory studies and a diversity of living systems ranging from the laboratory model of flour beetles in the genus, Tribolium, to willow leaf beetles, to other animals, plants and microbes.
Dale H. Clayton, Sarah E. Bush, and Kevin P. Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226302133
- eISBN:
- 9780226302300
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226302300.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Populations are seldom uniform; they tend to be subdivided, with gene frequencies unevenly distributed across landscapes. In this chapter, determinants of population structure in parasites are first ...
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Populations are seldom uniform; they tend to be subdivided, with gene frequencies unevenly distributed across landscapes. In this chapter, determinants of population structure in parasites are first reviewed. Lice turn out to be excellent models for studies of population structure. Population genetic structure arises largely because of limitations to dispersal and gene flow. Population variation in parasites is influenced by the rate of parasite dispersal at three scales: dispersal among host individuals, among host populations, and among host species. If most dispersal consists of vertical transmission from parent hosts to their offspring, then parasites living on individual hosts and their progeny will accumulate genetic differences, contributing to population genetic structure. If horizontal transmission is common, however, it will tend to erode population genetic structure among host individuals. It is essential to have information regarding the dispersal ecology of parasites in order to interpret parasite population structure.Less
Populations are seldom uniform; they tend to be subdivided, with gene frequencies unevenly distributed across landscapes. In this chapter, determinants of population structure in parasites are first reviewed. Lice turn out to be excellent models for studies of population structure. Population genetic structure arises largely because of limitations to dispersal and gene flow. Population variation in parasites is influenced by the rate of parasite dispersal at three scales: dispersal among host individuals, among host populations, and among host species. If most dispersal consists of vertical transmission from parent hosts to their offspring, then parasites living on individual hosts and their progeny will accumulate genetic differences, contributing to population genetic structure. If horizontal transmission is common, however, it will tend to erode population genetic structure among host individuals. It is essential to have information regarding the dispersal ecology of parasites in order to interpret parasite population structure.
Michael Heads
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520271968
- eISBN:
- 9780520951808
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520271968.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
New volcanic islands may be colonized from neighboring islands rather than from distant continents. The source islands may subsequently erode and subside, and eventually form atolls or submerged ...
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New volcanic islands may be colonized from neighboring islands rather than from distant continents. The source islands may subsequently erode and subside, and eventually form atolls or submerged seamounts. Island taxa persist more or less in situ as dynamic metapopulations on individually ephemeral islands. These metapopulations may evolve by vicariance during rifting and basin formation, as in continental groups. In the Pacific, phases of Cretaceous volcanism associated with the South Pacific superswell have produced large igneous plateaus. Some of these include fossil wood in sedimentary strata intercalated with the volcanics. This chapter examines clades that are widely distributed in the central Pacific and endemic there, and relates these to the complex geological history.Less
New volcanic islands may be colonized from neighboring islands rather than from distant continents. The source islands may subsequently erode and subside, and eventually form atolls or submerged seamounts. Island taxa persist more or less in situ as dynamic metapopulations on individually ephemeral islands. These metapopulations may evolve by vicariance during rifting and basin formation, as in continental groups. In the Pacific, phases of Cretaceous volcanism associated with the South Pacific superswell have produced large igneous plateaus. Some of these include fossil wood in sedimentary strata intercalated with the volcanics. This chapter examines clades that are widely distributed in the central Pacific and endemic there, and relates these to the complex geological history.
David L. Strayer
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520255265
- eISBN:
- 9780520942523
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520255265.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter reviews the impact of dispersal on the distribution and abundance of unionoids. Dispersal serves two essential functions: firstly, dispersal allows a species to move into previously ...
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This chapter reviews the impact of dispersal on the distribution and abundance of unionoids. Dispersal serves two essential functions: firstly, dispersal allows a species to move into previously unoccupied areas and thereby expand its geographic range; and secondly, dispersal connects the subpopulations within the established range of the species and contributes to the maintenance of unionoid metapopulations. Metapopulation models are used to estimate the degree to which unionoid species might be affected by human-induced reductions in dispersal rates. This is a special case of “extinction debt” in which the effects of human actions on biodiversity are not fully realized until many years after those actions took place.Less
This chapter reviews the impact of dispersal on the distribution and abundance of unionoids. Dispersal serves two essential functions: firstly, dispersal allows a species to move into previously unoccupied areas and thereby expand its geographic range; and secondly, dispersal connects the subpopulations within the established range of the species and contributes to the maintenance of unionoid metapopulations. Metapopulation models are used to estimate the degree to which unionoid species might be affected by human-induced reductions in dispersal rates. This is a special case of “extinction debt” in which the effects of human actions on biodiversity are not fully realized until many years after those actions took place.
Henrik G. Smith, Klaus Birkhofer, Yann Clough, Johan Ekroos, Ola Olsson, and Maj Rundlöf
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199677184
- eISBN:
- 9780191785696
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677184.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Ecology
In this chapter three major concepts relating animal population dynamics to landscape change mediated by animal mobility are outlined: meta-population/community dynamics (affecting many habitat ...
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In this chapter three major concepts relating animal population dynamics to landscape change mediated by animal mobility are outlined: meta-population/community dynamics (affecting many habitat specialists), spillover (affecting e.g. ground-living predators), and landscape complementation (affecting e.g. central-place foragers). It is shown that all three concepts contribute to current understanding of animal population dynamics in production landscapes, and that animals differ fundamentally in the extent to which the concepts are applicable. Therefore, it is argued that general recipes such as ‘reduce fragmentation’, ‘increase connectivity’, or ‘increase ecological heterogeneity’ may not provide a universal solution for conserving animals in contemporary agricultural landscapes. In addition, although animal movement studies have contributed to the understanding of biodiversity conservation in farmland, current knowledge about animal mobility is still limited. Thus research based on emerging methods such as landscape genetics or novel methods of tracking small animals is essential for increasing basic understanding of animal mobility.Less
In this chapter three major concepts relating animal population dynamics to landscape change mediated by animal mobility are outlined: meta-population/community dynamics (affecting many habitat specialists), spillover (affecting e.g. ground-living predators), and landscape complementation (affecting e.g. central-place foragers). It is shown that all three concepts contribute to current understanding of animal population dynamics in production landscapes, and that animals differ fundamentally in the extent to which the concepts are applicable. Therefore, it is argued that general recipes such as ‘reduce fragmentation’, ‘increase connectivity’, or ‘increase ecological heterogeneity’ may not provide a universal solution for conserving animals in contemporary agricultural landscapes. In addition, although animal movement studies have contributed to the understanding of biodiversity conservation in farmland, current knowledge about animal mobility is still limited. Thus research based on emerging methods such as landscape genetics or novel methods of tracking small animals is essential for increasing basic understanding of animal mobility.
Kimberly A. With
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- August 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198838388
- eISBN:
- 9780191874697
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198838388.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
The distribution and dynamics of populations reflect the interplay between dispersal and demography with landscape structure. Understanding how landscape structure affects populations is essential to ...
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The distribution and dynamics of populations reflect the interplay between dispersal and demography with landscape structure. Understanding how landscape structure affects populations is essential to effective habitat management and species conservation, especially within landscapes undergoing habitat loss and fragmentation as a result of human land-use activities. This chapter thus begins with an overview of the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on populations, followed by a discussion of species distribution modeling. Then, because population assessment figures so prominently in evaluating a species’ extinction risk to landscape change, the chapter considers the different classes of population models used to estimate population growth rates and population viability, including the use of metapopulation and spatially explicit simulation models.Less
The distribution and dynamics of populations reflect the interplay between dispersal and demography with landscape structure. Understanding how landscape structure affects populations is essential to effective habitat management and species conservation, especially within landscapes undergoing habitat loss and fragmentation as a result of human land-use activities. This chapter thus begins with an overview of the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on populations, followed by a discussion of species distribution modeling. Then, because population assessment figures so prominently in evaluating a species’ extinction risk to landscape change, the chapter considers the different classes of population models used to estimate population growth rates and population viability, including the use of metapopulation and spatially explicit simulation models.
Michael J. Wade
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226129563
- eISBN:
- 9780226129877
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226129877.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter traces the history of metapopulation studies from the introduction of the term by Levins in 1970 to its investigation in a variety of field, theoretical and laboratory systems. The ...
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This chapter traces the history of metapopulation studies from the introduction of the term by Levins in 1970 to its investigation in a variety of field, theoretical and laboratory systems. The prerequisites for group selection in a metapopulation and how genetic interactions affect selection within and among groups of individuals are discussed. The metaphor of the card games war and poker is introduced to illustrate how the meaning of gene effect is changed by interactions.Less
This chapter traces the history of metapopulation studies from the introduction of the term by Levins in 1970 to its investigation in a variety of field, theoretical and laboratory systems. The prerequisites for group selection in a metapopulation and how genetic interactions affect selection within and among groups of individuals are discussed. The metaphor of the card games war and poker is introduced to illustrate how the meaning of gene effect is changed by interactions.
Nicolas Schtickzelle, Camille Turlure, and Michel Baguette
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- December 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199608898
- eISBN:
- 9780191774560
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199608898.003.0018
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter aims to quantify the temporal variation existing in the dispersal kernel by making the kernels comparable. Variation of dispersal kernels in time has received less attention, even if ...
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This chapter aims to quantify the temporal variation existing in the dispersal kernel by making the kernels comparable. Variation of dispersal kernels in time has received less attention, even if temporal change in dispersal rates among local populations has been repeatedly documented in the metapopulation literature. Changes in individual mobility that generate temporal shifts in dispersal kernels would obviously be context- and phenotypic-dependent. Both environmental conditions and conspecific density are thus expected to play a central role in temporal variation of dispersal kernels. This chapter uses standardized capture-mark-recapture (CMR) data from long-term monitoring of bog fritillary butterfly, Boloria eunomia, metapopulation dynamics in a single landscape to investigate the amount of temporal variability and the amount of this temporal variability that has been explained by climatic variables and conspecific density.Less
This chapter aims to quantify the temporal variation existing in the dispersal kernel by making the kernels comparable. Variation of dispersal kernels in time has received less attention, even if temporal change in dispersal rates among local populations has been repeatedly documented in the metapopulation literature. Changes in individual mobility that generate temporal shifts in dispersal kernels would obviously be context- and phenotypic-dependent. Both environmental conditions and conspecific density are thus expected to play a central role in temporal variation of dispersal kernels. This chapter uses standardized capture-mark-recapture (CMR) data from long-term monitoring of bog fritillary butterfly, Boloria eunomia, metapopulation dynamics in a single landscape to investigate the amount of temporal variability and the amount of this temporal variability that has been explained by climatic variables and conspecific density.
Stephen B. Brush
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300100495
- eISBN:
- 9780300130140
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300100495.003.0008
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
This chapter, which discusses problems on genetic erosion and offers a theoretical framework to improve understanding of genetic erosion, suggests two ecological models that might serve to generate ...
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This chapter, which discusses problems on genetic erosion and offers a theoretical framework to improve understanding of genetic erosion, suggests two ecological models that might serve to generate more robust crop ecology. Modern niche theory and metapopulation analysis offer numerous insights and advantages to efforts to understand genetic erosion. A shared insight is that general population processes, such as genetic erosion, are affected by environmental heterogeneity. Modern niche theory and metapopulation analysis provide a middle ground between general theory and site specificity. The chapter discusses how the application of formal population models to crops presents daunting challenges—to define key variables and specify functional relationships. The need to include both biological and social variables and functional relationships is particularly difficult to satisfy.Less
This chapter, which discusses problems on genetic erosion and offers a theoretical framework to improve understanding of genetic erosion, suggests two ecological models that might serve to generate more robust crop ecology. Modern niche theory and metapopulation analysis offer numerous insights and advantages to efforts to understand genetic erosion. A shared insight is that general population processes, such as genetic erosion, are affected by environmental heterogeneity. Modern niche theory and metapopulation analysis provide a middle ground between general theory and site specificity. The chapter discusses how the application of formal population models to crops presents daunting challenges—to define key variables and specify functional relationships. The need to include both biological and social variables and functional relationships is particularly difficult to satisfy.
Otso Ovaskainen, Henrik Johan de Knegt, and Maria del Mar Delgado
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198714866
- eISBN:
- 9780191783210
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198714866.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biomathematics / Statistics and Data Analysis / Complexity Studies
This chapter introduces mathematical and statistical modelling approaches in population ecology. It starts with a conceptual section, continues with mathematical and statistical sections, and ends ...
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This chapter introduces mathematical and statistical modelling approaches in population ecology. It starts with a conceptual section, continues with mathematical and statistical sections, and ends with a perspectives section. The conceptual section motivates the modelling approaches by providing the necessary background to population ecology. The mathematical sections start by constructing an individual-based model in homogeneous space, and then simplifies the model to derive the classical model of logistic population growth. The models are then expanded to heterogeneous space in two contrasting ways, resulting in models called the plant population model and the butterfly metapopulation model. Both types of models are used to analyse the consequences of habitat loss and fragmentation at the population level. To illustrate the interplay between models and data, the statistical section analyses data generated by the mathematical models, with emphasis on the analyses of time-series data, species distribution modelling, and metapopulation modelling.Less
This chapter introduces mathematical and statistical modelling approaches in population ecology. It starts with a conceptual section, continues with mathematical and statistical sections, and ends with a perspectives section. The conceptual section motivates the modelling approaches by providing the necessary background to population ecology. The mathematical sections start by constructing an individual-based model in homogeneous space, and then simplifies the model to derive the classical model of logistic population growth. The models are then expanded to heterogeneous space in two contrasting ways, resulting in models called the plant population model and the butterfly metapopulation model. Both types of models are used to analyse the consequences of habitat loss and fragmentation at the population level. To illustrate the interplay between models and data, the statistical section analyses data generated by the mathematical models, with emphasis on the analyses of time-series data, species distribution modelling, and metapopulation modelling.
Cécile Viboud, Hélène Broutin, and Gerardo Chowell
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- August 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198789833
- eISBN:
- 9780191831508
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198789833.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Disentangling the spatial-temporal dynamics of infectious disease transmission is important to address issues of disease persistence, epidemic growth and optimal control. In this chapter, we review ...
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Disentangling the spatial-temporal dynamics of infectious disease transmission is important to address issues of disease persistence, epidemic growth and optimal control. In this chapter, we review key concepts relating to the spatial-temporal dynamics of infectious diseases in meta-populations, whereby geographically separate subpopulations are connected by migration or mobility rates. We review the dynamics of colonization, persistence and extinction of emerging and recurrent pathogens in meta-populations; the role of demographic and environmental factors; and geographic heterogeneity in epidemic growth rate. We illustrate theoretical concepts by reviewing the spatial dynamics of childhood diseases and other acute infections in low- and middle-income countries, and provide a detailed description of the spatial-temporal dynamics of the 2014–16 Ebola epidemic in West Africa. We further discuss how increased availability of empirical data and recent methodological developments provide a deeper mechanistic understanding of transmission processes in space and time, and make recommendations for future work.Less
Disentangling the spatial-temporal dynamics of infectious disease transmission is important to address issues of disease persistence, epidemic growth and optimal control. In this chapter, we review key concepts relating to the spatial-temporal dynamics of infectious diseases in meta-populations, whereby geographically separate subpopulations are connected by migration or mobility rates. We review the dynamics of colonization, persistence and extinction of emerging and recurrent pathogens in meta-populations; the role of demographic and environmental factors; and geographic heterogeneity in epidemic growth rate. We illustrate theoretical concepts by reviewing the spatial dynamics of childhood diseases and other acute infections in low- and middle-income countries, and provide a detailed description of the spatial-temporal dynamics of the 2014–16 Ebola epidemic in West Africa. We further discuss how increased availability of empirical data and recent methodological developments provide a deeper mechanistic understanding of transmission processes in space and time, and make recommendations for future work.
