Frank J. Byrne
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813124049
- eISBN:
- 9780813134857
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813124049.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This book focuses on what historians have come to call the “middling sort”, the economic group falling between yeoman farmers and the planter class that dominated the antebellum South. At a time when ...
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This book focuses on what historians have come to call the “middling sort”, the economic group falling between yeoman farmers and the planter class that dominated the antebellum South. At a time when Southerners rarely traveled far from their homes, these merchants annually ventured forth on buying junkets to northern cities. The southern merchant community promoted the kind of aggressive business practices that proponents of the “New South” would later claim as their own. This book reveals the peculiar strains of modern liberal-capitalist and conservative thought that permeated the culture of southern merchants. By exploring the values men and women in merchant families espoused, the book not only offers new insight into southern history but also deepens our understanding of the mutable ties between regional identity and the marketplace in nineteenth-century America.Less
This book focuses on what historians have come to call the “middling sort”, the economic group falling between yeoman farmers and the planter class that dominated the antebellum South. At a time when Southerners rarely traveled far from their homes, these merchants annually ventured forth on buying junkets to northern cities. The southern merchant community promoted the kind of aggressive business practices that proponents of the “New South” would later claim as their own. This book reveals the peculiar strains of modern liberal-capitalist and conservative thought that permeated the culture of southern merchants. By exploring the values men and women in merchant families espoused, the book not only offers new insight into southern history but also deepens our understanding of the mutable ties between regional identity and the marketplace in nineteenth-century America.
C.A. Bayly
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077466
- eISBN:
- 9780199081110
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077466.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Economic History
This volume on the social and economic history of colonial India traces the evolution of towns and merchant communities in north India from the decline of Mughal dominion to the consolidation of ...
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This volume on the social and economic history of colonial India traces the evolution of towns and merchant communities in north India from the decline of Mughal dominion to the consolidation of British Empire following the 1857 mutiny. It provides detailed studies of towns, bazaars, merchants and service people against the background of crucial developments in the political economy of pre-colonial and early colonial north India. It explores the patterns of social and political relations which derive from economic activity and not with economic development or with volumes of trade and production as such. It also analyses the social organisation, ideology and politics of the Indian middle classes of the later nineteenth century by tracing some of their indigenous origins in the society of the eighteenth-century successor states to the Mughal dominion and also in the conflicts and accommodations of early colonial rule. The book analyses the response of the inhabitants of the Ganga Valley to the upheavals in the eighteenth century that paved the way for the incoming British. It shows how the colonial enterprise was built on an existing resilient network of towns, rural bazaars, and merchant communities; and how in turn, colonial trade and administration were moulded by indigenous forms of commerce and politics.Less
This volume on the social and economic history of colonial India traces the evolution of towns and merchant communities in north India from the decline of Mughal dominion to the consolidation of British Empire following the 1857 mutiny. It provides detailed studies of towns, bazaars, merchants and service people against the background of crucial developments in the political economy of pre-colonial and early colonial north India. It explores the patterns of social and political relations which derive from economic activity and not with economic development or with volumes of trade and production as such. It also analyses the social organisation, ideology and politics of the Indian middle classes of the later nineteenth century by tracing some of their indigenous origins in the society of the eighteenth-century successor states to the Mughal dominion and also in the conflicts and accommodations of early colonial rule. The book analyses the response of the inhabitants of the Ganga Valley to the upheavals in the eighteenth century that paved the way for the incoming British. It shows how the colonial enterprise was built on an existing resilient network of towns, rural bazaars, and merchant communities; and how in turn, colonial trade and administration were moulded by indigenous forms of commerce and politics.
David Dickson
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780300229462
- eISBN:
- 9780300255898
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300229462.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter highlights the two communities, Kilkenny and Belfast, that had each been shaped by a great aristocratic dynasty. It narrates the power of both families and how it drastically diminished ...
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This chapter highlights the two communities, Kilkenny and Belfast, that had each been shaped by a great aristocratic dynasty. It narrates the power of both families and how it drastically diminished in the early eighteenth century. Kilkenny retained its status as an inland regional capital with an old urban fabric, a Catholic business community and a weak Protestant presence. Belfast, on the other hand, was much more of a colonial town (in every sense) than Kilkenny, an international trading hub dominated by a wholesale merchant community that was overwhelmingly Presbyterian. The chapter focuses more on eighteenth-century Belfast, its general merchants trading overseas and its physical transformation. Despite the ease of navigation in Belfast Lough, the town lay too far north to attract British or European vessels destined for southern Europe, nor was it optimally placed as a transatlantic stopover. The chapter also elaborates on the transatlantic partnership of Thomas Gregg and Waddell Cunningham, which principally involved the export of Irish linen and the importation of flaxseed, grain and flour. Finally, the chapter discusses the merchant community that benefited most from the growth of the passenger trade: Derry. It also explores how Drogheda became the largest grain market in Ireland, then follows the growth of Dublin's international trade.Less
This chapter highlights the two communities, Kilkenny and Belfast, that had each been shaped by a great aristocratic dynasty. It narrates the power of both families and how it drastically diminished in the early eighteenth century. Kilkenny retained its status as an inland regional capital with an old urban fabric, a Catholic business community and a weak Protestant presence. Belfast, on the other hand, was much more of a colonial town (in every sense) than Kilkenny, an international trading hub dominated by a wholesale merchant community that was overwhelmingly Presbyterian. The chapter focuses more on eighteenth-century Belfast, its general merchants trading overseas and its physical transformation. Despite the ease of navigation in Belfast Lough, the town lay too far north to attract British or European vessels destined for southern Europe, nor was it optimally placed as a transatlantic stopover. The chapter also elaborates on the transatlantic partnership of Thomas Gregg and Waddell Cunningham, which principally involved the export of Irish linen and the importation of flaxseed, grain and flour. Finally, the chapter discusses the merchant community that benefited most from the growth of the passenger trade: Derry. It also explores how Drogheda became the largest grain market in Ireland, then follows the growth of Dublin's international trade.
Adrian Jarvis and Robert Lee (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780973893489
- eISBN:
- 9781786944566
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780973893489.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This study offers an exploration of the role of merchants throughout maritime history through the analysis of maritime trade networks. It attempts to fill in the gaps in the historiography to ...
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This study offers an exploration of the role of merchants throughout maritime history through the analysis of maritime trade networks. It attempts to fill in the gaps in the historiography to determine the range of activities that maritime merchants undertook. It is comprised of nine chapters: one introductory, and eight exploring aspects of merchant history across Europe during the period 1640 to 1940. Several major themes recur throughout these studies: the necessity of port networks; the extension of trade networks through merchant migration and in-migration; the assimilation of merchants into port communities; and the impact of urban governance and trade associations on merchant activity. It concludes by claiming merchants across Europe had a more common with one another when approaching risk management than has previously been assumed, and that the at the core of the merchant’s risk management strategy the question of who they could trust with their trade is a universally unifying factor. It suggests that further research on the demographics of ports is the necessary next step in merchant historiography.Less
This study offers an exploration of the role of merchants throughout maritime history through the analysis of maritime trade networks. It attempts to fill in the gaps in the historiography to determine the range of activities that maritime merchants undertook. It is comprised of nine chapters: one introductory, and eight exploring aspects of merchant history across Europe during the period 1640 to 1940. Several major themes recur throughout these studies: the necessity of port networks; the extension of trade networks through merchant migration and in-migration; the assimilation of merchants into port communities; and the impact of urban governance and trade associations on merchant activity. It concludes by claiming merchants across Europe had a more common with one another when approaching risk management than has previously been assumed, and that the at the core of the merchant’s risk management strategy the question of who they could trust with their trade is a universally unifying factor. It suggests that further research on the demographics of ports is the necessary next step in merchant historiography.
Daniel Bronstein
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252037832
- eISBN:
- 9780252095955
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252037832.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
This chapter examines the impact of various state apparatuses, including exclusion laws, on the little remarked but fascinating Chinese American merchant communities in Atlanta, Augusta, and ...
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This chapter examines the impact of various state apparatuses, including exclusion laws, on the little remarked but fascinating Chinese American merchant communities in Atlanta, Augusta, and Savannah, Georgia. Federal Chinese Exclusion laws established a highly selective exemption system designed to prevent most Chinese from entering and reentering the United States. The law explicitly barred the first-time entry of laborers but allowed Chinese to come over as merchants, students, government officials, teachers, and U.S.-born citizens. Since most Chinese in Augusta were in the grocery business, they were allowed to travel under the exempted merchant category and their wives and children as merchant dependents. As such, Augusta's Chinese community grew in size and became one of the largest Chinese communities in the South before 1965.Less
This chapter examines the impact of various state apparatuses, including exclusion laws, on the little remarked but fascinating Chinese American merchant communities in Atlanta, Augusta, and Savannah, Georgia. Federal Chinese Exclusion laws established a highly selective exemption system designed to prevent most Chinese from entering and reentering the United States. The law explicitly barred the first-time entry of laborers but allowed Chinese to come over as merchants, students, government officials, teachers, and U.S.-born citizens. Since most Chinese in Augusta were in the grocery business, they were allowed to travel under the exempted merchant category and their wives and children as merchant dependents. As such, Augusta's Chinese community grew in size and became one of the largest Chinese communities in the South before 1965.
Alan R. MacDonald
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748614868
- eISBN:
- 9780748672233
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748614868.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter presents a view of the third estate of burgh commissioners as men primarily concerned to look after the affairs of the merchant community and the interests of their own towns. The burghs ...
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This chapter presents a view of the third estate of burgh commissioners as men primarily concerned to look after the affairs of the merchant community and the interests of their own towns. The burghs had their high points of political influence, notably when governments needed liquid capital, in the fourteenth century and in the later sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, but their activities demonstrate that high politics was only a minor aspect of parliamentary business.Less
This chapter presents a view of the third estate of burgh commissioners as men primarily concerned to look after the affairs of the merchant community and the interests of their own towns. The burghs had their high points of political influence, notably when governments needed liquid capital, in the fourteenth century and in the later sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, but their activities demonstrate that high politics was only a minor aspect of parliamentary business.
David Dickson
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780300229462
- eISBN:
- 9780300255898
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300229462.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter highlights Bishop Berkeley's 'keys of the kingdom', in which he argued that the seaports of the south and east were lynchpins in an economy that had become highly export dependent. It ...
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This chapter highlights Bishop Berkeley's 'keys of the kingdom', in which he argued that the seaports of the south and east were lynchpins in an economy that had become highly export dependent. It notes that they were the conduits through which trade passed, where goods were assembled, processed and despatched, and where financial services were available. And 'merchants' did indeed possess the keys. The chapter examines the classic era of the merchant, the sedentary négotiant who dominated the business and usually the government of port cities, who dealt in a variety of import/export lines of trade with overseas correspondents, and who settled accounts by means of an internationally accepted set of protocols governing the use of bills of exchange across western Europe and the North Atlantic. It also describes the Irish merchant communities in Sligo, Galway, and Dublin who were overwhelmingly male and culturally diverse. Finally, the chapter assesses the Catholic merchants' pre-eminent position in this wholesale trade after the enormous setbacks of the seventeenth century.Less
This chapter highlights Bishop Berkeley's 'keys of the kingdom', in which he argued that the seaports of the south and east were lynchpins in an economy that had become highly export dependent. It notes that they were the conduits through which trade passed, where goods were assembled, processed and despatched, and where financial services were available. And 'merchants' did indeed possess the keys. The chapter examines the classic era of the merchant, the sedentary négotiant who dominated the business and usually the government of port cities, who dealt in a variety of import/export lines of trade with overseas correspondents, and who settled accounts by means of an internationally accepted set of protocols governing the use of bills of exchange across western Europe and the North Atlantic. It also describes the Irish merchant communities in Sligo, Galway, and Dublin who were overwhelmingly male and culturally diverse. Finally, the chapter assesses the Catholic merchants' pre-eminent position in this wholesale trade after the enormous setbacks of the seventeenth century.
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804774093
- eISBN:
- 9780804777872
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804774093.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter discusses the nationwide network development of the Lower Yangzi chambers of commerce and their interactions with the various Republican regimes. As China shifted from the imperial into ...
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This chapter discusses the nationwide network development of the Lower Yangzi chambers of commerce and their interactions with the various Republican regimes. As China shifted from the imperial into the Republican era in the course of the 1911 Revolution, the Lower Yangzi chambers of commerce further expanded their associational network and political influence toward the national level. This trend helped integrate the nationwide merchant community and brought the latter into more intensive interactions with the various Republican governments in the early twentieth century.Less
This chapter discusses the nationwide network development of the Lower Yangzi chambers of commerce and their interactions with the various Republican regimes. As China shifted from the imperial into the Republican era in the course of the 1911 Revolution, the Lower Yangzi chambers of commerce further expanded their associational network and political influence toward the national level. This trend helped integrate the nationwide merchant community and brought the latter into more intensive interactions with the various Republican governments in the early twentieth century.
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780853238003
- eISBN:
- 9781846317354
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/UPO9781846317354.004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter focuses on the development of the creed of social responsibility in Liverpool during the 1920s. It describes the emergence and coming together of moral commitment of the merchant ...
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This chapter focuses on the development of the creed of social responsibility in Liverpool during the 1920s. It describes the emergence and coming together of moral commitment of the merchant community, the idealism of the young university and the passion of the women's demand for equal citizenship. It suggests that the university would never have come into being without Liverpool's philanthropic tradition and explains that the idea of making provision for higher education originated with the little group of Unitarians.Less
This chapter focuses on the development of the creed of social responsibility in Liverpool during the 1920s. It describes the emergence and coming together of moral commitment of the merchant community, the idealism of the young university and the passion of the women's demand for equal citizenship. It suggests that the university would never have come into being without Liverpool's philanthropic tradition and explains that the idea of making provision for higher education originated with the little group of Unitarians.
Thomas E. Carbonneau
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- December 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199965519
- eISBN:
- 9780199366927
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199965519.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
The book endeavors to repair the long-standing problem of updating the official text of the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA). It aims to transform the FAA into a genuine national law of arbitration ...
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The book endeavors to repair the long-standing problem of updating the official text of the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA). It aims to transform the FAA into a genuine national law of arbitration based exclusively on the federal rules applicable to arbitration. Enacted as a special interest bill in 1925, the FAA positioned arbitration well among specialized merchant communities. Its principles relating to the legitimacy of arbitration contracts and the limited judicial supervision of arbitral awards laid the foundation for a more complex and effective legal regulation of arbitration. Despite the advanced character of its original content, the FAA was never significantly updated by the U.S. Congress. The standing statutory provisions did not take into account the widening scope of arbitral jurisdiction and its revolutionary impact upon adjudicatory due process. The task of adjusting the statute to new realities became the responsibility of the U.S. Supreme Court. The Court fulfilled its duty in more than 50 cases spanning half a century. It seemed that a majority of the Court, whatever its composition or ideological tendencies, deemed arbitration essential to citizen access to workable adjudication. The book seeks to collect the basic decisional principles governing arbitration under American law and make them available in an entirely modern statutory framework. The law is drafted in a manner that will make it an arbitration statute of exceptional quality. The envisaged arbitration law constitutes a worthy and important American statement on the law of arbitration.Less
The book endeavors to repair the long-standing problem of updating the official text of the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA). It aims to transform the FAA into a genuine national law of arbitration based exclusively on the federal rules applicable to arbitration. Enacted as a special interest bill in 1925, the FAA positioned arbitration well among specialized merchant communities. Its principles relating to the legitimacy of arbitration contracts and the limited judicial supervision of arbitral awards laid the foundation for a more complex and effective legal regulation of arbitration. Despite the advanced character of its original content, the FAA was never significantly updated by the U.S. Congress. The standing statutory provisions did not take into account the widening scope of arbitral jurisdiction and its revolutionary impact upon adjudicatory due process. The task of adjusting the statute to new realities became the responsibility of the U.S. Supreme Court. The Court fulfilled its duty in more than 50 cases spanning half a century. It seemed that a majority of the Court, whatever its composition or ideological tendencies, deemed arbitration essential to citizen access to workable adjudication. The book seeks to collect the basic decisional principles governing arbitration under American law and make them available in an entirely modern statutory framework. The law is drafted in a manner that will make it an arbitration statute of exceptional quality. The envisaged arbitration law constitutes a worthy and important American statement on the law of arbitration.
