David DeMatteo, Daniel C. Murrie, Natalie M. Anumba, and Michael E. Keesler
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195385809
- eISBN:
- 9780199895311
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385809.003.0021
- Subject:
- Psychology, Forensic Psychology
In Atkins v. Virginia (2002), the United States Supreme Court held that executing criminal offenders who are mentally retarded violates several provisions of the United States Constitution. This ...
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In Atkins v. Virginia (2002), the United States Supreme Court held that executing criminal offenders who are mentally retarded violates several provisions of the United States Constitution. This chapter discusses forensic mental health assessments conducted to determine whether criminal offenders are mentally retarded and, therefore, ineligible for the death penalty. It also closely examines how states have defined mental retardation in the wake of Atkins, and whether those definitions are consistent with accepted clinical standards. Assessing for mental retardation in capital contexts raises a variety of clinical challenges for forensic mental health professionals, including how intellectual functioning and adaptive deficits are assessed among correctional populations. In addition, this chapter discusses the procedural and substantive laws that govern Atkins-type evaluations.Less
In Atkins v. Virginia (2002), the United States Supreme Court held that executing criminal offenders who are mentally retarded violates several provisions of the United States Constitution. This chapter discusses forensic mental health assessments conducted to determine whether criminal offenders are mentally retarded and, therefore, ineligible for the death penalty. It also closely examines how states have defined mental retardation in the wake of Atkins, and whether those definitions are consistent with accepted clinical standards. Assessing for mental retardation in capital contexts raises a variety of clinical challenges for forensic mental health professionals, including how intellectual functioning and adaptive deficits are assessed among correctional populations. In addition, this chapter discusses the procedural and substantive laws that govern Atkins-type evaluations.
Julian C. Knight
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199227693
- eISBN:
- 9780191711015
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199227693.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
In this chapter the basis and nature of genomic disorders are described with examples including DiGeorge Syndrome, Williams-Beuren syndrome, Charcot Marie Tooth disease, Prader-Willi, and Angelman ...
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In this chapter the basis and nature of genomic disorders are described with examples including DiGeorge Syndrome, Williams-Beuren syndrome, Charcot Marie Tooth disease, Prader-Willi, and Angelman syndromes. The mechanisms whereby chromosomal rearrangements may lead to genomic disorders are described, the nature of reciprocal genomic disorders involving deletion or duplication of particular genomic regions and of genomic disorders involving parent of origin effects are also described. Mechanisms leading to genomic disorders through disruption of control of gene expression are also described. Diseases arising from terminal and subtelomeric deletions are highlighted together with the occurrence of inversions in both healthy individuals and those with diseases such as haemophilia A. The application of array comparative genome hybridisation (arrayCGH) techniques to define submicroscopic structural variation responsible for mental retardation is reviewed to illustrate the clinical utility and application of this approach.Less
In this chapter the basis and nature of genomic disorders are described with examples including DiGeorge Syndrome, Williams-Beuren syndrome, Charcot Marie Tooth disease, Prader-Willi, and Angelman syndromes. The mechanisms whereby chromosomal rearrangements may lead to genomic disorders are described, the nature of reciprocal genomic disorders involving deletion or duplication of particular genomic regions and of genomic disorders involving parent of origin effects are also described. Mechanisms leading to genomic disorders through disruption of control of gene expression are also described. Diseases arising from terminal and subtelomeric deletions are highlighted together with the occurrence of inversions in both healthy individuals and those with diseases such as haemophilia A. The application of array comparative genome hybridisation (arrayCGH) techniques to define submicroscopic structural variation responsible for mental retardation is reviewed to illustrate the clinical utility and application of this approach.
Mical Raz
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781469608877
- eISBN:
- 9781469612669
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469608877.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter examines how deprivation became an accepted etiological factor for intellectual disability, appearing in all the major classifications of the time and readily adopted by psychiatrists. ...
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This chapter examines how deprivation became an accepted etiological factor for intellectual disability, appearing in all the major classifications of the time and readily adopted by psychiatrists. It suggests that theories of deprivation helped shift the focus from the profoundly disabled to the large group of children who were diagnosed at the time with “mild mental retardation”. It also examines how theories of deprivation provided the scientific framework that enabled the diagnoses of a disproportionately large number of African American children as “mildly mentally retarded”.Less
This chapter examines how deprivation became an accepted etiological factor for intellectual disability, appearing in all the major classifications of the time and readily adopted by psychiatrists. It suggests that theories of deprivation helped shift the focus from the profoundly disabled to the large group of children who were diagnosed at the time with “mild mental retardation”. It also examines how theories of deprivation provided the scientific framework that enabled the diagnoses of a disproportionately large number of African American children as “mildly mentally retarded”.
Lorene M. Nelson, Caroline M. Tanner, Stephen K. Van Den Eeden, and Valerie M. McGuire
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195133790
- eISBN:
- 9780199863730
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195133790.003.15
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The topic of this chapter is neurodevelopmental disabilities, with discussion focused on three prototypic neurodevelopmental disorders: mental retardation, autism, and cerebral palsy. These disorders ...
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The topic of this chapter is neurodevelopmental disabilities, with discussion focused on three prototypic neurodevelopmental disorders: mental retardation, autism, and cerebral palsy. These disorders are highlighted because the epidemiologic knowledge is more advanced; however, many of the important methodologic issues apply to other neurodevelopmental disorders. The chapter discusses the particular research challenges in achieving complete case ascertainment due to the problems of case finding and case confirmation. It presents information about the prevalence of each of these disorders and temporal changes in frequency over time, as well as the possible factors contributing to increased recognition of these disorders. The chapter summarizes investigations of risk factors for each disorder, including genetic factors and possible environmental etiologies.Less
The topic of this chapter is neurodevelopmental disabilities, with discussion focused on three prototypic neurodevelopmental disorders: mental retardation, autism, and cerebral palsy. These disorders are highlighted because the epidemiologic knowledge is more advanced; however, many of the important methodologic issues apply to other neurodevelopmental disorders. The chapter discusses the particular research challenges in achieving complete case ascertainment due to the problems of case finding and case confirmation. It presents information about the prevalence of each of these disorders and temporal changes in frequency over time, as well as the possible factors contributing to increased recognition of these disorders. The chapter summarizes investigations of risk factors for each disorder, including genetic factors and possible environmental etiologies.
David DeMatteo, Daniel C. Murrie, Natalie M. Anumba, and Michael E. Keesler
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195385809
- eISBN:
- 9780199895311
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385809.003.0019
- Subject:
- Psychology, Forensic Psychology
This chapter discusses legal cases relevant to forensic mental health professionals involved in capital cases. After providing a brief historical overview of death as a punishment, this chapter ...
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This chapter discusses legal cases relevant to forensic mental health professionals involved in capital cases. After providing a brief historical overview of death as a punishment, this chapter focuses on death penalty jurisprudence in the United States, with a particular focus on cases decided when the modern era of the death penalty began in 1972. The chapter discusses cases that address whether certain classes of offenders, such as those with mental retardation, are eligible for the death penalty. It also discusses cases that address the constitutional requirement that offenders be competent for execution. Although the focus of this chapter is predominantly on cases decided by the United States Supreme Court, it also discusses several influential and informative cases from lower federal and state courts.Less
This chapter discusses legal cases relevant to forensic mental health professionals involved in capital cases. After providing a brief historical overview of death as a punishment, this chapter focuses on death penalty jurisprudence in the United States, with a particular focus on cases decided when the modern era of the death penalty began in 1972. The chapter discusses cases that address whether certain classes of offenders, such as those with mental retardation, are eligible for the death penalty. It also discusses cases that address the constitutional requirement that offenders be competent for execution. Although the focus of this chapter is predominantly on cases decided by the United States Supreme Court, it also discusses several influential and informative cases from lower federal and state courts.
Mervyn Susser and Zena Stein
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195300666
- eISBN:
- 9780199863754
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300666.003.0021
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter uses the clinical entity of mental retardation to trace the paradigmatic changes occurring soon after World War II that introduced genetics into epidemiology and influenced public health ...
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This chapter uses the clinical entity of mental retardation to trace the paradigmatic changes occurring soon after World War II that introduced genetics into epidemiology and influenced public health practices. Four different classes of disorder, each underlying a distinctive form of mental retardation, will serve to illustrate this theme and this time. For each class the potential for primary and secondary prevention exists. Epidemiologic studies have furthered understanding of these quite different genetic phenomena.Less
This chapter uses the clinical entity of mental retardation to trace the paradigmatic changes occurring soon after World War II that introduced genetics into epidemiology and influenced public health practices. Four different classes of disorder, each underlying a distinctive form of mental retardation, will serve to illustrate this theme and this time. For each class the potential for primary and secondary prevention exists. Epidemiologic studies have furthered understanding of these quite different genetic phenomena.
Colin Ong-Dean
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226630007
- eISBN:
- 9780226630021
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226630021.003.0004
- Subject:
- Education, Early Childhood and Elementary Education
This chapter examines how disability diagnoses and parental practices are distributed across different groups of parents and what kinds of arguments about parents' involvement can initially be made ...
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This chapter examines how disability diagnoses and parental practices are distributed across different groups of parents and what kinds of arguments about parents' involvement can initially be made based on this distribution. The findings reveal the shift in the number of learning disability (LD) diagnoses from the privileged to the less privileged children. This chapter also considers other disabilities such as mental retardation and autism spectrum disorders and compares the diagnoses of these disabilities with that of LD.Less
This chapter examines how disability diagnoses and parental practices are distributed across different groups of parents and what kinds of arguments about parents' involvement can initially be made based on this distribution. The findings reveal the shift in the number of learning disability (LD) diagnoses from the privileged to the less privileged children. This chapter also considers other disabilities such as mental retardation and autism spectrum disorders and compares the diagnoses of these disabilities with that of LD.
Ann Jefferson
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691160658
- eISBN:
- 9781400852598
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691160658.003.0015
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter discusses the measurement of genius in Alfred Binet's “measuring scale of intelligence,” which he devised and successively refined between 1905 and 1911 (the year he died). Here, the ...
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This chapter discusses the measurement of genius in Alfred Binet's “measuring scale of intelligence,” which he devised and successively refined between 1905 and 1911 (the year he died). Here, the chapter shows how experimental psychology had its own part to play in forming the basis of the child prodigy. And Binet's invention put France at the forefront of developmental psychology. In the words of the American introduction to the 1916 translation of Les Idées modernes sur les enfants, Binet's measuring scale was a “magnum opus” whose rapid acceptance worldwide was “little less than marvelous.” This invention established a language in which genius could be quantified, and precocity plotted against scientifically established developmental norms.Less
This chapter discusses the measurement of genius in Alfred Binet's “measuring scale of intelligence,” which he devised and successively refined between 1905 and 1911 (the year he died). Here, the chapter shows how experimental psychology had its own part to play in forming the basis of the child prodigy. And Binet's invention put France at the forefront of developmental psychology. In the words of the American introduction to the 1916 translation of Les Idées modernes sur les enfants, Binet's measuring scale was a “magnum opus” whose rapid acceptance worldwide was “little less than marvelous.” This invention established a language in which genius could be quantified, and precocity plotted against scientifically established developmental norms.
Michael W. Miller (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195183139
- eISBN:
- 9780199865147
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183139.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
This is the first book about both normal development of the nervous system and how early exposure to alcohol and nicotine interferes with this development. The developing nervous system is highly ...
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This is the first book about both normal development of the nervous system and how early exposure to alcohol and nicotine interferes with this development. The developing nervous system is highly dynamic and vulnerable to genetic and epigenetic factors that can be additive or synergistic. Disruption of normal brain development leads to an array of developmental disorders. One of the most common of these is mental retardation, the prime cause of which is prenatal exposure to alcohol. As chapters in this book show, alcohol has direct effects on the developing neural system and it affects genetic regulation. Another common neurotoxin is nicotine, and it is discussed in this book for three reasons: (1) the number of adolescents who smoke cigarettes is rising in some populations; (2) prenatal exposure to nicotine affects neurotransmitter systems that are critical for normal brain development and cognition; and (3) prenatal exposure to nicotine is often accompanied by prenatal exposure to alcohol. The mature brain is the culmination of an orderly sequence of basic ontogenetic processes—cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and death. Neural stem cells and progenitors proliferate in discrete sites; then, young neurons migrate long distances to their residences where they form neural networks. During this sequence many immature cells die, presumably eliminating unsuitable or non-competitive cells. Each process is regulated by genetic and environmental factors. When this regulation goes awry, a dysmorphic and dysfunctional brain results. Though this can be tragic in clinical settings, in experimental contexts it provides keen insight into normal brain development. The book is divided into three parts. The first describes neural ontogeny in the normal brain. The second and third deal with the consequences of early exposure to alcohol and nicotine. Though there are similarities in the effects of these two toxins, there are also intriguing differences. The commonalities reflect the plasticity and resilience of the developing brain while the differences point to the targeted effects of the two toxins. Exploring these effects brings a richer appreciation of brain development.Less
This is the first book about both normal development of the nervous system and how early exposure to alcohol and nicotine interferes with this development. The developing nervous system is highly dynamic and vulnerable to genetic and epigenetic factors that can be additive or synergistic. Disruption of normal brain development leads to an array of developmental disorders. One of the most common of these is mental retardation, the prime cause of which is prenatal exposure to alcohol. As chapters in this book show, alcohol has direct effects on the developing neural system and it affects genetic regulation. Another common neurotoxin is nicotine, and it is discussed in this book for three reasons: (1) the number of adolescents who smoke cigarettes is rising in some populations; (2) prenatal exposure to nicotine affects neurotransmitter systems that are critical for normal brain development and cognition; and (3) prenatal exposure to nicotine is often accompanied by prenatal exposure to alcohol. The mature brain is the culmination of an orderly sequence of basic ontogenetic processes—cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and death. Neural stem cells and progenitors proliferate in discrete sites; then, young neurons migrate long distances to their residences where they form neural networks. During this sequence many immature cells die, presumably eliminating unsuitable or non-competitive cells. Each process is regulated by genetic and environmental factors. When this regulation goes awry, a dysmorphic and dysfunctional brain results. Though this can be tragic in clinical settings, in experimental contexts it provides keen insight into normal brain development. The book is divided into three parts. The first describes neural ontogeny in the normal brain. The second and third deal with the consequences of early exposure to alcohol and nicotine. Though there are similarities in the effects of these two toxins, there are also intriguing differences. The commonalities reflect the plasticity and resilience of the developing brain while the differences point to the targeted effects of the two toxins. Exploring these effects brings a richer appreciation of brain development.
Joseph G. Hollowell, Bradford L. Therrell, and W. Harry Hannon
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192628268
- eISBN:
- 9780191723605
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192628268.003.0015
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter describes screening and diagnosis for congenital hypothyroidism (CH). CH is a well-established cause of mental retardation which can be prevented by screening and treatment with ...
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This chapter describes screening and diagnosis for congenital hypothyroidism (CH). CH is a well-established cause of mental retardation which can be prevented by screening and treatment with thyroxine.Less
This chapter describes screening and diagnosis for congenital hypothyroidism (CH). CH is a well-established cause of mental retardation which can be prevented by screening and treatment with thyroxine.
JOHN W. RENFREW
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195082302
- eISBN:
- 9780199846894
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195082302.003.0013
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter examines violence and aggressive behaviour in psychiatric populations. The result indicate that two major psychoses, schizophrenia and mood disorders, can involve increased aggressive ...
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This chapter examines violence and aggressive behaviour in psychiatric populations. The result indicate that two major psychoses, schizophrenia and mood disorders, can involve increased aggressive behaviour. Mental and behavioural problems originating in childhood, such as mental retardation and hyperactivity, may also include excessive aggressive behaviour. This chapter explains that intermittent explosive disorder, which includes outbursts of assaultive behaviours, has many characteristics resembling those of seizures associated with aggression. It also explores various treatment methods for brain dysfunction.Less
This chapter examines violence and aggressive behaviour in psychiatric populations. The result indicate that two major psychoses, schizophrenia and mood disorders, can involve increased aggressive behaviour. Mental and behavioural problems originating in childhood, such as mental retardation and hyperactivity, may also include excessive aggressive behaviour. This chapter explains that intermittent explosive disorder, which includes outbursts of assaultive behaviours, has many characteristics resembling those of seizures associated with aggression. It also explores various treatment methods for brain dysfunction.
David Nasaw
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190650759
- eISBN:
- 9780190650780
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190650759.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century, American History: 20th Century
The Kennedy family, though extremely keen on physical fitness, was plagued by illness and untimely death. In the years before John F. Kennedy was elected to the presidency, two of his siblings had ...
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The Kennedy family, though extremely keen on physical fitness, was plagued by illness and untimely death. In the years before John F. Kennedy was elected to the presidency, two of his siblings had suffered violent deaths in plane crashes, and his sister Rosemary had been institutionalized after a horribly botched lobotomy operation. Less than a year into his presidency, JFK’s father, Joseph P. Kennedy, was felled by a near-fatal and debilitating stroke that robbed him of his ability to communicate in speech or writing. During the difficult times that marked his tenure in office, the effects of these tragedies was incalculable, especially the loss of his father, upon whom he had always relied for counsel, encouragement, and reassurance. The family’s woes also played a part in Kennedy’s appointment of a presidential panel on mental retardation and in his support for a major health-care legislation.Less
The Kennedy family, though extremely keen on physical fitness, was plagued by illness and untimely death. In the years before John F. Kennedy was elected to the presidency, two of his siblings had suffered violent deaths in plane crashes, and his sister Rosemary had been institutionalized after a horribly botched lobotomy operation. Less than a year into his presidency, JFK’s father, Joseph P. Kennedy, was felled by a near-fatal and debilitating stroke that robbed him of his ability to communicate in speech or writing. During the difficult times that marked his tenure in office, the effects of these tragedies was incalculable, especially the loss of his father, upon whom he had always relied for counsel, encouragement, and reassurance. The family’s woes also played a part in Kennedy’s appointment of a presidential panel on mental retardation and in his support for a major health-care legislation.
Ruth Colker
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814708101
- eISBN:
- 9780814708002
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814708101.003.0014
- Subject:
- Education, Early Childhood and Elementary Education
This concluding chapter discusses the kinds of reforms that are necessary to ensure that all children can receive a free and appropriate public education regardless of their disability status. It ...
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This concluding chapter discusses the kinds of reforms that are necessary to ensure that all children can receive a free and appropriate public education regardless of their disability status. It first cites data showing that African Americans are still disproportionately tracked in the “mental retardation” and “emotional disturbance” categories while also subject to much higher rates of suspension from school. In contrast, the high-quality private schools for children with autism are more likely to be filled with white children whose parents have been able to take advantage of funding under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). This chapter also provides suggestions to make the IDEA a more effective tool for children and their families and how it could transform the public schools into a site of excellent education for children with disabilities rather than a mechanism that diverts resources from public schools to private schools.Less
This concluding chapter discusses the kinds of reforms that are necessary to ensure that all children can receive a free and appropriate public education regardless of their disability status. It first cites data showing that African Americans are still disproportionately tracked in the “mental retardation” and “emotional disturbance” categories while also subject to much higher rates of suspension from school. In contrast, the high-quality private schools for children with autism are more likely to be filled with white children whose parents have been able to take advantage of funding under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). This chapter also provides suggestions to make the IDEA a more effective tool for children and their families and how it could transform the public schools into a site of excellent education for children with disabilities rather than a mechanism that diverts resources from public schools to private schools.
