Hedvig Söderlund, Alexander Percy, and Brian Levine
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199580286
- eISBN:
- 9780191739408
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199580286.003.0014
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System, Behavioral Neuroscience
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used to treat otherwise treatment-resistant depression. Despite clear mood-enhancing effects, it is associated with complaints of memory loss. This chapter outlines ...
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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used to treat otherwise treatment-resistant depression. Despite clear mood-enhancing effects, it is associated with complaints of memory loss. This chapter outlines a brief history of ECT, its effects on the brain and on memory, and why subjective memory loss may surpass the objectively measured loss. It also presents results from an ongoing study assessing autobiographical memory following ECT using the Autobiographical Interview, which separates episodic from semantic autobiographical memory. Initial analyses suggest a disproportional impairment of episodic memory, although semantic memory to some extent is also affected. In spite of some recovery, this impairment persists three months after treatment. This research validates the subjective impairments reported by ECT patients, and supports theoretical constructs of memory that assume a behavioural and neural separation between episodic and semantic autobiographical memory.Less
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used to treat otherwise treatment-resistant depression. Despite clear mood-enhancing effects, it is associated with complaints of memory loss. This chapter outlines a brief history of ECT, its effects on the brain and on memory, and why subjective memory loss may surpass the objectively measured loss. It also presents results from an ongoing study assessing autobiographical memory following ECT using the Autobiographical Interview, which separates episodic from semantic autobiographical memory. Initial analyses suggest a disproportional impairment of episodic memory, although semantic memory to some extent is also affected. In spite of some recovery, this impairment persists three months after treatment. This research validates the subjective impairments reported by ECT patients, and supports theoretical constructs of memory that assume a behavioural and neural separation between episodic and semantic autobiographical memory.
Michael D. Kopelman and Narinder Kapur
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198508809
- eISBN:
- 9780191687396
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508809.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
The nature of retrograde amnesia (RA) in brain disease is a particularly intriguing problem. Recent research has emphasized differing patterns (dissociations) of memory loss in RA. Less emphasis has ...
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The nature of retrograde amnesia (RA) in brain disease is a particularly intriguing problem. Recent research has emphasized differing patterns (dissociations) of memory loss in RA. Less emphasis has been placed upon important associations (correlates) of retrograde memory loss, which may contribute to or explain these differing patterns. There can also be differential patterns of deficit in the retention of ‘old’ memories (RA), on the one hand, and the acquisition of ‘new’ memories (anterograde amnesia (AA)), on the other. One obvious factor which may putatively influence these varying patterns of deficit is the site or sites of focal brain pathology. However, psychological factors are increasingly recognized to have an important influence on the retrieval of ‘old’ memories; RA seems to be particularly vulnerable to psychogenic phenomena. This chapter reviews these various factors, and considers current theories of RA in the light of them.Less
The nature of retrograde amnesia (RA) in brain disease is a particularly intriguing problem. Recent research has emphasized differing patterns (dissociations) of memory loss in RA. Less emphasis has been placed upon important associations (correlates) of retrograde memory loss, which may contribute to or explain these differing patterns. There can also be differential patterns of deficit in the retention of ‘old’ memories (RA), on the one hand, and the acquisition of ‘new’ memories (anterograde amnesia (AA)), on the other. One obvious factor which may putatively influence these varying patterns of deficit is the site or sites of focal brain pathology. However, psychological factors are increasingly recognized to have an important influence on the retrieval of ‘old’ memories; RA seems to be particularly vulnerable to psychogenic phenomena. This chapter reviews these various factors, and considers current theories of RA in the light of them.
Heather Ashton
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780192622426
- eISBN:
- 9780191724749
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192622426.003.0009
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
Clinically occurring memory disorders are difficult to classify on the basis of the hypothetical stages of memory. Since memory functions are widely distributed in the brain, memory disturbance forms ...
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Clinically occurring memory disorders are difficult to classify on the basis of the hypothetical stages of memory. Since memory functions are widely distributed in the brain, memory disturbance forms part of the clinical picture in many pathological states. These include acute conditions associated with alterations in consciousness and chronic conditions secondary to vascular, infective, neoplastic, traumatic, metabolic, and other causes. Such memory disturbances are usually non-specific, involving several stages of memory, and are overshadowed by other clinical features. Much less commonly, relatively selective memory loss occurs and memory disturbance forms the major clinical symptom. These clinical disorders provide a window through which to study the organization of memory in man.Less
Clinically occurring memory disorders are difficult to classify on the basis of the hypothetical stages of memory. Since memory functions are widely distributed in the brain, memory disturbance forms part of the clinical picture in many pathological states. These include acute conditions associated with alterations in consciousness and chronic conditions secondary to vascular, infective, neoplastic, traumatic, metabolic, and other causes. Such memory disturbances are usually non-specific, involving several stages of memory, and are overshadowed by other clinical features. Much less commonly, relatively selective memory loss occurs and memory disturbance forms the major clinical symptom. These clinical disorders provide a window through which to study the organization of memory in man.
Margaret Lock
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149783
- eISBN:
- 9781400848461
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149783.003.0005
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter illustrates an account of the shift, commencing in the late 1980s, to the molecularization of Alzheimer disease (AD), and the attempt to identify significant bodily changes as much as 20 ...
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This chapter illustrates an account of the shift, commencing in the late 1980s, to the molecularization of Alzheimer disease (AD), and the attempt to identify significant bodily changes as much as 20 years before behavioral changes can be diagnosed in individuals. It considers the rationale for efforts to formulate a “prodromal” diagnosis before behavioral symptoms or memory loss are detected, followed by a presentation of the involved molecular diagnostic tools (biomarkers) with emphasis on spinal taps, neuroimaging, and genetic testing. The significance of the first two of these biomarkers is attributed to their apparent ability to detect the onset of the amyloid cascade process. The chapter also discusses the anomalies and uncertainties associated with biomarker testing.Less
This chapter illustrates an account of the shift, commencing in the late 1980s, to the molecularization of Alzheimer disease (AD), and the attempt to identify significant bodily changes as much as 20 years before behavioral changes can be diagnosed in individuals. It considers the rationale for efforts to formulate a “prodromal” diagnosis before behavioral symptoms or memory loss are detected, followed by a presentation of the involved molecular diagnostic tools (biomarkers) with emphasis on spinal taps, neuroimaging, and genetic testing. The significance of the first two of these biomarkers is attributed to their apparent ability to detect the onset of the amyloid cascade process. The chapter also discusses the anomalies and uncertainties associated with biomarker testing.
Renée L. Beard
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781479800117
- eISBN:
- 9781479855377
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479800117.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
Alzheimer’s is ubiquitous. Stories of the heart-wrenching drudgery of care giving, escalating incidence rates, and the new path to a cure just around the corner are everywhere. Yet we rarely see or ...
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Alzheimer’s is ubiquitous. Stories of the heart-wrenching drudgery of care giving, escalating incidence rates, and the new path to a cure just around the corner are everywhere. Yet we rarely see or hear from anyone actually living with AD. The negative portrayals, apocalyptic projections, and promise of cures in the mass media and medical outlets are grossly inaccurate. But they are also an assault on the identities of those with Alzheimer’s. Drawing on an 18-month ethnography observing cognitive evaluations and post-diagnosis interviews with nearly 100 forgetful individuals, this book aims to chip away at this pervasive and persistent destructive trend by revealing what life with memory loss is really like. While diagnosed seniors are ultimately socialized into medicalized interpretations of their forgetfulness, most participants achieve a graceful balance between accepting the medical label and resisting the social stigma that accompanies it. In contrast to what we are led to believe, people with early AD actively and deliberately navigate their lives. Interviews with specialty clinicians and staff from the Alzheimer’s Association reveal that a biomedical ethos generates tensions that constrain the roles older forgetful people can play within these settings. Clinicians and Association staff perpetuate “myths” about “self-loss,” “impending cures,” and the economic and emotional “burden” even if they do not personally believe them. Living with AD ultimately requires managing stigma and presumptions of incompetence in addition to the associated symptoms. Unfortunately, we, the well-meaning public, and not their dementia become the major barrier to a happy life for those affected.Less
Alzheimer’s is ubiquitous. Stories of the heart-wrenching drudgery of care giving, escalating incidence rates, and the new path to a cure just around the corner are everywhere. Yet we rarely see or hear from anyone actually living with AD. The negative portrayals, apocalyptic projections, and promise of cures in the mass media and medical outlets are grossly inaccurate. But they are also an assault on the identities of those with Alzheimer’s. Drawing on an 18-month ethnography observing cognitive evaluations and post-diagnosis interviews with nearly 100 forgetful individuals, this book aims to chip away at this pervasive and persistent destructive trend by revealing what life with memory loss is really like. While diagnosed seniors are ultimately socialized into medicalized interpretations of their forgetfulness, most participants achieve a graceful balance between accepting the medical label and resisting the social stigma that accompanies it. In contrast to what we are led to believe, people with early AD actively and deliberately navigate their lives. Interviews with specialty clinicians and staff from the Alzheimer’s Association reveal that a biomedical ethos generates tensions that constrain the roles older forgetful people can play within these settings. Clinicians and Association staff perpetuate “myths” about “self-loss,” “impending cures,” and the economic and emotional “burden” even if they do not personally believe them. Living with AD ultimately requires managing stigma and presumptions of incompetence in addition to the associated symptoms. Unfortunately, we, the well-meaning public, and not their dementia become the major barrier to a happy life for those affected.
Michael G. Titelbaum
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199658305
- eISBN:
- 9780191748134
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199658305.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter explains how memory loss creates problems for Conditionalization, the traditional Bayesian norm for updating degrees of belief. It first presents stories in which agents suffer from ...
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This chapter explains how memory loss creates problems for Conditionalization, the traditional Bayesian norm for updating degrees of belief. It first presents stories in which agents suffer from memory loss (or the threat thereof) and shows how these stories are counterexamples to Conditionalization. It then argues that memory loss does indicate a failure of rationality on the part of the agent. The chapter then presents a new updating norm, Generalized Conditionalization (GC), which properly handles memory loss stories. GC is applied to a somewhat more complex story in which memory loss occurs multiple times, then the norm is used to derive a generalized version of Bas van Fraassen’s Reflection Principle applying to cases in which agents both gain and lose information.Less
This chapter explains how memory loss creates problems for Conditionalization, the traditional Bayesian norm for updating degrees of belief. It first presents stories in which agents suffer from memory loss (or the threat thereof) and shows how these stories are counterexamples to Conditionalization. It then argues that memory loss does indicate a failure of rationality on the part of the agent. The chapter then presents a new updating norm, Generalized Conditionalization (GC), which properly handles memory loss stories. GC is applied to a somewhat more complex story in which memory loss occurs multiple times, then the norm is used to derive a generalized version of Bas van Fraassen’s Reflection Principle applying to cases in which agents both gain and lose information.
Peter W. Halligan and Derick T. Wade (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198526544
- eISBN:
- 9780191689420
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198526544.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
Many patients with brain damage are left with a range of neuropsychological deficits that impair normal cognitive process. It is generally recognised that these less ...
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Many patients with brain damage are left with a range of neuropsychological deficits that impair normal cognitive process. It is generally recognised that these less obvious cognitive deficits (including memory, language, perception, attention, and executive disorders) militate against full recovery often to a greater extent than more traditional medical deficits (e.g. paralysis, sensory loss, etc.). Recognition of this has helped fuel the exponential growth in cognitive neuropsychology and neuroscience over the past thirty years. In turn, this theoretical approach has been used to guide and inform the development of cognitive therapies designed to remediate cognitive impairments and their functional consequences. Cognitive rehabilitation has over the last decade grown to become an established and influential therapeutic approach. There is now a considerable body of knowledge describing the principles and theoretical basis for analysing and directing treatments to selective cognitive deficits. Despite this, the clinical effectiveness and extent to which cognitive theory can inform therapeutic treatment has been questioned. It is timely, therefore, to evaluate and discuss the type and quality of evidence used in support of cognitive rehabilitation.Less
Many patients with brain damage are left with a range of neuropsychological deficits that impair normal cognitive process. It is generally recognised that these less obvious cognitive deficits (including memory, language, perception, attention, and executive disorders) militate against full recovery often to a greater extent than more traditional medical deficits (e.g. paralysis, sensory loss, etc.). Recognition of this has helped fuel the exponential growth in cognitive neuropsychology and neuroscience over the past thirty years. In turn, this theoretical approach has been used to guide and inform the development of cognitive therapies designed to remediate cognitive impairments and their functional consequences. Cognitive rehabilitation has over the last decade grown to become an established and influential therapeutic approach. There is now a considerable body of knowledge describing the principles and theoretical basis for analysing and directing treatments to selective cognitive deficits. Despite this, the clinical effectiveness and extent to which cognitive theory can inform therapeutic treatment has been questioned. It is timely, therefore, to evaluate and discuss the type and quality of evidence used in support of cognitive rehabilitation.
Renée L. Beard
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781479800117
- eISBN:
- 9781479855377
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479800117.003.0009
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
Drawing on symbolic interactionism and social constructionism, the final chapter reexamines the biomedicalization of memory loss and sociological illness narratives. Since there is nothing intrinsic ...
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Drawing on symbolic interactionism and social constructionism, the final chapter reexamines the biomedicalization of memory loss and sociological illness narratives. Since there is nothing intrinsic to the feelings expressed by these respondents that necessarily and inevitably leads to a definition of forgetfulness as a disease, the chapter contemplates how our current preoccupation with memory loss and its construction as a medical problem shape experiences of Alzheimer’s, the values of society members not directly affected by the condition, and our overarching cultural views on aging. Given the central place of memory in the lives of (many) Americans in modern times, this book asks readers to consider whether or not memory loss being seen primarily (or exclusively) as a medical problem is good for seniors (with or without reports of memory loss), is good for any of us as we ourselves are aging, and is good for society at large.Less
Drawing on symbolic interactionism and social constructionism, the final chapter reexamines the biomedicalization of memory loss and sociological illness narratives. Since there is nothing intrinsic to the feelings expressed by these respondents that necessarily and inevitably leads to a definition of forgetfulness as a disease, the chapter contemplates how our current preoccupation with memory loss and its construction as a medical problem shape experiences of Alzheimer’s, the values of society members not directly affected by the condition, and our overarching cultural views on aging. Given the central place of memory in the lives of (many) Americans in modern times, this book asks readers to consider whether or not memory loss being seen primarily (or exclusively) as a medical problem is good for seniors (with or without reports of memory loss), is good for any of us as we ourselves are aging, and is good for society at large.
Michael G. Titelbaum
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199658305
- eISBN:
- 9780191748134
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199658305.003.0012
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This book has argued that a traditional Bayesian framework using Conditionalization as its updating constraint cannot adequately model stories involving memory loss and context-sensitivity, because ...
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This book has argued that a traditional Bayesian framework using Conditionalization as its updating constraint cannot adequately model stories involving memory loss and context-sensitivity, because of the rational loss of certainties in such stories. The book has advocated a new modeling framework, the Certainty-Loss Framework (CLF), as a replacement. This chapter first explains why the rational requirements in stories involving memory loss and context-sensitivity cannot be settled by Dutch Book arguments. Next the chapter explains why the difficulties traditional Bayesian frameworks have with certainty loss could not have been solved by moving to a framework based on Jeffrey Conditionalization. Finally, the chapter explains why cases involving certainty loss due to the acquisition of evidential defeaters are not best modeled using CLF.Less
This book has argued that a traditional Bayesian framework using Conditionalization as its updating constraint cannot adequately model stories involving memory loss and context-sensitivity, because of the rational loss of certainties in such stories. The book has advocated a new modeling framework, the Certainty-Loss Framework (CLF), as a replacement. This chapter first explains why the rational requirements in stories involving memory loss and context-sensitivity cannot be settled by Dutch Book arguments. Next the chapter explains why the difficulties traditional Bayesian frameworks have with certainty loss could not have been solved by moving to a framework based on Jeffrey Conditionalization. Finally, the chapter explains why cases involving certainty loss due to the acquisition of evidential defeaters are not best modeled using CLF.
Michael G. Titelbaum
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199658305
- eISBN:
- 9780191748134
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199658305.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter introduces Subjective Bayesianism and describes its recent rise to prominence in many areas of philosophy, especially epistemology. The chapter then discusses how Bayesianism’s ...
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This chapter introduces Subjective Bayesianism and describes its recent rise to prominence in many areas of philosophy, especially epistemology. The chapter then discusses how Bayesianism’s traditional updating norm for degrees of belief—updating by Conditionalization—fails for applications involving the loss of certainties, most particularly cases involving memory loss and context-sensitivity. The book introduces a new Bayesian framework (the Certainty-Loss Framework, or CLF) for modeling rational requirements in such cases. This chapter situates CLF within the contemporary Bayesian literature and briefly outlines its advantages over other modeling frameworks. It also stresses the importance of viewing CLF as a modeling tool and of carefully specifying the framework’s normative implications. The chapter then lays out the goals for the entire book, describes the content of each chapter to come, and makes some suggestions for how to read the text.Less
This chapter introduces Subjective Bayesianism and describes its recent rise to prominence in many areas of philosophy, especially epistemology. The chapter then discusses how Bayesianism’s traditional updating norm for degrees of belief—updating by Conditionalization—fails for applications involving the loss of certainties, most particularly cases involving memory loss and context-sensitivity. The book introduces a new Bayesian framework (the Certainty-Loss Framework, or CLF) for modeling rational requirements in such cases. This chapter situates CLF within the contemporary Bayesian literature and briefly outlines its advantages over other modeling frameworks. It also stresses the importance of viewing CLF as a modeling tool and of carefully specifying the framework’s normative implications. The chapter then lays out the goals for the entire book, describes the content of each chapter to come, and makes some suggestions for how to read the text.
Michael G. Titelbaum
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199658305
- eISBN:
- 9780191748134
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199658305.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Subjective Bayesianism is one of the most popular tools of contemporary epistemology, using probability mathematics to provide comprehensive rational constraints both for an agent’s degrees of belief ...
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Subjective Bayesianism is one of the most popular tools of contemporary epistemology, using probability mathematics to provide comprehensive rational constraints both for an agent’s degrees of belief at a given time and for the evolution of those degrees of belief over time. Yet Conditionalization (the traditional Bayesian updating rule) has trouble modeling cases involving memory loss and context-sensitivity, because these cases involve the loss of certainties over time. This book proposes a new Bayesian modeling framework, the Certainty-Loss Framework (or CLF), that yields correct verdicts about rational requirements in such cases. The framework resolves a variety of outstanding problems for Bayesianism, including the Sleeping Beauty Problem concerning self-locating beliefs and difficulties squaring Bayesianism with Everettian interpretations of quantum mechanics. CLF is developed within a carefully-articulated formal modeling methodology that focuses our attention on the boundaries of our models’ applicability and the precise relation between formal systems and norms. The result is a framework that merges the advantages of formal modeling with the complexities of everyday epistemic life.Less
Subjective Bayesianism is one of the most popular tools of contemporary epistemology, using probability mathematics to provide comprehensive rational constraints both for an agent’s degrees of belief at a given time and for the evolution of those degrees of belief over time. Yet Conditionalization (the traditional Bayesian updating rule) has trouble modeling cases involving memory loss and context-sensitivity, because these cases involve the loss of certainties over time. This book proposes a new Bayesian modeling framework, the Certainty-Loss Framework (or CLF), that yields correct verdicts about rational requirements in such cases. The framework resolves a variety of outstanding problems for Bayesianism, including the Sleeping Beauty Problem concerning self-locating beliefs and difficulties squaring Bayesianism with Everettian interpretations of quantum mechanics. CLF is developed within a carefully-articulated formal modeling methodology that focuses our attention on the boundaries of our models’ applicability and the precise relation between formal systems and norms. The result is a framework that merges the advantages of formal modeling with the complexities of everyday epistemic life.
Claire Molloy
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748637713
- eISBN:
- 9780748671007
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748637713.001.0001
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
Ambiguous, complex and innovative, Christopher Nolan's Memento has intrigued audiences and critics since the day of its release. Memento is the archetypal ‘puzzle film’, a noir thriller about a man ...
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Ambiguous, complex and innovative, Christopher Nolan's Memento has intrigued audiences and critics since the day of its release. Memento is the archetypal ‘puzzle film’, a noir thriller about a man with short-term memory loss seemingly seeking revenge for the death of his wife but finding it increasingly difficult to navigate through the facts. Truth, memory and identity are all questioned in a film that refuses to give easy answers or to adhere to some of the fundamental rules of classical filmmaking as the film makes use of some audacious stylistic and narrative choices, including a unique (for American cinema) editing pattern that produces a dizzying and highly disorienting effect for the spectator. The book introduces Memento as an important independent film and uses it to explore relationships between ‘indie’, arthouse and commercial mainstream cinema while also examining independent film marketing practices, especially those associated with Newmarket, the film's producer and distributor. Finally, the book also locates Memento within debates around key film studies concepts such as genre, narrative and reception.Less
Ambiguous, complex and innovative, Christopher Nolan's Memento has intrigued audiences and critics since the day of its release. Memento is the archetypal ‘puzzle film’, a noir thriller about a man with short-term memory loss seemingly seeking revenge for the death of his wife but finding it increasingly difficult to navigate through the facts. Truth, memory and identity are all questioned in a film that refuses to give easy answers or to adhere to some of the fundamental rules of classical filmmaking as the film makes use of some audacious stylistic and narrative choices, including a unique (for American cinema) editing pattern that produces a dizzying and highly disorienting effect for the spectator. The book introduces Memento as an important independent film and uses it to explore relationships between ‘indie’, arthouse and commercial mainstream cinema while also examining independent film marketing practices, especially those associated with Newmarket, the film's producer and distributor. Finally, the book also locates Memento within debates around key film studies concepts such as genre, narrative and reception.
Douwe Draaisma
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780300207286
- eISBN:
- 9780300213959
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300207286.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter focuses on Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M.), who died on the early evening of December 2, 2008 at the age of 82. After his death images were made of his brain, which was then removed from ...
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This chapter focuses on Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M.), who died on the early evening of December 2, 2008 at the age of 82. After his death images were made of his brain, which was then removed from the skull and prepared for transport to the Brain Observatory. It has since been cut into 2,401 slices, each of them photographed and digitalized, resulting in a virtual brain that can be accessed online for research purposes. The story of H.M. has been embedded in hundreds of neurological textbooks and introductions to neuropsychology. It begins in the summer of 1953, when H.M., then 27 years old, was admitted to a hospital in Hartford due to severe epileptic seizures that were occurring with increasing frequency. Because his condition was unresponsive to medication, the surgeon proposed the removal of part of both hemispheres of his brain, in the hope of eliminating the focus of his epilepsy. While the operation reduced his seizures, parts of his past were also wiped from his memory. But far worse was that he was no longer able to form new memories, a type of memory loss known as “anterograde amnesia”. For many years, H.M. was the purest case of anterograde amnesia known to the medical world.Less
This chapter focuses on Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M.), who died on the early evening of December 2, 2008 at the age of 82. After his death images were made of his brain, which was then removed from the skull and prepared for transport to the Brain Observatory. It has since been cut into 2,401 slices, each of them photographed and digitalized, resulting in a virtual brain that can be accessed online for research purposes. The story of H.M. has been embedded in hundreds of neurological textbooks and introductions to neuropsychology. It begins in the summer of 1953, when H.M., then 27 years old, was admitted to a hospital in Hartford due to severe epileptic seizures that were occurring with increasing frequency. Because his condition was unresponsive to medication, the surgeon proposed the removal of part of both hemispheres of his brain, in the hope of eliminating the focus of his epilepsy. While the operation reduced his seizures, parts of his past were also wiped from his memory. But far worse was that he was no longer able to form new memories, a type of memory loss known as “anterograde amnesia”. For many years, H.M. was the purest case of anterograde amnesia known to the medical world.
Michael G. Titelbaum
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199658305
- eISBN:
- 9780191748134
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199658305.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science, Metaphysics/Epistemology
The previous chapter introduced Generalized Conditionalization (GC), an updating norm for degrees of belief that properly models rational requirements in stories involving memory loss. This chapter ...
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The previous chapter introduced Generalized Conditionalization (GC), an updating norm for degrees of belief that properly models rational requirements in stories involving memory loss. This chapter explains the intuitive idea behind GC: suppositional consistency, which requires an agent to evaluate a hypothesis the same way whenever she considers it relative to the same evidence. Suppositional consistency is easy to defend if Feldman’s and White’s Uniqueness Thesis is true—that is, if every body of evidence dictates a required attitude for every hypothesis. Uniqueness defenders dating back to Carnap have offered updating rules obeying suppositional consistency. But if Uniqueness is false, suppositional consistency (and GC) must be defended by considering when an agent’s permitted but not required attitude assignments rationally commit her to similar assignments in the future. The chapter examines a number of examples and objections concerning such commitments, including cases involving memory loss.Less
The previous chapter introduced Generalized Conditionalization (GC), an updating norm for degrees of belief that properly models rational requirements in stories involving memory loss. This chapter explains the intuitive idea behind GC: suppositional consistency, which requires an agent to evaluate a hypothesis the same way whenever she considers it relative to the same evidence. Suppositional consistency is easy to defend if Feldman’s and White’s Uniqueness Thesis is true—that is, if every body of evidence dictates a required attitude for every hypothesis. Uniqueness defenders dating back to Carnap have offered updating rules obeying suppositional consistency. But if Uniqueness is false, suppositional consistency (and GC) must be defended by considering when an agent’s permitted but not required attitude assignments rationally commit her to similar assignments in the future. The chapter examines a number of examples and objections concerning such commitments, including cases involving memory loss.
Christopher Hanlon
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- December 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190842529
- eISBN:
- 9780190842550
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190842529.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 19th Century Literature
Emerson’s Memory Loss is about an archive of texts documenting Emerson’s intellectual state during the final phase of his life, as he underwent dementia. It is also about the way these texts provoke ...
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Emerson’s Memory Loss is about an archive of texts documenting Emerson’s intellectual state during the final phase of his life, as he underwent dementia. It is also about the way these texts provoke a rereading of the more familiar canon of Emerson’s thinking. Emerson’s memory loss, Hanlon argues, contributed to the shaping of a line of thought in America that emphasizes the social over the solipsistic, the affective over the distant, the many over the one. Emerson regarded his output during the time when his patterns of cognition transformed profoundly as a regathering of focus on the nature of memory and of thinking itself. His late texts theorize Emerson’s experience of senescence even as they disrupt his prior valorizations of the independent mind teeming with self-sufficient conviction. But still, these late writings have succumbed to a process of critical forgetting—either ignored by scholars or denied inclusion in Emerson’s oeuvre. Attending to a manuscript archive that reveals the extent to which Emerson collaborated with others—especially his daughter, Ellen Tucker Emerson—to articulate what he considered his most important work even as his ability to do so independently waned, Hanlon measures the resonance of these late texts across the stretch of Emerson’s thinking, including his writing about Margaret Fuller and his meditations on streams of thought that verge unto those of his godson, William James. Such ventures bring us toward a self defined less by its anxiety of overinfluence than by its communality, its very connectedness with myriad others.Less
Emerson’s Memory Loss is about an archive of texts documenting Emerson’s intellectual state during the final phase of his life, as he underwent dementia. It is also about the way these texts provoke a rereading of the more familiar canon of Emerson’s thinking. Emerson’s memory loss, Hanlon argues, contributed to the shaping of a line of thought in America that emphasizes the social over the solipsistic, the affective over the distant, the many over the one. Emerson regarded his output during the time when his patterns of cognition transformed profoundly as a regathering of focus on the nature of memory and of thinking itself. His late texts theorize Emerson’s experience of senescence even as they disrupt his prior valorizations of the independent mind teeming with self-sufficient conviction. But still, these late writings have succumbed to a process of critical forgetting—either ignored by scholars or denied inclusion in Emerson’s oeuvre. Attending to a manuscript archive that reveals the extent to which Emerson collaborated with others—especially his daughter, Ellen Tucker Emerson—to articulate what he considered his most important work even as his ability to do so independently waned, Hanlon measures the resonance of these late texts across the stretch of Emerson’s thinking, including his writing about Margaret Fuller and his meditations on streams of thought that verge unto those of his godson, William James. Such ventures bring us toward a self defined less by its anxiety of overinfluence than by its communality, its very connectedness with myriad others.
Anne Leonora Blaakilde
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781447317524
- eISBN:
- 9781447317531
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447317524.003.0011
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gerontology and Ageing
A methodology of embodied interaction is presented in this article using a case study of Howard, a Danish 83-year old, who is a representative of elderly Danish residents living in Turkey. Howard is ...
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A methodology of embodied interaction is presented in this article using a case study of Howard, a Danish 83-year old, who is a representative of elderly Danish residents living in Turkey. Howard is struggling with memory loss, which is impeding his life as a retired migrant. The method of embodied interaction is used in order to sense and understand his sensing of the process of mental decline. The methodology presented contributes with a focus on understanding based on sensuous theory which implies embodied interaction and an active co-construction of meaning by ethnographer as well as by reader. The methodology presented contributes to an understanding of sensuous theory, which implies embodied interaction and an active co-construction of meaning by ethnographer as well as by reader. This chapter’s discussion of a methodology that values the senses adds richness to research on the lifecourse, drawing attention to aspects of our lives that often seem intangible yet are full of meaning.Less
A methodology of embodied interaction is presented in this article using a case study of Howard, a Danish 83-year old, who is a representative of elderly Danish residents living in Turkey. Howard is struggling with memory loss, which is impeding his life as a retired migrant. The method of embodied interaction is used in order to sense and understand his sensing of the process of mental decline. The methodology presented contributes with a focus on understanding based on sensuous theory which implies embodied interaction and an active co-construction of meaning by ethnographer as well as by reader. The methodology presented contributes to an understanding of sensuous theory, which implies embodied interaction and an active co-construction of meaning by ethnographer as well as by reader. This chapter’s discussion of a methodology that values the senses adds richness to research on the lifecourse, drawing attention to aspects of our lives that often seem intangible yet are full of meaning.
Julia Briggs
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748624348
- eISBN:
- 9780748651856
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748624348.003.0013
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This chapter discusses Woolf’s later short stories, from ‘The Lady in the Looking Glass’ to ‘The Shooting Party’, as well as Woolf’s concern with ‘The Searchlight’ and ‘The Symbol’, which are stories ...
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This chapter discusses Woolf’s later short stories, from ‘The Lady in the Looking Glass’ to ‘The Shooting Party’, as well as Woolf’s concern with ‘The Searchlight’ and ‘The Symbol’, which are stories about the operation of memory and loss. Memory and loss are represented in these stories by field glasses or a telescope, whose close-up on a distant spot both isolates and focuses on a certain experience.Less
This chapter discusses Woolf’s later short stories, from ‘The Lady in the Looking Glass’ to ‘The Shooting Party’, as well as Woolf’s concern with ‘The Searchlight’ and ‘The Symbol’, which are stories about the operation of memory and loss. Memory and loss are represented in these stories by field glasses or a telescope, whose close-up on a distant spot both isolates and focuses on a certain experience.
Christopher Hanlon
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- December 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190842529
- eISBN:
- 9780190842550
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190842529.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 19th Century Literature
This introduction considers the editorial and authorial partnership of Ellen Tucker Emerson and James Elliot Cabot, whose reshaping of Emerson’s late writings amounted to a reconfiguration of ...
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This introduction considers the editorial and authorial partnership of Ellen Tucker Emerson and James Elliot Cabot, whose reshaping of Emerson’s late writings amounted to a reconfiguration of Emersonian transcendentalist thought. Embroiled in a process of communal thought and composition as they maneuvered through and mined the manuscript archives out of which they composed works like Letters and Social Aims, “Fortune of the Republic,” Natural History of Intellect, and many others, Cabot and Ellen Emerson produced the archive of what I consider Emerson’s late style. These works perturb and revise Emerson’s earlier considerations of individuality and self-reliant cognition, now theorizing a host of mental processes that are decidedly social.Less
This introduction considers the editorial and authorial partnership of Ellen Tucker Emerson and James Elliot Cabot, whose reshaping of Emerson’s late writings amounted to a reconfiguration of Emersonian transcendentalist thought. Embroiled in a process of communal thought and composition as they maneuvered through and mined the manuscript archives out of which they composed works like Letters and Social Aims, “Fortune of the Republic,” Natural History of Intellect, and many others, Cabot and Ellen Emerson produced the archive of what I consider Emerson’s late style. These works perturb and revise Emerson’s earlier considerations of individuality and self-reliant cognition, now theorizing a host of mental processes that are decidedly social.
Ann Cooper Albright
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- December 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190873677
- eISBN:
- 9780190873714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190873677.003.0004
- Subject:
- Music, Dance
This is a chapter about suspensions, about the moments in our lives when we can’t move, when we don’t know which way to turn. Suspensions slow us down enough to feel space enter time. Using our ...
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This is a chapter about suspensions, about the moments in our lives when we can’t move, when we don’t know which way to turn. Suspensions slow us down enough to feel space enter time. Using our breath to find spaciousness attunes us to a heightened sense of three-dimensionality, including a critical recognition of the importance of thinking backwards as well as forwards. In lives filled with screen-based, two-dimensional interactions, this sense of amplitude can make a big difference in the quality of our being present in the moment. Moving from a discussion of improvisation to a meditation on breathing through the elusive quality of air and into a final discussion of dwelling, this chapter explores how suspensions can open new ways of being in the world. Attending to the breath can lead us into the under-charted territory of largely unseen but nonetheless deeply felt situations, including those of loss, memory, and grace.Less
This is a chapter about suspensions, about the moments in our lives when we can’t move, when we don’t know which way to turn. Suspensions slow us down enough to feel space enter time. Using our breath to find spaciousness attunes us to a heightened sense of three-dimensionality, including a critical recognition of the importance of thinking backwards as well as forwards. In lives filled with screen-based, two-dimensional interactions, this sense of amplitude can make a big difference in the quality of our being present in the moment. Moving from a discussion of improvisation to a meditation on breathing through the elusive quality of air and into a final discussion of dwelling, this chapter explores how suspensions can open new ways of being in the world. Attending to the breath can lead us into the under-charted territory of largely unseen but nonetheless deeply felt situations, including those of loss, memory, and grace.
