Timothy Bowman and Mark Connelly
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199542789
- eISBN:
- 9780191741401
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199542789.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Military History
Despite the entente cordiale and secret staff talks with the French, the role of the British army prior to the First World War remained unclear. For the regular army much of its recruiting, ...
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Despite the entente cordiale and secret staff talks with the French, the role of the British army prior to the First World War remained unclear. For the regular army much of its recruiting, dispositions, and training was decided by the need to find a large garrison for India. The auxiliary forces, while reformed and rather more efficient post 1908, were committed only to Home Defence and, in any case, remained under strength and poorly trained. The mobilization of the army in 1914 relied on a large number of reservists to bring even the original British Expeditionary Force up to strength. While the OTC could be seen as vindicating itself during the Great War prior to August 1914, it provided pitifully few officers to either the regular army or auxiliary forces.Less
Despite the entente cordiale and secret staff talks with the French, the role of the British army prior to the First World War remained unclear. For the regular army much of its recruiting, dispositions, and training was decided by the need to find a large garrison for India. The auxiliary forces, while reformed and rather more efficient post 1908, were committed only to Home Defence and, in any case, remained under strength and poorly trained. The mobilization of the army in 1914 relied on a large number of reservists to bring even the original British Expeditionary Force up to strength. While the OTC could be seen as vindicating itself during the Great War prior to August 1914, it provided pitifully few officers to either the regular army or auxiliary forces.
Edward A. Siecienski
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372045
- eISBN:
- 9780199777297
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372045.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
The progress that was made during the nineteenth century began to bear fruit in the twentieth, a transformation explainable by a number of factors. In the first half of the century Russian émigrés in ...
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The progress that was made during the nineteenth century began to bear fruit in the twentieth, a transformation explainable by a number of factors. In the first half of the century Russian émigrés in Paris began a constructive re-engagement with the West following the Bolshevik Revolution. Roman Catholic theology was, at the same time, enjoying a renaissance of biblical and patristic studies, coupled with a renewed interest in the place of the Spirit in the life of the Church. For the first time in centuries the nascent ecumenical movement brought theologians and hierarchs together for formal dialogues, all aimed at healing the divisions that had grown up between them. These dialogues, both bilateral and multilateral, were remarkable in the level of consensus reached on the filioque, and provide reason to hope that a resolution to this centuries old problem is not far off.Less
The progress that was made during the nineteenth century began to bear fruit in the twentieth, a transformation explainable by a number of factors. In the first half of the century Russian émigrés in Paris began a constructive re-engagement with the West following the Bolshevik Revolution. Roman Catholic theology was, at the same time, enjoying a renaissance of biblical and patristic studies, coupled with a renewed interest in the place of the Spirit in the life of the Church. For the first time in centuries the nascent ecumenical movement brought theologians and hierarchs together for formal dialogues, all aimed at healing the divisions that had grown up between them. These dialogues, both bilateral and multilateral, were remarkable in the level of consensus reached on the filioque, and provide reason to hope that a resolution to this centuries old problem is not far off.
TILL WAHNBAECK
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199269839
- eISBN:
- 9780191710056
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269839.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Economic History
This chapter shows how a culture of ministerial memorandums was transformed into an increasingly public culture around the middle of the century through new media and the new role played by the ...
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This chapter shows how a culture of ministerial memorandums was transformed into an increasingly public culture around the middle of the century through new media and the new role played by the region's academies. It explains that this shift allowed new actors, mainly secular clergy writing in the context of enlightened Catholicism, to contribute to the debate. It adds that this broadening of the range of participants in economic debate beyond administrators reintroduced, to an extent, moral considerations into the luxury debate.Less
This chapter shows how a culture of ministerial memorandums was transformed into an increasingly public culture around the middle of the century through new media and the new role played by the region's academies. It explains that this shift allowed new actors, mainly secular clergy writing in the context of enlightened Catholicism, to contribute to the debate. It adds that this broadening of the range of participants in economic debate beyond administrators reintroduced, to an extent, moral considerations into the luxury debate.
Joseph Chinyong Liow
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195377088
- eISBN:
- 9780199869527
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377088.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This chapter explores attempts to “reframe” Islamism in the 1990s by both PAS and UMNO by investigating the contours of the ongoing debate between PAS and UMNO, and within PAS itself, over the nature ...
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This chapter explores attempts to “reframe” Islamism in the 1990s by both PAS and UMNO by investigating the contours of the ongoing debate between PAS and UMNO, and within PAS itself, over the nature and expression of Islam as an organizing principle for society and politics in pluralist Malaysia. It also examines how Malaysia’s non-Muslim community has responded to this renovation and negotiation exercise that Malaysia’s main Islamist parties have been engaged in.Less
This chapter explores attempts to “reframe” Islamism in the 1990s by both PAS and UMNO by investigating the contours of the ongoing debate between PAS and UMNO, and within PAS itself, over the nature and expression of Islam as an organizing principle for society and politics in pluralist Malaysia. It also examines how Malaysia’s non-Muslim community has responded to this renovation and negotiation exercise that Malaysia’s main Islamist parties have been engaged in.
Roger S. Bagnall and Giovanni R. Ruffini
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814745267
- eISBN:
- 9780814771327
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814745267.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter catalogues the ostraka found at the Trimithis site, providing translations and commentary where possible in order to flesh out the minutiae of the day-to-day life of its former ...
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This chapter catalogues the ostraka found at the Trimithis site, providing translations and commentary where possible in order to flesh out the minutiae of the day-to-day life of its former inhabitants. Items for study include lists and accounts, ration accounts, well tags, memoranda, receipts, letters, orders, notes, writing exercises, jar inscriptions, among others. Descriptions are provided as to the physical nature of the ostraka themselves, such as the medium of the texts (fabric, pottery, and so on), as well as the nature of the information that can be gleaned from the text itself (abbreviations, grammatical considerations, fragmented or missing text, etc.).Less
This chapter catalogues the ostraka found at the Trimithis site, providing translations and commentary where possible in order to flesh out the minutiae of the day-to-day life of its former inhabitants. Items for study include lists and accounts, ration accounts, well tags, memoranda, receipts, letters, orders, notes, writing exercises, jar inscriptions, among others. Descriptions are provided as to the physical nature of the ostraka themselves, such as the medium of the texts (fabric, pottery, and so on), as well as the nature of the information that can be gleaned from the text itself (abbreviations, grammatical considerations, fragmented or missing text, etc.).
Ulrich Krotz
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199759934
- eISBN:
- 9780199897193
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199759934.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, European Union
This chapter picks up where Chapter 3 left off, reconstructing and analyzing the continuation of Franco-German combat helicopter dealings from October 1982 to May 1984. At the end of this critical ...
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This chapter picks up where Chapter 3 left off, reconstructing and analyzing the continuation of Franco-German combat helicopter dealings from October 1982 to May 1984. At the end of this critical period, Germany and France, via an intergovernmental agreement in the form of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), jointly embarked on the common development of a second-generation combat helicopter. The chapter first discusses the history of Franco-German defense affairs, beginning with the bilateral re-launch of the program at the fortieth Franco-German summit consultation in Bonn in October 1982 and continuing through subsequent Franco-German interaction. It culminates in the initiation of the enormous joint armament project in May 1984, with the signing of the Franco-German MoU during the forty-third Franco-German summit in Rambouillet. It then investigates the contents of the MoU contract, as the definition or nondefinition of common interests, positions, and goals regarding all aspects pertaining to the helicopter program—including the machine's technical specifications, its delivery schedules, and its financing. After focusing on the institutionalized meanings and purposes underlying the political processes of the period under review, the chapter presents as cases the three main outcomes that need explanation during this period: the revival of the program in the fall of 1982; the French and German interests and positions that were modified during the interaction processes between 1982 and 1984; and the interests and positions that have remained unaffected by the interaction in the same time period.Less
This chapter picks up where Chapter 3 left off, reconstructing and analyzing the continuation of Franco-German combat helicopter dealings from October 1982 to May 1984. At the end of this critical period, Germany and France, via an intergovernmental agreement in the form of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), jointly embarked on the common development of a second-generation combat helicopter. The chapter first discusses the history of Franco-German defense affairs, beginning with the bilateral re-launch of the program at the fortieth Franco-German summit consultation in Bonn in October 1982 and continuing through subsequent Franco-German interaction. It culminates in the initiation of the enormous joint armament project in May 1984, with the signing of the Franco-German MoU during the forty-third Franco-German summit in Rambouillet. It then investigates the contents of the MoU contract, as the definition or nondefinition of common interests, positions, and goals regarding all aspects pertaining to the helicopter program—including the machine's technical specifications, its delivery schedules, and its financing. After focusing on the institutionalized meanings and purposes underlying the political processes of the period under review, the chapter presents as cases the three main outcomes that need explanation during this period: the revival of the program in the fall of 1982; the French and German interests and positions that were modified during the interaction processes between 1982 and 1984; and the interests and positions that have remained unaffected by the interaction in the same time period.
John Matthews
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300108989
- eISBN:
- 9780300135244
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300108989.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
In the early fourth century, a lawyer and public figure from the Nile valley city of Hermopolis made a six-month business related journey to Antioch. The day-to-day details are preserved on papyrus ...
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In the early fourth century, a lawyer and public figure from the Nile valley city of Hermopolis made a six-month business related journey to Antioch. The day-to-day details are preserved on papyrus documents and offer a remarkable record of this journey, covering everything from distances traveled to daily food purchases, from medicinal supplies to fees paid for services. This book translates these important documents and places them in the wider context of the social history of the Graeco-Roman world. The memoranda relating to Theophanes' journey are presented within a historical narrative that offers an array of revelations on diet, travel, social relations, and other topics. The book creates an account of daily life in the years preceding Emperor Constantine's rise to power in the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire.Less
In the early fourth century, a lawyer and public figure from the Nile valley city of Hermopolis made a six-month business related journey to Antioch. The day-to-day details are preserved on papyrus documents and offer a remarkable record of this journey, covering everything from distances traveled to daily food purchases, from medicinal supplies to fees paid for services. This book translates these important documents and places them in the wider context of the social history of the Graeco-Roman world. The memoranda relating to Theophanes' journey are presented within a historical narrative that offers an array of revelations on diet, travel, social relations, and other topics. The book creates an account of daily life in the years preceding Emperor Constantine's rise to power in the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire.
Nige West and Oleg Tsarev
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300123470
- eISBN:
- 9780300156416
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300123470.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter reveals that in August 1941, the Security Service presented a memorandum to the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) recommending that the activities of the attachés of neutral countries ...
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This chapter reveals that in August 1941, the Security Service presented a memorandum to the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) recommending that the activities of the attachés of neutral countries in the United Kingdom be circumscribed. It states that the security measures taken on the basis of the JIC paper of 1941 had been effective because the risk represented by the neutral attachés was not great. Since then, however, the Security Service had received new information indicating that the situation might not be as satisfactory as had been assumed, and that it might be necessary to take more severe measures. The chapter discusses the Swedish naval attaché, Count Oxenstierna, who, on several occasions, used illegal means to obtain secret information, and states that while in some cases he was successful, in others all his efforts proved fruitless.Less
This chapter reveals that in August 1941, the Security Service presented a memorandum to the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) recommending that the activities of the attachés of neutral countries in the United Kingdom be circumscribed. It states that the security measures taken on the basis of the JIC paper of 1941 had been effective because the risk represented by the neutral attachés was not great. Since then, however, the Security Service had received new information indicating that the situation might not be as satisfactory as had been assumed, and that it might be necessary to take more severe measures. The chapter discusses the Swedish naval attaché, Count Oxenstierna, who, on several occasions, used illegal means to obtain secret information, and states that while in some cases he was successful, in others all his efforts proved fruitless.
Nige West and Oleg Tsarev
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300123470
- eISBN:
- 9780300156416
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300123470.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter discusses the memorandum by Curry. According to the writer of the secret document, the excellent memorandum by Curry brought him “to a crossroad” regarding the SIS attitude to the ...
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This chapter discusses the memorandum by Curry. According to the writer of the secret document, the excellent memorandum by Curry brought him “to a crossroad” regarding the SIS attitude to the problem. The writer discusses his assumptions that the functions of Section IX should include the making of critical analyses and the collating of the incidental intelligence which had been received over the past few years. According to the writer of the document, the time had come to organize, in the SIS system, a detachment of specialists who, at the appropriate time, could create units abroad that would help heighten awareness and make precise and effective use of such intelligence. The writer also approached this issue on the assumption that foreign intelligence would be obtained by Section IX only when it was directly required for the war effort.Less
This chapter discusses the memorandum by Curry. According to the writer of the secret document, the excellent memorandum by Curry brought him “to a crossroad” regarding the SIS attitude to the problem. The writer discusses his assumptions that the functions of Section IX should include the making of critical analyses and the collating of the incidental intelligence which had been received over the past few years. According to the writer of the document, the time had come to organize, in the SIS system, a detachment of specialists who, at the appropriate time, could create units abroad that would help heighten awareness and make precise and effective use of such intelligence. The writer also approached this issue on the assumption that foreign intelligence would be obtained by Section IX only when it was directly required for the war effort.
Nige West and Oleg Tsarev
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300123470
- eISBN:
- 9780300156416
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300123470.003.0021
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter discusses Colonel Vivian's memo dated September 1944. According to Vivian, this memorandum provided a general picture of the XK [anti-Communist] situation in SIS, both at home and ...
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This chapter discusses Colonel Vivian's memo dated September 1944. According to Vivian, this memorandum provided a general picture of the XK [anti-Communist] situation in SIS, both at home and abroad, and set out the reasons that prompted him to seek advice on the best methods of organizing work in that area overseas. Vivian felt that the problem was extremely broad and complex, and that it therefore seemed to him to be both impractical and undesirable to discuss it in a formal meeting. It could, however, be readily divided into convenient component parts, which could be sufficiently clearly defined and which are independent enough of one another that, in each instance, one would need to have only a very few officers involved in the discussion and formulation of advice.Less
This chapter discusses Colonel Vivian's memo dated September 1944. According to Vivian, this memorandum provided a general picture of the XK [anti-Communist] situation in SIS, both at home and abroad, and set out the reasons that prompted him to seek advice on the best methods of organizing work in that area overseas. Vivian felt that the problem was extremely broad and complex, and that it therefore seemed to him to be both impractical and undesirable to discuss it in a formal meeting. It could, however, be readily divided into convenient component parts, which could be sufficiently clearly defined and which are independent enough of one another that, in each instance, one would need to have only a very few officers involved in the discussion and formulation of advice.
Nige West and Oleg Tsarev
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300123470
- eISBN:
- 9780300156416
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300123470.003.0028
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter focuses on the memorandum about the SIS plans for anti-Soviet operations. It reveals that this internal memorandum, dated June 6, 1944, set out SIS's plans for running future operations ...
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This chapter focuses on the memorandum about the SIS plans for anti-Soviet operations. It reveals that this internal memorandum, dated June 6, 1944, set out SIS's plans for running future operations against the Soviets. Dated June 1944, it supported the hitherto controversial view that long before the war had been won in western Europe, SIS was contemplating anti-Soviet activities, a matter which was debated by historians, among them Robert Cecil, himself a former SIS staff officer and assistant to the chief, who always denied that such mischievous issues had been raised so early. The plan revealed that the main operators against XK were to be contacted: (1) In absolute secrecy as far as XK was concerned and (2) In such a way that no one from 12-Land (Germany) nor its allies had any grounds for suspecting any anti-XK activity.Less
This chapter focuses on the memorandum about the SIS plans for anti-Soviet operations. It reveals that this internal memorandum, dated June 6, 1944, set out SIS's plans for running future operations against the Soviets. Dated June 1944, it supported the hitherto controversial view that long before the war had been won in western Europe, SIS was contemplating anti-Soviet activities, a matter which was debated by historians, among them Robert Cecil, himself a former SIS staff officer and assistant to the chief, who always denied that such mischievous issues had been raised so early. The plan revealed that the main operators against XK were to be contacted: (1) In absolute secrecy as far as XK was concerned and (2) In such a way that no one from 12-Land (Germany) nor its allies had any grounds for suspecting any anti-XK activity.
Thomas G. Paterson
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195101201
- eISBN:
- 9780199854189
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195101201.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
One week after the meeting with Joaquin Meyer, the Office of Middle American Affairs issued a memorandum to Assistant Secretary Rubottom. The office, using data from the U.S. Embassy in Havana and ...
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One week after the meeting with Joaquin Meyer, the Office of Middle American Affairs issued a memorandum to Assistant Secretary Rubottom. The office, using data from the U.S. Embassy in Havana and the consulate in Santiago, and consulting with Cuban desk officer, Terrance G. Leonhardy, coordinated with the policy. William Wieland led this unit of the State Department. Wieland worked there in the early 1930s as a newspaper correspondent and he could speak Spanish. Like other Latin American specialists in the State Department, Wieland had served many positions in the Western part—Rio de Janeiro, Bogota, San Salvador, and Quito—before settling in Washington. He also became the director of the office on May 19, 1957, and the Cuban crisis soon became his agenda.Less
One week after the meeting with Joaquin Meyer, the Office of Middle American Affairs issued a memorandum to Assistant Secretary Rubottom. The office, using data from the U.S. Embassy in Havana and the consulate in Santiago, and consulting with Cuban desk officer, Terrance G. Leonhardy, coordinated with the policy. William Wieland led this unit of the State Department. Wieland worked there in the early 1930s as a newspaper correspondent and he could speak Spanish. Like other Latin American specialists in the State Department, Wieland had served many positions in the Western part—Rio de Janeiro, Bogota, San Salvador, and Quito—before settling in Washington. He also became the director of the office on May 19, 1957, and the Cuban crisis soon became his agenda.
Ronald Hutton
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205708
- eISBN:
- 9780191676758
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205708.003.0030
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter is concerned with communal customs and those of midsummer fires. In England, the earliest references to this merry-making are from the thirteenth century, effectively the time at which ...
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This chapter is concerned with communal customs and those of midsummer fires. In England, the earliest references to this merry-making are from the thirteenth century, effectively the time at which the sort of records likely to reveal it first occur. One is an agreement between the lord and tenants of the manor of East Monckton, Wiltshire, in the reign of Henry III, by which the former promised to provide a ram for a feast by the latter if they carried fire around his cornfields on Midsummer Eve. The other is in the Liber Memorandum of the church at Barnwell in the Nene valley in Rutland, for the year 1295; it stated that the parish youth would gather at a well that evening for songs and games. The first record in Ireland is from New Ross.Less
This chapter is concerned with communal customs and those of midsummer fires. In England, the earliest references to this merry-making are from the thirteenth century, effectively the time at which the sort of records likely to reveal it first occur. One is an agreement between the lord and tenants of the manor of East Monckton, Wiltshire, in the reign of Henry III, by which the former promised to provide a ram for a feast by the latter if they carried fire around his cornfields on Midsummer Eve. The other is in the Liber Memorandum of the church at Barnwell in the Nene valley in Rutland, for the year 1295; it stated that the parish youth would gather at a well that evening for songs and games. The first record in Ireland is from New Ross.
Christopher Maginn
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199697151
- eISBN:
- 9780191739262
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199697151.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter, beginning in Edward's reign and concluding in Elizabeth's last years on the throne, explores what may be Cecil's most important legacy with regard to Ireland: his role in the ...
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This chapter, beginning in Edward's reign and concluding in Elizabeth's last years on the throne, explores what may be Cecil's most important legacy with regard to Ireland: his role in the formulation and oversight of Tudor political policy and the operation of government there. It shows that Cecil's influence with Elizabeth and his unparalleled knowledge of Ireland combined to make him the key to the functioning of Tudor government in the kingdom in the later sixteenth century; and though policy for Ireland never originated from him, his support was essential to see it pursued and implemented. William Cecil, this chapter argues, presided over every step of Tudor policy in Ireland until his death in 1598.Less
This chapter, beginning in Edward's reign and concluding in Elizabeth's last years on the throne, explores what may be Cecil's most important legacy with regard to Ireland: his role in the formulation and oversight of Tudor political policy and the operation of government there. It shows that Cecil's influence with Elizabeth and his unparalleled knowledge of Ireland combined to make him the key to the functioning of Tudor government in the kingdom in the later sixteenth century; and though policy for Ireland never originated from him, his support was essential to see it pursued and implemented. William Cecil, this chapter argues, presided over every step of Tudor policy in Ireland until his death in 1598.
A. J. Nicholls
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208525
- eISBN:
- 9780191678059
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208525.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter highlights the concept of the Economics Administration of the Bizone, during 1947–8, which was striving to be a system of improved planning and resource allocation, combined with the ...
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This chapter highlights the concept of the Economics Administration of the Bizone, during 1947–8, which was striving to be a system of improved planning and resource allocation, combined with the long-awaited currency reform. This system did not lead to the liberalization being demanded by neo-liberals such as Walter Eucken or Wilhelm Röpke, even though it was considered to be more flexible and at the same time more consistently applied throughout West Germany. There were differences in opinion over major issues to be resolved such as free market, employment, and the market-splitting scheme. The free-price mechanism was considered to be the real cure for currency reform, only if the Allies played their part by providing credits for imported goods. Kromphardt's market-splitting scheme has been elaborated. The success of the system of rationing proposed by Kromphardt depended on the allocation rights (Bezugsrechte) which would run through the entire economy, from the consumer to the first producer. The Beirat memorandum, dated 18 April 1948 ,stressed that the currency reform, when it came, could make sense only when combined with a fundamental reform of the existing system of economic controls, with the reintroduction of the price mechanism in the economy being the major recommendation of the report.Less
This chapter highlights the concept of the Economics Administration of the Bizone, during 1947–8, which was striving to be a system of improved planning and resource allocation, combined with the long-awaited currency reform. This system did not lead to the liberalization being demanded by neo-liberals such as Walter Eucken or Wilhelm Röpke, even though it was considered to be more flexible and at the same time more consistently applied throughout West Germany. There were differences in opinion over major issues to be resolved such as free market, employment, and the market-splitting scheme. The free-price mechanism was considered to be the real cure for currency reform, only if the Allies played their part by providing credits for imported goods. Kromphardt's market-splitting scheme has been elaborated. The success of the system of rationing proposed by Kromphardt depended on the allocation rights (Bezugsrechte) which would run through the entire economy, from the consumer to the first producer. The Beirat memorandum, dated 18 April 1948 ,stressed that the currency reform, when it came, could make sense only when combined with a fundamental reform of the existing system of economic controls, with the reintroduction of the price mechanism in the economy being the major recommendation of the report.
Asa Briggs
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780192129307
- eISBN:
- 9780191670015
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192129307.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Cultural History
This chapter provides information regarding the BBC during the time leading up to the Second World War. The first Director-General, Sir John Reith, left the BBC in June 1938 and the Ullswater ...
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This chapter provides information regarding the BBC during the time leading up to the Second World War. The first Director-General, Sir John Reith, left the BBC in June 1938 and the Ullswater Committee recommended in its report, which shortly followed this, full governmental control over the organization in times of crisis. Questions relating to the BBC's policies in time of war, behind the scene politics, censorship arrangements, and security concerns are also discussed. The Memorandum on Protection Against Air Attack stated that the BBC should continue its broadcasting services even in any future emergency due to its impact on public opinion. In July 1938 the technical subcommittee accepted the BBC's modified plan to limit home broadcasting to two groups of medium-wave transmitters.Less
This chapter provides information regarding the BBC during the time leading up to the Second World War. The first Director-General, Sir John Reith, left the BBC in June 1938 and the Ullswater Committee recommended in its report, which shortly followed this, full governmental control over the organization in times of crisis. Questions relating to the BBC's policies in time of war, behind the scene politics, censorship arrangements, and security concerns are also discussed. The Memorandum on Protection Against Air Attack stated that the BBC should continue its broadcasting services even in any future emergency due to its impact on public opinion. In July 1938 the technical subcommittee accepted the BBC's modified plan to limit home broadcasting to two groups of medium-wave transmitters.
Zbyněk Zeman and Antonín Klimek
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205838
- eISBN:
- 9780191676802
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205838.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter describes the view of Beneš about the Munich agreement which amounted to a personal tragedy. The crisis had started long before the international conference met in Munich on 29 ...
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This chapter describes the view of Beneš about the Munich agreement which amounted to a personal tragedy. The crisis had started long before the international conference met in Munich on 29 September, 1938. Beneš was aware of the political tradition represented by Hitler, which threatened the welfare of his nation and the existence of the state. Beneš was tireless in warning politicians and diplomats of the danger that the Nazi policies presented, established by the peace treaties in Europe. The last sacrifice by the Czechs proved to be in vain when the international commission offered Hitler more territory than he had demanded in his Godesberg memorandum.Less
This chapter describes the view of Beneš about the Munich agreement which amounted to a personal tragedy. The crisis had started long before the international conference met in Munich on 29 September, 1938. Beneš was aware of the political tradition represented by Hitler, which threatened the welfare of his nation and the existence of the state. Beneš was tireless in warning politicians and diplomats of the danger that the Nazi policies presented, established by the peace treaties in Europe. The last sacrifice by the Czechs proved to be in vain when the international commission offered Hitler more territory than he had demanded in his Godesberg memorandum.
Peter Clarke
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198202196
- eISBN:
- 9780191675201
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202196.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Economic History
Who had converted whom was an open question. The Government's rejection of the Mosley memorandum was a political act of the first magnitude, bringing into play the ambitions and strategies of ...
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Who had converted whom was an open question. The Government's rejection of the Mosley memorandum was a political act of the first magnitude, bringing into play the ambitions and strategies of competing sections of the Labour leadership. Though Mosley himself generated intense hostility among his various opponents, the case he presented in his resignation speech received full and fair official scrutiny. Indeed, Mosley's appraisal of the poor prospects for a revival of the export trade evoked a surprisingly sympathetic response in a paper from the Board of Trade, which Hopkins duly relayed to the Chancellor of the Exchequer. The events of May showed that radical proposals on unemployment faced considerable obstacles and objections — economic, administrative, and political, as well as theoretical. If the Treasury View no longer stood as a conclusive reason against adopting a Keynesian policy, a persuasive case in favour had not displaced it.Less
Who had converted whom was an open question. The Government's rejection of the Mosley memorandum was a political act of the first magnitude, bringing into play the ambitions and strategies of competing sections of the Labour leadership. Though Mosley himself generated intense hostility among his various opponents, the case he presented in his resignation speech received full and fair official scrutiny. Indeed, Mosley's appraisal of the poor prospects for a revival of the export trade evoked a surprisingly sympathetic response in a paper from the Board of Trade, which Hopkins duly relayed to the Chancellor of the Exchequer. The events of May showed that radical proposals on unemployment faced considerable obstacles and objections — economic, administrative, and political, as well as theoretical. If the Treasury View no longer stood as a conclusive reason against adopting a Keynesian policy, a persuasive case in favour had not displaced it.
William St. Clair
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780192880536
- eISBN:
- 9780191670596
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192880536.003.0020
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The year 1815 marked not just the year of Waterloo for Lord Elgin, as his negotiations and careful planning appeared to be paying off. His campaign for establishing artistic excellence attributed to ...
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The year 1815 marked not just the year of Waterloo for Lord Elgin, as his negotiations and careful planning appeared to be paying off. His campaign for establishing artistic excellence attributed to his collection of marbles was going through several advances as the Payne Knight perspective was now on the defensive. The republication of the Memorandum restored the balance against his enemies' attacks. However, his enemies were able to fight back as Reverend R. Tweddell's Remains came out and it contained several accusations against the Earl of Elgin. It was alleged here that Lord Elgin took advantage of his involvement as Ambassador at Constantinople in order to steal a sizeable collection of journals and drawings that belonged to someone named John Tweddell.Less
The year 1815 marked not just the year of Waterloo for Lord Elgin, as his negotiations and careful planning appeared to be paying off. His campaign for establishing artistic excellence attributed to his collection of marbles was going through several advances as the Payne Knight perspective was now on the defensive. The republication of the Memorandum restored the balance against his enemies' attacks. However, his enemies were able to fight back as Reverend R. Tweddell's Remains came out and it contained several accusations against the Earl of Elgin. It was alleged here that Lord Elgin took advantage of his involvement as Ambassador at Constantinople in order to steal a sizeable collection of journals and drawings that belonged to someone named John Tweddell.
John Billheimer
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780813177427
- eISBN:
- 9780813177441
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813177427.003.0006
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This chapter describes the interactions between Hitchcock and David O. Selznick when the director came to America to work for Selznick International. The two men were a mismatched pair, Selznick ...
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This chapter describes the interactions between Hitchcock and David O. Selznick when the director came to America to work for Selznick International. The two men were a mismatched pair, Selznick flamboyant and Hitchcock withdrawn, but they were united in their love of movies. Hitchcock resented Selznick’s memo-writing interference and welcomed his loan-outs to other studios, but Selznick gave the director his ticket to America and the financial support and star access he needed to make first-rate films. Subsequent chapters examine the impacts of censorship on each of the ten films Hitchcock made while under contract to Selznick.Less
This chapter describes the interactions between Hitchcock and David O. Selznick when the director came to America to work for Selznick International. The two men were a mismatched pair, Selznick flamboyant and Hitchcock withdrawn, but they were united in their love of movies. Hitchcock resented Selznick’s memo-writing interference and welcomed his loan-outs to other studios, but Selznick gave the director his ticket to America and the financial support and star access he needed to make first-rate films. Subsequent chapters examine the impacts of censorship on each of the ten films Hitchcock made while under contract to Selznick.
