Joseph Ziegler
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207269
- eISBN:
- 9780191677595
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207269.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History, History of Religion
This chapter deals with the use of religious language in medical texts and with the use of medical language in religious texts. It asks whether the ...
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This chapter deals with the use of religious language in medical texts and with the use of medical language in religious texts. It asks whether the language Arnau employs in his spiritual writings suggests possible links with his medical background and tries to locate the points of convergence between two worlds. The discussion introduces a level of medical language, differentiated between high and low. A religious text described as high-level medical language includes medical terms and concepts which originate specifically in academic medical discourse, and displays knowledge that is particularly expressive of a medical background. A text that uses low-level medical language contains banal medical terms such as references to organs of the body, the senses, and diseases, or allusions to the humoral theory, terms which do not signify any specific medical knowledge and training and which could have originated in biblical, philosophical, or theological sources.Less
This chapter deals with the use of religious language in medical texts and with the use of medical language in religious texts. It asks whether the language Arnau employs in his spiritual writings suggests possible links with his medical background and tries to locate the points of convergence between two worlds. The discussion introduces a level of medical language, differentiated between high and low. A religious text described as high-level medical language includes medical terms and concepts which originate specifically in academic medical discourse, and displays knowledge that is particularly expressive of a medical background. A text that uses low-level medical language contains banal medical terms such as references to organs of the body, the senses, and diseases, or allusions to the humoral theory, terms which do not signify any specific medical knowledge and training and which could have originated in biblical, philosophical, or theological sources.
Fredrik Hagen
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265420
- eISBN:
- 9780191760471
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265420.003.0010
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter analyses the way in which Egyptian literary, scientific, and mortuary texts present their own origins, and how they seek to construct a (largely fictional) historical identity for ...
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This chapter analyses the way in which Egyptian literary, scientific, and mortuary texts present their own origins, and how they seek to construct a (largely fictional) historical identity for themselves. This identity is established by the use of a shared set of topoi, phraseology, narrative structures, and protagonists, including well-known historical characters like Hordedef, Khaemwaset, and Amenhotep Son of Hapu. By drawing on so-called ‘find-notes’ from the Book of the Dead Spells, as well as medical and mathematical texts, and by comparing them with the literary tradition as preserved in tales and wisdom instructions, the chapter maps the ways in which such identities are constructed, as well as the motives behind this practice.Less
This chapter analyses the way in which Egyptian literary, scientific, and mortuary texts present their own origins, and how they seek to construct a (largely fictional) historical identity for themselves. This identity is established by the use of a shared set of topoi, phraseology, narrative structures, and protagonists, including well-known historical characters like Hordedef, Khaemwaset, and Amenhotep Son of Hapu. By drawing on so-called ‘find-notes’ from the Book of the Dead Spells, as well as medical and mathematical texts, and by comparing them with the literary tradition as preserved in tales and wisdom instructions, the chapter maps the ways in which such identities are constructed, as well as the motives behind this practice.
Hannah Newton
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199650491
- eISBN:
- 9780191741647
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199650491.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The Introduction summarises the book’s main arguments, provides definitions of key terms, sets out the parameters of the study, and situates the research in its wider historiographical context. It ...
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The Introduction summarises the book’s main arguments, provides definitions of key terms, sets out the parameters of the study, and situates the research in its wider historiographical context. It also provides a substantial discussion of the book’s methodology, identifying the types of primary material used in the analysis, and the various limitations and challenges presented by these sources. These include the problems of deducing the child’s experience from the words of adults, the religious and socio-economic biases of the sources, and the complicating issues of censorship, literary convention, and reader reception.Less
The Introduction summarises the book’s main arguments, provides definitions of key terms, sets out the parameters of the study, and situates the research in its wider historiographical context. It also provides a substantial discussion of the book’s methodology, identifying the types of primary material used in the analysis, and the various limitations and challenges presented by these sources. These include the problems of deducing the child’s experience from the words of adults, the religious and socio-economic biases of the sources, and the complicating issues of censorship, literary convention, and reader reception.
Jean Baumgarten
Jerold C. Frakes (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199276332
- eISBN:
- 9780191699894
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199276332.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism, Religion and Literature
There are three topics that illustrate the relationship between Jewish texts and the lived history of the Jewish people. First, there are historical poems linked to the elegiac tradition of Hebrew ...
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There are three topics that illustrate the relationship between Jewish texts and the lived history of the Jewish people. First, there are historical poems linked to the elegiac tradition of Hebrew poetry, preserving the memory of the daily misfortunes of the Jewish quarter. Second, there are books of medicine (sifrey refuous) that illustrate how receptive the Jews were to the cultural traditions of the societies in which they lived. Third, there is the period of the festival of Purim, serving as an antidote to the tears and suffering of Jewish life and signaling the triumph of laughter and transgression, as well as the creation of a utopian society. The Purim plays, which form the beginnings of modern Jewish theatre, illuminate the peculiarly Ashkenazic role of dream and play in the culture.Less
There are three topics that illustrate the relationship between Jewish texts and the lived history of the Jewish people. First, there are historical poems linked to the elegiac tradition of Hebrew poetry, preserving the memory of the daily misfortunes of the Jewish quarter. Second, there are books of medicine (sifrey refuous) that illustrate how receptive the Jews were to the cultural traditions of the societies in which they lived. Third, there is the period of the festival of Purim, serving as an antidote to the tears and suffering of Jewish life and signaling the triumph of laughter and transgression, as well as the creation of a utopian society. The Purim plays, which form the beginnings of modern Jewish theatre, illuminate the peculiarly Ashkenazic role of dream and play in the culture.
G. E. R. Lloyd
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199289974
- eISBN:
- 9780191711008
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199289974.003.0017
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
This chapter focuses on 5th- and early 4th-century medical texts. The Hippocratic Corpus provides rich materials for the study of non-deductive inference — as also do the extant remains of ...
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This chapter focuses on 5th- and early 4th-century medical texts. The Hippocratic Corpus provides rich materials for the study of non-deductive inference — as also do the extant remains of Hellenistic medicine. The interest of this material lies partly in the obvious fact that the doctors were working under considerable pressure to arrive at judgements in cases where their patients' lives — as well as their own reputations — were at stake. The author puts himself as far as possible in their shoes to examine what they thought they could infer from the signs they cite, given how they understood disease. It is shown that there is a recurrent tension within the Hippocratic texts between the urge to generalize and the realization of its difficulty.Less
This chapter focuses on 5th- and early 4th-century medical texts. The Hippocratic Corpus provides rich materials for the study of non-deductive inference — as also do the extant remains of Hellenistic medicine. The interest of this material lies partly in the obvious fact that the doctors were working under considerable pressure to arrive at judgements in cases where their patients' lives — as well as their own reputations — were at stake. The author puts himself as far as possible in their shoes to examine what they thought they could infer from the signs they cite, given how they understood disease. It is shown that there is a recurrent tension within the Hippocratic texts between the urge to generalize and the realization of its difficulty.
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0072
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
Samuel Hahnemann (1755–1843) was from a poor family and had to translate English (and later French and Italian) medical and pharmaceutical texts to finance his studies. He uncovered a clue in British ...
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Samuel Hahnemann (1755–1843) was from a poor family and had to translate English (and later French and Italian) medical and pharmaceutical texts to finance his studies. He uncovered a clue in British author William Cullen's remark that cinchona bark was effective against malaria during one of his translations. He was not convinced with the William Cullen's reasoning and decided to experiment on himself. He recorded his observations and finally came to the conclusion that medication heals the same illness in the sick that it produces in the healthy. He saw that every plant had been given its own medication principle from its creator, which could not be removed from the plant in any way. This medication principle that lives in the plant like a spirit works on the life power that resides in the body like a spirit, in the stomach.Less
Samuel Hahnemann (1755–1843) was from a poor family and had to translate English (and later French and Italian) medical and pharmaceutical texts to finance his studies. He uncovered a clue in British author William Cullen's remark that cinchona bark was effective against malaria during one of his translations. He was not convinced with the William Cullen's reasoning and decided to experiment on himself. He recorded his observations and finally came to the conclusion that medication heals the same illness in the sick that it produces in the healthy. He saw that every plant had been given its own medication principle from its creator, which could not be removed from the plant in any way. This medication principle that lives in the plant like a spirit works on the life power that resides in the body like a spirit, in the stomach.
Martin Solly
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780748691692
- eISBN:
- 9781474418546
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748691692.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter looks at the language of medicine, at communication in the various spheres of healthcare, and more specifically at the use of language in these settings. The first part outlines the ...
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This chapter looks at the language of medicine, at communication in the various spheres of healthcare, and more specifically at the use of language in these settings. The first part outlines the current state of healthcare communication, highlighting some of its key features: the impact of the new technological affordances, the mobility of healthcare professionals, the tension between tradition and innovation, the issue of health literacy. Healthcare professionals are expert insiders and their language choice can depend on the different communicative situations and contexts. Moreover, there are different medical text types and different levels of discourse. The chapter then focuses on some more specific aspects of language choice and communication in healthcare, examining the stylistic features of a number of healthcare texts, such as patient information leaflets, and the importance of case studies in medical discourse. Finally, it presents an analysis of how opposition, for example the risk vs. protection antithesis, is used in international healthcare insurance discourse.Less
This chapter looks at the language of medicine, at communication in the various spheres of healthcare, and more specifically at the use of language in these settings. The first part outlines the current state of healthcare communication, highlighting some of its key features: the impact of the new technological affordances, the mobility of healthcare professionals, the tension between tradition and innovation, the issue of health literacy. Healthcare professionals are expert insiders and their language choice can depend on the different communicative situations and contexts. Moreover, there are different medical text types and different levels of discourse. The chapter then focuses on some more specific aspects of language choice and communication in healthcare, examining the stylistic features of a number of healthcare texts, such as patient information leaflets, and the importance of case studies in medical discourse. Finally, it presents an analysis of how opposition, for example the risk vs. protection antithesis, is used in international healthcare insurance discourse.
Gerard N. Burrow
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300092073
- eISBN:
- 9780300132885
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300092073.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Education
This chapter describes how the Yale College curriculum was designed primarily for the education of clergymen. During the first half-century of the college's existence, nearly one-fourth of Yale ...
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This chapter describes how the Yale College curriculum was designed primarily for the education of clergymen. During the first half-century of the college's existence, nearly one-fourth of Yale graduates were ordained as ministers. The curriculum provided a classical education, which was also necessary to read the medical texts written in Latin. Graduates of Yale College, however, had been involved in the practice of medicine long before the founding of the medical school. At least 224 Yale graduates, or about 10 percent of those awarded bachelor of arts degrees, practiced medicine during the eighteenth century. These rates are comparable to the proportion of Yale graduates practicing medicine in the nineteenth century and are not dissimilar to twentieth-century proportions.Less
This chapter describes how the Yale College curriculum was designed primarily for the education of clergymen. During the first half-century of the college's existence, nearly one-fourth of Yale graduates were ordained as ministers. The curriculum provided a classical education, which was also necessary to read the medical texts written in Latin. Graduates of Yale College, however, had been involved in the practice of medicine long before the founding of the medical school. At least 224 Yale graduates, or about 10 percent of those awarded bachelor of arts degrees, practiced medicine during the eighteenth century. These rates are comparable to the proportion of Yale graduates practicing medicine in the nineteenth century and are not dissimilar to twentieth-century proportions.
Curtis L. Meinert
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199742967
- eISBN:
- 9780199897278
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199742967.003.0021
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Public Health
Every trialist needs a library of standard textbooks. Clearly, this should include texts on the nuts and bolts of trials, texts on biostatistics, and texts devoted to the ethics of medical research. ...
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Every trialist needs a library of standard textbooks. Clearly, this should include texts on the nuts and bolts of trials, texts on biostatistics, and texts devoted to the ethics of medical research. This chapter presents a list of textbooks covering topics such as biostatistics, clinical trials, ethics, history, clinical research, data management, meta-analyses, and epidemiology. It also presents lists of dictionaries, manuals, encyclopedias, codes and guidelines, and other readings.Less
Every trialist needs a library of standard textbooks. Clearly, this should include texts on the nuts and bolts of trials, texts on biostatistics, and texts devoted to the ethics of medical research. This chapter presents a list of textbooks covering topics such as biostatistics, clinical trials, ethics, history, clinical research, data management, meta-analyses, and epidemiology. It also presents lists of dictionaries, manuals, encyclopedias, codes and guidelines, and other readings.
Peter Francis Kornicki
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198797821
- eISBN:
- 9780191839139
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198797821.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter follows on from Chapters 8 and 9, which were devoted to Buddhist and Confucian texts, and applies a similar analysis to a variety of other texts with a focus on those that were subjected ...
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This chapter follows on from Chapters 8 and 9, which were devoted to Buddhist and Confucian texts, and applies a similar analysis to a variety of other texts with a focus on those that were subjected to a process of vernacularization. The first genre discussed is that of primers, which initially existed solely to teach the young the elements of Sinitic. Second, medical texts are examined in some depth, for the botanic and linguistic diversity of East Asia necessitated the production of glossaries giving the local names for plants appearing in Chinese pharmacopoeia and later the development of local pharmacopoeia based on locally available plants. Third, conduct books for women are taken up, for the different expectations of women in East Asian societies made Chinese imports unsuitable. Subsequently, a Tang-dynasty manual of statecraft, a manual of forensic medicine, Chinese vernacular fiction, and books about the West are discussed.Less
This chapter follows on from Chapters 8 and 9, which were devoted to Buddhist and Confucian texts, and applies a similar analysis to a variety of other texts with a focus on those that were subjected to a process of vernacularization. The first genre discussed is that of primers, which initially existed solely to teach the young the elements of Sinitic. Second, medical texts are examined in some depth, for the botanic and linguistic diversity of East Asia necessitated the production of glossaries giving the local names for plants appearing in Chinese pharmacopoeia and later the development of local pharmacopoeia based on locally available plants. Third, conduct books for women are taken up, for the different expectations of women in East Asian societies made Chinese imports unsuitable. Subsequently, a Tang-dynasty manual of statecraft, a manual of forensic medicine, Chinese vernacular fiction, and books about the West are discussed.
Elizabeth Craik
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- November 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198810803
- eISBN:
- 9780191847912
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198810803.003.0009
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter considers the emergence of Hippocratic lexicography. The study of medical texts, and to a limited extent the study of medical vocabulary, has attracted much interest recently, and can be ...
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This chapter considers the emergence of Hippocratic lexicography. The study of medical texts, and to a limited extent the study of medical vocabulary, has attracted much interest recently, and can be viewed as an academic growth area. The proliferation of new subject areas—women’s studies, sociology, environmental issues, ethnography—which impinge on issues of human health and well-being has caused scholars to look anew at the rich source material to be found in medical writings. The situation has changed greatly since the first edition of the Lexicon in 1843 and even since the ninth in 1925–40: ancient medicine, once viewed as the esoteric pursuit of eccentrics or the province of retired physicians, has become a mainstream area of academic specialization. There is now a large and growing constituency of young, and not so young, scholars who need a lexicon to consult for aid in reading these unfamiliar and frequently difficult texts.Less
This chapter considers the emergence of Hippocratic lexicography. The study of medical texts, and to a limited extent the study of medical vocabulary, has attracted much interest recently, and can be viewed as an academic growth area. The proliferation of new subject areas—women’s studies, sociology, environmental issues, ethnography—which impinge on issues of human health and well-being has caused scholars to look anew at the rich source material to be found in medical writings. The situation has changed greatly since the first edition of the Lexicon in 1843 and even since the ninth in 1925–40: ancient medicine, once viewed as the esoteric pursuit of eccentrics or the province of retired physicians, has become a mainstream area of academic specialization. There is now a large and growing constituency of young, and not so young, scholars who need a lexicon to consult for aid in reading these unfamiliar and frequently difficult texts.
Michael Mason
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198122470
- eISBN:
- 9780191671425
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198122470.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
At a time when AIDS, abortion, and sexual abuse have become favourite topics of media and academic debate, it is no surprise that the Victorians, with their strong associations with prudery and ...
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At a time when AIDS, abortion, and sexual abuse have become favourite topics of media and academic debate, it is no surprise that the Victorians, with their strong associations with prudery and puritanism, are frequently held up as an example of a sexual culture far different from our own. Yet what did the Victorians really think about sex? What was the reality of their sexual behaviour, and what wider concepts—biological, political, religious—influenced their sexual moralism? This book directly confronts one of the most persistent clichés of modern times. Drawing on varied sources, from popular and professional medical and scientific texts to fiction, evangelical writing, and the work of radicals such as Godwin and Mill, the bok shows how much of our perception of 19th-century sexual culture is simply wrong. Far from being a license for prudery and hypocrisy, Victorian sexual moralism is shown to be in reality a code intelligently embraced by wealthy and poor alike as part of a humane and progressive vision of society's future. The ‘average’ Victorian man was not necessarily the church-going, tyrannical, secretly lecherous, bourgeois “paterfamilias” of modern-day legend, but often an agnostic, radical-minded, sexually continent citizen, with a deliberately restricted number of children. This book argues that there is much in Victorian sexual moralism to teach the complacently libertarian 20th century.Less
At a time when AIDS, abortion, and sexual abuse have become favourite topics of media and academic debate, it is no surprise that the Victorians, with their strong associations with prudery and puritanism, are frequently held up as an example of a sexual culture far different from our own. Yet what did the Victorians really think about sex? What was the reality of their sexual behaviour, and what wider concepts—biological, political, religious—influenced their sexual moralism? This book directly confronts one of the most persistent clichés of modern times. Drawing on varied sources, from popular and professional medical and scientific texts to fiction, evangelical writing, and the work of radicals such as Godwin and Mill, the bok shows how much of our perception of 19th-century sexual culture is simply wrong. Far from being a license for prudery and hypocrisy, Victorian sexual moralism is shown to be in reality a code intelligently embraced by wealthy and poor alike as part of a humane and progressive vision of society's future. The ‘average’ Victorian man was not necessarily the church-going, tyrannical, secretly lecherous, bourgeois “paterfamilias” of modern-day legend, but often an agnostic, radical-minded, sexually continent citizen, with a deliberately restricted number of children. This book argues that there is much in Victorian sexual moralism to teach the complacently libertarian 20th century.
Wendy Doniger
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199360079
- eISBN:
- 9780199377923
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199360079.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Hinduism
This chapter examines the concept of the human body in Hinduism by analyzing three Sanskrit texts: medical texts, The Laws of Manu, and the Puranas. It first considers the doctrine of the three ...
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This chapter examines the concept of the human body in Hinduism by analyzing three Sanskrit texts: medical texts, The Laws of Manu, and the Puranas. It first considers the doctrine of the three humors, tackled in Hindu medical texts such as the Charaka Samhita, and closely related to the Hindu belief that all matter, including the human body, is composed of the three elements of lucidity (sattva), energy (rajas), and torpor (tamas). It then looks at Manu’s attitudes toward the body, in particular offering a chilling image of it. The Puranas offer several explanations of conception and birth that are different from the ones discussed in Manu and the medical texts.Less
This chapter examines the concept of the human body in Hinduism by analyzing three Sanskrit texts: medical texts, The Laws of Manu, and the Puranas. It first considers the doctrine of the three humors, tackled in Hindu medical texts such as the Charaka Samhita, and closely related to the Hindu belief that all matter, including the human body, is composed of the three elements of lucidity (sattva), energy (rajas), and torpor (tamas). It then looks at Manu’s attitudes toward the body, in particular offering a chilling image of it. The Puranas offer several explanations of conception and birth that are different from the ones discussed in Manu and the medical texts.