Alison J. Harcourt
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199252091
- eISBN:
- 9780191599224
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199252092.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
One of the challenges of Europeanization as an innovative research agenda is the identification of mechanisms through which domestic public policy is Europeanized. In Chapter 2, Radaelli identified ...
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One of the challenges of Europeanization as an innovative research agenda is the identification of mechanisms through which domestic public policy is Europeanized. In Chapter 2, Radaelli identified two types of mechanisms, vertical (these include European Commission (EC) directives, European Court of Justice (ECJ) decisions, and EC competition decisions) and horizontal (suggestion of best practice through European level policy forums). This chapter elaborates on these mechanisms by considering the case of media market regulation in the European Union (EU), arguing that Europeanization of this policy area can be understood by looking at the interplay between the two mechanisms. An examination is made of vertical mechanisms in the section ‘The Impact of ECJ Decisions on National Regulation’, and of horizontal mechanisms in the section ‘Vertical Europeanization via EC Merger Policy’; together these sections provide an overview of ECJ and competition decisions. The section on ‘The Commission and New Modes of Governance’ overviews how policy ideas travel through European-level forums; last, the ‘Conclusion’ looks at how Europeanization has driven the convergence of national media policies.Less
One of the challenges of Europeanization as an innovative research agenda is the identification of mechanisms through which domestic public policy is Europeanized. In Chapter 2, Radaelli identified two types of mechanisms, vertical (these include European Commission (EC) directives, European Court of Justice (ECJ) decisions, and EC competition decisions) and horizontal (suggestion of best practice through European level policy forums). This chapter elaborates on these mechanisms by considering the case of media market regulation in the European Union (EU), arguing that Europeanization of this policy area can be understood by looking at the interplay between the two mechanisms. An examination is made of vertical mechanisms in the section ‘The Impact of ECJ Decisions on National Regulation’, and of horizontal mechanisms in the section ‘Vertical Europeanization via EC Merger Policy’; together these sections provide an overview of ECJ and competition decisions. The section on ‘The Commission and New Modes of Governance’ overviews how policy ideas travel through European-level forums; last, the ‘Conclusion’ looks at how Europeanization has driven the convergence of national media policies.
Jacob Rowbottom
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199548781
- eISBN:
- 9780191720673
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548781.003.0032
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter discusses the democratic justification for media freedom. The approach taken towards the media in relation to extreme speech is distinguished from that taken towards the individual. The ...
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This chapter discusses the democratic justification for media freedom. The approach taken towards the media in relation to extreme speech is distinguished from that taken towards the individual. The media may require some protection to pursue its watchdog function when reporting speech that is illegal when advocated by an individual. However, some restraints may be imposed on the media in relation to extreme speech that is legal when spoken by a citizen. This chapter has approached the issue from one particular angle: the justification of media freedom by reference to its democratic functions and how this may permit some regulations that enhance those goals.Less
This chapter discusses the democratic justification for media freedom. The approach taken towards the media in relation to extreme speech is distinguished from that taken towards the individual. The media may require some protection to pursue its watchdog function when reporting speech that is illegal when advocated by an individual. However, some restraints may be imposed on the media in relation to extreme speech that is legal when spoken by a citizen. This chapter has approached the issue from one particular angle: the justification of media freedom by reference to its democratic functions and how this may permit some regulations that enhance those goals.
Mike Feintuck and Mike Varney
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748621668
- eISBN:
- 9780748670987
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748621668.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
Regulation of the media has traditionally been premised upon claims of ‘the public interest’, yet the term itself remains contested and generally ill defined. In the context of technological ...
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Regulation of the media has traditionally been premised upon claims of ‘the public interest’, yet the term itself remains contested and generally ill defined. In the context of technological development and convergence, as well as corporate conglomeration, traditional ‘public service’ values in British broadcasting are challenged by market values. With such ongoing trends continuing apace, regulators must increasingly justify their interventions. The communication industries' commercialisation and privatisation pose a fundamental threat to democratic values. This book argues that regulators will only successfully protect such values if claims associated with ‘citizenship’ are recognised as the rationale and objective for the regulatory endeavour. While such themes are central to the book, this second edition has been substantially revised and updated to take account of matters such as European Directives, the UK's Communications Act 2003, the process of reviewing the BBC's Charter and relevant aspects of the reform of general competition law.Less
Regulation of the media has traditionally been premised upon claims of ‘the public interest’, yet the term itself remains contested and generally ill defined. In the context of technological development and convergence, as well as corporate conglomeration, traditional ‘public service’ values in British broadcasting are challenged by market values. With such ongoing trends continuing apace, regulators must increasingly justify their interventions. The communication industries' commercialisation and privatisation pose a fundamental threat to democratic values. This book argues that regulators will only successfully protect such values if claims associated with ‘citizenship’ are recognised as the rationale and objective for the regulatory endeavour. While such themes are central to the book, this second edition has been substantially revised and updated to take account of matters such as European Directives, the UK's Communications Act 2003, the process of reviewing the BBC's Charter and relevant aspects of the reform of general competition law.
Mike Feintuck and Mike Varney
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748621668
- eISBN:
- 9780748670987
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748621668.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This chapter seeks to identify a meaningful, overarching rationale for regulation of the media, to clarify — or replace — what has been the nearest thing as yet to serve as a guiding principle, the ...
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This chapter seeks to identify a meaningful, overarching rationale for regulation of the media, to clarify — or replace — what has been the nearest thing as yet to serve as a guiding principle, the concept of ‘the public interest’. It discusses competition law and the public interest in media regulation; the seductive charms of choice; resolving the tensions between competing rationales; citizenship as the public interest; the Communications Act 2003 and the ‘public interest’; and citizenship, the public interest, and the media.Less
This chapter seeks to identify a meaningful, overarching rationale for regulation of the media, to clarify — or replace — what has been the nearest thing as yet to serve as a guiding principle, the concept of ‘the public interest’. It discusses competition law and the public interest in media regulation; the seductive charms of choice; resolving the tensions between competing rationales; citizenship as the public interest; the Communications Act 2003 and the ‘public interest’; and citizenship, the public interest, and the media.
Mike Feintuck and Mike Varney
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748621668
- eISBN:
- 9780748670987
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748621668.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This chapter analyzes the framework of media regulation in the UK, which gives appropriate attention to the increasing significance of developments emanating from Europe. It discusses the nature of ...
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This chapter analyzes the framework of media regulation in the UK, which gives appropriate attention to the increasing significance of developments emanating from Europe. It discusses the nature of regulation; the agenda in the European Union; and regulation of the media in the nation state.Less
This chapter analyzes the framework of media regulation in the UK, which gives appropriate attention to the increasing significance of developments emanating from Europe. It discusses the nature of regulation; the agenda in the European Union; and regulation of the media in the nation state.
Mike Feintuck and Mike Varney
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748621668
- eISBN:
- 9780748670987
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748621668.003.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This chapter begins with a discussion of the development and influence of broadcast media. It then describes how three ongoing phenomena — technological convergence, globalisation, and horizontal and ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of the development and influence of broadcast media. It then describes how three ongoing phenomena — technological convergence, globalisation, and horizontal and vertical integration — form the vital context for discussion of media regulation in the modern era. It considers the power of the media and the significance of the claim of freedom of communication. Finally, the chapter introduces the vision of the legal and constitutional context for media regulation that informs much of the rest of this book.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of the development and influence of broadcast media. It then describes how three ongoing phenomena — technological convergence, globalisation, and horizontal and vertical integration — form the vital context for discussion of media regulation in the modern era. It considers the power of the media and the significance of the claim of freedom of communication. Finally, the chapter introduces the vision of the legal and constitutional context for media regulation that informs much of the rest of this book.
Mike Feintuck and Mike Varney
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748621668
- eISBN:
- 9780748670987
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748621668.003.0007
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This chapter argues that while the media cannot be insulated from technological and commercial change, with good management it should be possible to maintain, in a modernised and sustainable form, ...
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This chapter argues that while the media cannot be insulated from technological and commercial change, with good management it should be possible to maintain, in a modernised and sustainable form, those aspects of it that are most highly valued. The key task now facing would-be institutional architects is to design new institutional structures that hold back the tide in places and rise through the waves in others. The key to success in this respect is building upon foundations sufficiently deep and strong to support a structure in the turbulent waters above. In this context, it may be that the law and its constitutional basis in democracy offer a solid base upon which to build; it may be far from perfect, but may be the best available option, or indeed, in effect, ‘the only game in town’.Less
This chapter argues that while the media cannot be insulated from technological and commercial change, with good management it should be possible to maintain, in a modernised and sustainable form, those aspects of it that are most highly valued. The key task now facing would-be institutional architects is to design new institutional structures that hold back the tide in places and rise through the waves in others. The key to success in this respect is building upon foundations sufficiently deep and strong to support a structure in the turbulent waters above. In this context, it may be that the law and its constitutional basis in democracy offer a solid base upon which to build; it may be far from perfect, but may be the best available option, or indeed, in effect, ‘the only game in town’.
Eli M. Noam and The International Media Concentration Collaboration
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199987238
- eISBN:
- 9780190210182
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199987238.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics, Economic Sociology
Media concentration has been an issue around the world. To some observers the power of large corporations has never been higher. To others, the Internet has brought openness and diversity. What ...
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Media concentration has been an issue around the world. To some observers the power of large corporations has never been higher. To others, the Internet has brought openness and diversity. What perspective is correct? The answer has significant implications for politics, business, culture, regulation, and innovation. It addresses a highly contentious subject of public debate in many countries around the world. In this discussion, one side fears the emergence of media empires that can sway public opinion and endanger democracy. The other side believes the Internet has opened media to unprecedented diversity and worries about excessive regulation by government. Strong opinions and policy advocates abound on each side, yet a lack of quantitative research across time, media industries, and countries undermines these positions. This book moves beyond the rhetoric of free media and free markets to provide a dispassionate and data-driven analysis of global media ownership trends and their drivers. The book covers thirteen media industries, including television, newspapers, book publishing, film, search engines, ISPs, wireless telecommunication, and others across a 10- to 25-year period in thirty countries. After examining these countries, this book offers comparisons and analysis across industries, regions, companies, and development levels. It calculates overall national concentration trends beyond specific media industries, the market share of individual companies in the overall national media sector, and the size and trends of transnational companies in overall global media.Less
Media concentration has been an issue around the world. To some observers the power of large corporations has never been higher. To others, the Internet has brought openness and diversity. What perspective is correct? The answer has significant implications for politics, business, culture, regulation, and innovation. It addresses a highly contentious subject of public debate in many countries around the world. In this discussion, one side fears the emergence of media empires that can sway public opinion and endanger democracy. The other side believes the Internet has opened media to unprecedented diversity and worries about excessive regulation by government. Strong opinions and policy advocates abound on each side, yet a lack of quantitative research across time, media industries, and countries undermines these positions. This book moves beyond the rhetoric of free media and free markets to provide a dispassionate and data-driven analysis of global media ownership trends and their drivers. The book covers thirteen media industries, including television, newspapers, book publishing, film, search engines, ISPs, wireless telecommunication, and others across a 10- to 25-year period in thirty countries. After examining these countries, this book offers comparisons and analysis across industries, regions, companies, and development levels. It calculates overall national concentration trends beyond specific media industries, the market share of individual companies in the overall national media sector, and the size and trends of transnational companies in overall global media.
Mike Feintuck and Mike Varney
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748621668
- eISBN:
- 9780748670987
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748621668.003.0002
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This chapter considers principled arguments regarding the regulation of the media and justifications for regulation. It begins by looking into some practical realities associated with the future of ...
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This chapter considers principled arguments regarding the regulation of the media and justifications for regulation. It begins by looking into some practical realities associated with the future of the institution at the heart of the UK's public service broadcasting (PSB) tradition — the BBC. It discusses the BBC Charter Review, which may offer an insight into future policy on PSB. It draws some preliminary conclusions based on the four rationales for media regulation: effective communication, diversity, economy, and public service.Less
This chapter considers principled arguments regarding the regulation of the media and justifications for regulation. It begins by looking into some practical realities associated with the future of the institution at the heart of the UK's public service broadcasting (PSB) tradition — the BBC. It discusses the BBC Charter Review, which may offer an insight into future policy on PSB. It draws some preliminary conclusions based on the four rationales for media regulation: effective communication, diversity, economy, and public service.
Mike Feintuck and Mike Varney
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748621668
- eISBN:
- 9780748670987
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748621668.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This chapter offers a brief overview of the historical legal framework for regulation prior to the Communications Act 2003 before going on to identify the key reforms and to consider their impact on ...
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This chapter offers a brief overview of the historical legal framework for regulation prior to the Communications Act 2003 before going on to identify the key reforms and to consider their impact on power and accountability in the regulatory regime and some significant developments since. The emphasis is on regulatory design, the location of regulatory power, and accountability in its exercise. The overall objective is to consider whether the Communications Act 2003 in general represents any significant advance on what went before.Less
This chapter offers a brief overview of the historical legal framework for regulation prior to the Communications Act 2003 before going on to identify the key reforms and to consider their impact on power and accountability in the regulatory regime and some significant developments since. The emphasis is on regulatory design, the location of regulatory power, and accountability in its exercise. The overall objective is to consider whether the Communications Act 2003 in general represents any significant advance on what went before.
Kari Karppinen
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780823245123
- eISBN:
- 9780823268979
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823245123.003.0004
- Subject:
- Information Science, Communications
This chapter deals with some of the main lines of argument in the contemporary debates concerning pluralism and diversity. It begins by distinguishing between media pluralism and media diversity, the ...
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This chapter deals with some of the main lines of argument in the contemporary debates concerning pluralism and diversity. It begins by distinguishing between media pluralism and media diversity, the former being more commonly used in European debates and the latter in American debates. Pluralism is often discussed as a highly abstract value, but never really properly defined. The most established framework for an operational definition of media pluralism is based on a dichotomy between media structures and content. The chapter also talks about the main problems involved in media pluralism. These include arguments regarding the assumed relationships between its components, and debates that have been wrongly assigned as disputes over the extent of media system regulation.Less
This chapter deals with some of the main lines of argument in the contemporary debates concerning pluralism and diversity. It begins by distinguishing between media pluralism and media diversity, the former being more commonly used in European debates and the latter in American debates. Pluralism is often discussed as a highly abstract value, but never really properly defined. The most established framework for an operational definition of media pluralism is based on a dichotomy between media structures and content. The chapter also talks about the main problems involved in media pluralism. These include arguments regarding the assumed relationships between its components, and debates that have been wrongly assigned as disputes over the extent of media system regulation.
Mike Feintuck and Mike Varney
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748621668
- eISBN:
- 9780748670987
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748621668.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This chapter shifts the focus from predominantly structural regulation of media markets to the activities of the media, and those who regulate them, from the perspective of accountability. It ...
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This chapter shifts the focus from predominantly structural regulation of media markets to the activities of the media, and those who regulate them, from the perspective of accountability. It discusses aspects of accountability; formal power and informal influence; complaints and ‘standards’ in broadcasting; the Press Complaints Commission; and the Advertising Standards Authority.Less
This chapter shifts the focus from predominantly structural regulation of media markets to the activities of the media, and those who regulate them, from the perspective of accountability. It discusses aspects of accountability; formal power and informal influence; complaints and ‘standards’ in broadcasting; the Press Complaints Commission; and the Advertising Standards Authority.
Christopher Ali
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252040726
- eISBN:
- 9780252099168
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252040726.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
Local media is at a turning point. Legacy outlets – television and newspapers – are declining while emerging platforms are failing to take their place. When it comes to the policies and regulations ...
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Local media is at a turning point. Legacy outlets – television and newspapers – are declining while emerging platforms are failing to take their place. When it comes to the policies and regulations governing local television, regulators are struggling to address audience gravitation and fragmentation, the declining commercial viability of broadcasting, and the ongoing crisis of journalism. In an era of digital platforms such as YouTube and Facebook, regulators are also grappling with a question they had never anticipated: What does it mean to be local in the digital age? The lack of an answer has left them unsure of how to define a locality, what counts as local news, if the information needs of communities are being met, and the larger role of local media in a democracy. Through comparative analysis, Media Localism explains, assesses, and critiques these issues and asks how communication regulators in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom defined, mobilized and regulated “the local” in broadcasting from 2000 to 2012. Using critical theories of space and place, critical regionalism and critical political economy, and based on document analysis and interviews, Ali offers a fresh approach to localism in media policy. Through policy critique and intervention Ali argues that it is only through redefining the scope of localism that regulators can properly understand and encourage local media in the 21st century.Less
Local media is at a turning point. Legacy outlets – television and newspapers – are declining while emerging platforms are failing to take their place. When it comes to the policies and regulations governing local television, regulators are struggling to address audience gravitation and fragmentation, the declining commercial viability of broadcasting, and the ongoing crisis of journalism. In an era of digital platforms such as YouTube and Facebook, regulators are also grappling with a question they had never anticipated: What does it mean to be local in the digital age? The lack of an answer has left them unsure of how to define a locality, what counts as local news, if the information needs of communities are being met, and the larger role of local media in a democracy. Through comparative analysis, Media Localism explains, assesses, and critiques these issues and asks how communication regulators in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom defined, mobilized and regulated “the local” in broadcasting from 2000 to 2012. Using critical theories of space and place, critical regionalism and critical political economy, and based on document analysis and interviews, Ali offers a fresh approach to localism in media policy. Through policy critique and intervention Ali argues that it is only through redefining the scope of localism that regulators can properly understand and encourage local media in the 21st century.
Fernando Lattman-Weltman
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813060675
- eISBN:
- 9780813050942
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813060675.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
Since the arrival of the PT (the Workers’ Party) to central power in Brazil (2002), the issue of mass media regulation became a hot topic in the country's political debate, due to the historical ...
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Since the arrival of the PT (the Workers’ Party) to central power in Brazil (2002), the issue of mass media regulation became a hot topic in the country's political debate, due to the historical commitment of some of the party's sectors to a so-called agenda of media-democratization. This chapter addresses 1) the impasses of this agenda until now (as we are in the midst of a third PT presidential administration); and, 2) the media-democratization issue in itself, in particular its possible inherently self-deceptive nature.Less
Since the arrival of the PT (the Workers’ Party) to central power in Brazil (2002), the issue of mass media regulation became a hot topic in the country's political debate, due to the historical commitment of some of the party's sectors to a so-called agenda of media-democratization. This chapter addresses 1) the impasses of this agenda until now (as we are in the midst of a third PT presidential administration); and, 2) the media-democratization issue in itself, in particular its possible inherently self-deceptive nature.
James Meese
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262037440
- eISBN:
- 9780262344517
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262037440.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Technology and Society
How should we think about authorship, use and piracy in an era of media convergence? How does the growing focus on amateur creativity impact on existing legal and cultural understandings of around ...
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How should we think about authorship, use and piracy in an era of media convergence? How does the growing focus on amateur creativity impact on existing legal and cultural understandings of around creation? And why are the author, user and pirate so prominent in debates around copyright law? Authors, Users, Pirates: Copyright Law and Subjectivity presents a new way of thinking about these three central subjects of copyright. It outlines a relational approach to subjectivity, charting connections between the author, user and pirate through a series of historical and contemporary case studies, moving from early regulatory debates around radio spectrum and nineteenth century cases on book abridgments to the controversial reuse of Instagram photos and the emergence of multi-channel networks on YouTube. The book draws on legal scholarship, cultural theory and media studies research to provide a new way of thinking about subjectivity and copyright. It also offers insights into a range of critical issues that sit at the intersection of copyright law and digital media including online copyright infringement, amateur media production and the potential futures of creative industries.Less
How should we think about authorship, use and piracy in an era of media convergence? How does the growing focus on amateur creativity impact on existing legal and cultural understandings of around creation? And why are the author, user and pirate so prominent in debates around copyright law? Authors, Users, Pirates: Copyright Law and Subjectivity presents a new way of thinking about these three central subjects of copyright. It outlines a relational approach to subjectivity, charting connections between the author, user and pirate through a series of historical and contemporary case studies, moving from early regulatory debates around radio spectrum and nineteenth century cases on book abridgments to the controversial reuse of Instagram photos and the emergence of multi-channel networks on YouTube. The book draws on legal scholarship, cultural theory and media studies research to provide a new way of thinking about subjectivity and copyright. It also offers insights into a range of critical issues that sit at the intersection of copyright law and digital media including online copyright infringement, amateur media production and the potential futures of creative industries.
James Meese
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262037440
- eISBN:
- 9780262344517
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262037440.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Technology and Society
The second chapter focuses on the user and examines how this subject has become an increasingly prominent element of copyright law across the twentieth century. After introducing the basics (and ...
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The second chapter focuses on the user and examines how this subject has become an increasingly prominent element of copyright law across the twentieth century. After introducing the basics (and history) of fair dealing and fair use, the chapter discusses how people moved from creators to consumers due to regulatory frameworks and the technological limitations imposed on radio and television. I then turn to the late-twentieth century and consider the presence of a creative element in the discourse around users during the Web 2.0 moment and suggest that the on-going transitions between creative and consuming user can best be understood through a relational framework.Less
The second chapter focuses on the user and examines how this subject has become an increasingly prominent element of copyright law across the twentieth century. After introducing the basics (and history) of fair dealing and fair use, the chapter discusses how people moved from creators to consumers due to regulatory frameworks and the technological limitations imposed on radio and television. I then turn to the late-twentieth century and consider the presence of a creative element in the discourse around users during the Web 2.0 moment and suggest that the on-going transitions between creative and consuming user can best be understood through a relational framework.
Tessa Dwyer
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781474410946
- eISBN:
- 9781474434720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474410946.003.0005
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This chapter proceeds by detailing two important fields of subtitling and dubbing practice that involve deliberate mistranslation and/or misuse, where quality concerns are overshadowed by politics ...
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This chapter proceeds by detailing two important fields of subtitling and dubbing practice that involve deliberate mistranslation and/or misuse, where quality concerns are overshadowed by politics and policing. Censorship and piracy deploy subtitling and dubbing to radically different ends, intersecting with errant value politics in both unregulated and over-regulated contexts. Together, they indicate the excessive and far-reaching impact of errancy on everyday practices of screen translation. Focusing on pragmatic considerations, this chapter explores how censorship regularly infiltrates professional audiovisual translation operations, and how pirate subtitling and dubbing violates copyright laws, industry regulations and professional translation norms alike while drawing attention to non-Western and non-English speaking contexts as sites of geopolitical contestation. It concludes that screen translation practices associated with censorship and piracy are particularly prevalent within global media flows, as distribution, access and engagement become increasingly decentralised and/or communal.Less
This chapter proceeds by detailing two important fields of subtitling and dubbing practice that involve deliberate mistranslation and/or misuse, where quality concerns are overshadowed by politics and policing. Censorship and piracy deploy subtitling and dubbing to radically different ends, intersecting with errant value politics in both unregulated and over-regulated contexts. Together, they indicate the excessive and far-reaching impact of errancy on everyday practices of screen translation. Focusing on pragmatic considerations, this chapter explores how censorship regularly infiltrates professional audiovisual translation operations, and how pirate subtitling and dubbing violates copyright laws, industry regulations and professional translation norms alike while drawing attention to non-Western and non-English speaking contexts as sites of geopolitical contestation. It concludes that screen translation practices associated with censorship and piracy are particularly prevalent within global media flows, as distribution, access and engagement become increasingly decentralised and/or communal.
Fernando Lattman-Weltman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781447306849
- eISBN:
- 9781447310976
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447306849.003.0013
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter identifies the key factors affecting how policies are received and analysed by the media. When the media are considered as a polyarchic institution, the balance of forces in the policy ...
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This chapter identifies the key factors affecting how policies are received and analysed by the media. When the media are considered as a polyarchic institution, the balance of forces in the policy debate can be seen to raise or lower competitors’ transactional costs. The media act fundamentally by agenda-setting, framing issues by selecting the news and how it will be broadcast and by the panoptic effects of exposing people's vulnerabilities. He notes how the rise of the workers’ party (Partido dos Trabalhadores, PT) to government in 2002 kindled debate over review of existing communications sector regulations and introduction of a regulatory agency, both fiercely rejected by the major media, culminating in the government's abandoning its regulatory initiatives.Less
This chapter identifies the key factors affecting how policies are received and analysed by the media. When the media are considered as a polyarchic institution, the balance of forces in the policy debate can be seen to raise or lower competitors’ transactional costs. The media act fundamentally by agenda-setting, framing issues by selecting the news and how it will be broadcast and by the panoptic effects of exposing people's vulnerabilities. He notes how the rise of the workers’ party (Partido dos Trabalhadores, PT) to government in 2002 kindled debate over review of existing communications sector regulations and introduction of a regulatory agency, both fiercely rejected by the major media, culminating in the government's abandoning its regulatory initiatives.
