Andrew Sanders
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198183549
- eISBN:
- 9780191674068
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198183549.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
This book considers the extent to which Dickens and his work reflects the vibrant novelty of the middle third of the 19th century, an age in which the modern world was shaped and determined. It looks ...
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This book considers the extent to which Dickens and his work reflects the vibrant novelty of the middle third of the 19th century, an age in which the modern world was shaped and determined. It looks at the culture from which Dickens sprang — a mechanized and increasingly urbanized culture — and it sees his rootlessness and restlessness as symptomatic of what was essentially new: the period's political and technological enterprise; its urbanization; its new definitions of social class and social mobility; and, finally, its dynamic sense of distinction from the preceding age. Although his fiction was rooted in traditions established and evolved in the 18th century, Dickens was uniquely equipped to remould the English novel into a new and flexible fictional form, as a direct response to the social, urban, and political challenges of his time.Less
This book considers the extent to which Dickens and his work reflects the vibrant novelty of the middle third of the 19th century, an age in which the modern world was shaped and determined. It looks at the culture from which Dickens sprang — a mechanized and increasingly urbanized culture — and it sees his rootlessness and restlessness as symptomatic of what was essentially new: the period's political and technological enterprise; its urbanization; its new definitions of social class and social mobility; and, finally, its dynamic sense of distinction from the preceding age. Although his fiction was rooted in traditions established and evolved in the 18th century, Dickens was uniquely equipped to remould the English novel into a new and flexible fictional form, as a direct response to the social, urban, and political challenges of his time.
Azar Gat
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207153
- eISBN:
- 9780191677519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207153.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History, History of Ideas
The mechanization of warfare emerged along with the developments of the age and along with the emergence of modernist notions and visions spurred by the celebration of machine and the proto-fascist ...
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The mechanization of warfare emerged along with the developments of the age and along with the emergence of modernist notions and visions spurred by the celebration of machine and the proto-fascist and fascist outlook. This chapter suggest a close affinity that had existed between the radical warfare and the cultural and intellectual currents of proto-fascism and fascism ideology or outlook. Fascism emerged along with industrialization, urbanization, and the growth of the mass society. Its emergence was a result of a rebellion against the dominating bourgeois culture which is dominated by materialism, commercialism, alienating individualism, and the liberal-humanitarian values. Fascism aimed to overcome parliamentarism, capitalism, and socialism through the application of communal solutions which create a unifying effect among the populace. For the proponents of fascism, fascism was the order of the future, superseding the obsolete parliamentary democracy in the new age of modern and industrial mass society. They believed that they would create a fully organized and efficient society, rule by a meritocratic, managerial government of experts. These modernist outlook and the aspects of proto-fascism and fascism are examined in this chapter.Less
The mechanization of warfare emerged along with the developments of the age and along with the emergence of modernist notions and visions spurred by the celebration of machine and the proto-fascist and fascist outlook. This chapter suggest a close affinity that had existed between the radical warfare and the cultural and intellectual currents of proto-fascism and fascism ideology or outlook. Fascism emerged along with industrialization, urbanization, and the growth of the mass society. Its emergence was a result of a rebellion against the dominating bourgeois culture which is dominated by materialism, commercialism, alienating individualism, and the liberal-humanitarian values. Fascism aimed to overcome parliamentarism, capitalism, and socialism through the application of communal solutions which create a unifying effect among the populace. For the proponents of fascism, fascism was the order of the future, superseding the obsolete parliamentary democracy in the new age of modern and industrial mass society. They believed that they would create a fully organized and efficient society, rule by a meritocratic, managerial government of experts. These modernist outlook and the aspects of proto-fascism and fascism are examined in this chapter.
Matthew S. Seligmann
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199261505
- eISBN:
- 9780191718618
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261505.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter examines the intelligence information supplied by the service attachés on technical military and naval matters. It demonstrates that a great deal of useful and accurate information was ...
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This chapter examines the intelligence information supplied by the service attachés on technical military and naval matters. It demonstrates that a great deal of useful and accurate information was supplied on topics as diverse as motor vehicles, aircraft, airships, submarines and destroyers. In the process, the authorities in London were alerted to the excellent work on aviation being carried out in Germany by both Count Zeppelin and Anton Fokker; they were also informed about the early attempts to mechanize aspects of the German army's supply chain; and they were given advanced warning about the threat posed by German submarines (U-boats) to naval surface vessels. In addition, the attachés sent back numerous reports about the excellence of German military and naval personnel and about the qualities of the officers and commanders.Less
This chapter examines the intelligence information supplied by the service attachés on technical military and naval matters. It demonstrates that a great deal of useful and accurate information was supplied on topics as diverse as motor vehicles, aircraft, airships, submarines and destroyers. In the process, the authorities in London were alerted to the excellent work on aviation being carried out in Germany by both Count Zeppelin and Anton Fokker; they were also informed about the early attempts to mechanize aspects of the German army's supply chain; and they were given advanced warning about the threat posed by German submarines (U-boats) to naval surface vessels. In addition, the attachés sent back numerous reports about the excellence of German military and naval personnel and about the qualities of the officers and commanders.
Melissa Walker
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813124094
- eISBN:
- 9780813134789
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813124094.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
The industrial expansion of the twentieth century brought with it a profound shift away from traditional agricultural modes and practices in the American South. The forces of economic ...
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The industrial expansion of the twentieth century brought with it a profound shift away from traditional agricultural modes and practices in the American South. The forces of economic modernity—specialization, mechanization, and improved efficiency—swept through southern farm communities, leaving significant upheaval in their wake. In an attempt to comprehend the complexities of the present and prepare for the uncertainties of the future, many southern farmers searched for order and meaning in their memories of the past. This book explores the ways in which a diverse array of farmers remember and recount the past. The book tells the story of the modernization of the South in the voices of those most affected by the decline of traditional ways of life and work. The book analyzes the recurring patterns in their narratives of change and loss, filling in gaps left by more conventional political and economic histories of southern agriculture. The book also highlights the tensions inherent in the relationship between history and memory. The book employs the concept of “communities of memory” to describe the shared sense of the past among southern farmers. History and memory converge and shape one another in communities of memory through an ongoing process in which shared meanings emerge through an elaborate alchemy of recollection and interpretation.Less
The industrial expansion of the twentieth century brought with it a profound shift away from traditional agricultural modes and practices in the American South. The forces of economic modernity—specialization, mechanization, and improved efficiency—swept through southern farm communities, leaving significant upheaval in their wake. In an attempt to comprehend the complexities of the present and prepare for the uncertainties of the future, many southern farmers searched for order and meaning in their memories of the past. This book explores the ways in which a diverse array of farmers remember and recount the past. The book tells the story of the modernization of the South in the voices of those most affected by the decline of traditional ways of life and work. The book analyzes the recurring patterns in their narratives of change and loss, filling in gaps left by more conventional political and economic histories of southern agriculture. The book also highlights the tensions inherent in the relationship between history and memory. The book employs the concept of “communities of memory” to describe the shared sense of the past among southern farmers. History and memory converge and shape one another in communities of memory through an ongoing process in which shared meanings emerge through an elaborate alchemy of recollection and interpretation.
Adrian Randall
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199259908
- eISBN:
- 9780191717444
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199259908.003.0000
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Social History
This chapter looks at the ways in which machinery began to transform economic relations in the textile industries in England during the 18th century, generating major problems of disorder and posing ...
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This chapter looks at the ways in which machinery began to transform economic relations in the textile industries in England during the 18th century, generating major problems of disorder and posing serious questions for the old regulatory model of governance. The responses to the early mechanization of textile production demonstrated the limitations of resisting labour-saving machinery. The vigorous pre-emptive actions employed by workers reflected an entirely sensible assessment that customary work practices might only be sustained by preventing the innovation in question becoming established. Workers resorted to propaganda, in which the interests of the innovators were presented as selfish and narrow while those of the workers were shown as being those of the wider community.Less
This chapter looks at the ways in which machinery began to transform economic relations in the textile industries in England during the 18th century, generating major problems of disorder and posing serious questions for the old regulatory model of governance. The responses to the early mechanization of textile production demonstrated the limitations of resisting labour-saving machinery. The vigorous pre-emptive actions employed by workers reflected an entirely sensible assessment that customary work practices might only be sustained by preventing the innovation in question becoming established. Workers resorted to propaganda, in which the interests of the innovators were presented as selfish and narrow while those of the workers were shown as being those of the wider community.
Alan F. Wilt
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198208716
- eISBN:
- 9780191717024
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208716.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter discusses food in wartime from 1939 to 1940. It investigates how well the government's plans in food and agriculture worked out during this period. It also looks at what the government ...
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This chapter discusses food in wartime from 1939 to 1940. It investigates how well the government's plans in food and agriculture worked out during this period. It also looks at what the government did during the first eleven months of the conflict, for between September 1939 and early August 1940 the machinery for feeding the nation was put in place and had assumed a definite sense of direction. The chapter further assesses how well the government succeeded by describing first how the food and agriculture sectors organised themselves and how they handled the question of prices. The agriculture-related measures — the ploughing up campaign, the labour issue, and farm mechanization — are also discussed. Also shown are the aspects of food control: imports, distribution and storage, food supply, evacuations, the armed forces, and rationing.Less
This chapter discusses food in wartime from 1939 to 1940. It investigates how well the government's plans in food and agriculture worked out during this period. It also looks at what the government did during the first eleven months of the conflict, for between September 1939 and early August 1940 the machinery for feeding the nation was put in place and had assumed a definite sense of direction. The chapter further assesses how well the government succeeded by describing first how the food and agriculture sectors organised themselves and how they handled the question of prices. The agriculture-related measures — the ploughing up campaign, the labour issue, and farm mechanization — are also discussed. Also shown are the aspects of food control: imports, distribution and storage, food supply, evacuations, the armed forces, and rationing.
Vaclav Smil
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195168747
- eISBN:
- 9780199835522
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195168747.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Pre-WWI technical advances have created economies and societies whose abundance of material possessions, rates of energy consumption, and overall tempo of life were entirely unprecedented. Both the ...
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Pre-WWI technical advances have created economies and societies whose abundance of material possessions, rates of energy consumption, and overall tempo of life were entirely unprecedented. Both the fundamental infrastructures of modern life and countless everyday actions rest on enduring artifacts and ubiquitous innovations of the Age of Synergy. Mechanization of virtually all productive tasks led to mass production and both were made possible by steadily rising combustion of fossil fuels and generation of electricity. They brought new economic arrangements (including powerful multinational companies) as well as new forms of leisure.Less
Pre-WWI technical advances have created economies and societies whose abundance of material possessions, rates of energy consumption, and overall tempo of life were entirely unprecedented. Both the fundamental infrastructures of modern life and countless everyday actions rest on enduring artifacts and ubiquitous innovations of the Age of Synergy. Mechanization of virtually all productive tasks led to mass production and both were made possible by steadily rising combustion of fossil fuels and generation of electricity. They brought new economic arrangements (including powerful multinational companies) as well as new forms of leisure.
George F. Hofmann
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813124032
- eISBN:
- 9780813134819
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813124032.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This introductory chapter explains the coverage of the book, which is about the history of the mechanization of the U.S. Army horse cavalry during the first half of the twentieth century. The book ...
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This introductory chapter explains the coverage of the book, which is about the history of the mechanization of the U.S. Army horse cavalry during the first half of the twentieth century. The book examines the changes in the cavalry doctrine during this period, the untold story of the first mechanized cavalry theorist Frank Parker, and the Army Organization Act which merged the cavalry with the armor branch. It also highlights of the role of Fort Knox in Kentucky, where new ideas had germinated at times and been discussed with German staff officers who visited the base in the 1930s.Less
This introductory chapter explains the coverage of the book, which is about the history of the mechanization of the U.S. Army horse cavalry during the first half of the twentieth century. The book examines the changes in the cavalry doctrine during this period, the untold story of the first mechanized cavalry theorist Frank Parker, and the Army Organization Act which merged the cavalry with the armor branch. It also highlights of the role of Fort Knox in Kentucky, where new ideas had germinated at times and been discussed with German staff officers who visited the base in the 1930s.
Chris Bramall
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296973
- eISBN:
- 9780191596018
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296975.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, South and East Asia
The share of investment rose after 1978 to a figure not seen since the heady days of the Great Leap Forward. There is no doubt that this higher rate of accumulation helped accelerate the growth rate ...
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The share of investment rose after 1978 to a figure not seen since the heady days of the Great Leap Forward. There is no doubt that this higher rate of accumulation helped accelerate the growth rate (especially that of rural industry) but, as this chapter shows, it is hard to argue that investment was the prime mover. The investment rate was already very high at the close of the Maoist era and its increase thereafter was quantitative rather than qualitative. Furthermore, investment was not directed as well as it might have been. Transport infrastructure, education, and irrigation were all neglected, and this meant that growth was slower than it might otherwise have been.Less
The share of investment rose after 1978 to a figure not seen since the heady days of the Great Leap Forward. There is no doubt that this higher rate of accumulation helped accelerate the growth rate (especially that of rural industry) but, as this chapter shows, it is hard to argue that investment was the prime mover. The investment rate was already very high at the close of the Maoist era and its increase thereafter was quantitative rather than qualitative. Furthermore, investment was not directed as well as it might have been. Transport infrastructure, education, and irrigation were all neglected, and this meant that growth was slower than it might otherwise have been.
Chris Freeman and Francisco Louçã
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199251056
- eISBN:
- 9780191596278
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199251053.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
The available statistics show that there was a sharp acceleration of the growth of British industrial output, investment, and trade in the last few decades of the eighteenth century, justifying the ...
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The available statistics show that there was a sharp acceleration of the growth of British industrial output, investment, and trade in the last few decades of the eighteenth century, justifying the general use of the expression ‘Industrial Revolution’ and refuting the efforts of a few historians to deny its very occurrence.In particular, the extraordinarily rapid growth of output and exports of the cotton industry was widely remarked upon both at the time and ever since, and was generally and plausibly attributed to a series of inventions and innovations, which increased productivity per hour of work by more than an order of magnitude and made possible rapidly descending costs and prices.Only a little less rapid was the growth of the British iron industry, its rate of technical change, and its widening range of applications throughout the economy.These exceptionally dynamic industries made an outstanding contribution to the growth of the economy as a whole based on water‐powered mechanization and a new transport infrastructure of canals, rivers, and roads.Finally, British leadership in the Industrial Revolution must be attributed not only to these changes in technology and in the economy but also to the confluence and congruence of these changes with developments in the political and cultural subsystems particularly favourable to science, technology, and entrepreneurship.Less
The available statistics show that there was a sharp acceleration of the growth of British industrial output, investment, and trade in the last few decades of the eighteenth century, justifying the general use of the expression ‘Industrial Revolution’ and refuting the efforts of a few historians to deny its very occurrence.
In particular, the extraordinarily rapid growth of output and exports of the cotton industry was widely remarked upon both at the time and ever since, and was generally and plausibly attributed to a series of inventions and innovations, which increased productivity per hour of work by more than an order of magnitude and made possible rapidly descending costs and prices.
Only a little less rapid was the growth of the British iron industry, its rate of technical change, and its widening range of applications throughout the economy.
These exceptionally dynamic industries made an outstanding contribution to the growth of the economy as a whole based on water‐powered mechanization and a new transport infrastructure of canals, rivers, and roads.
Finally, British leadership in the Industrial Revolution must be attributed not only to these changes in technology and in the economy but also to the confluence and congruence of these changes with developments in the political and cultural subsystems particularly favourable to science, technology, and entrepreneurship.
Fernihough Anne
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198112358
- eISBN:
- 9780191670770
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198112358.003.0009
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
The opening of Sons and Lovers connects the railway track and the discursive sentence. For D. H. Lawrence, it is a very literal connection. Lawrence saw his culture to be dominated by what he called ...
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The opening of Sons and Lovers connects the railway track and the discursive sentence. For D. H. Lawrence, it is a very literal connection. Lawrence saw his culture to be dominated by what he called ‘the Logos’, and directed much of his criticism against a mimetic or logocentric model of language premissed on a form/content split. It is this supposition of a form/content split in language that makes possible scientific discourse, and, by extension, scientific method, technology. A connection between logocentrism and violence is drawn out in Studies in Classic American Literature (1923). Here, what Lawrence sees as the Americans' tendency towards an intellectual violation of Nature is closely bound up with their physical rape of Nature, through mechanization and industrialization. This chapter deals with the philosophy of Lawrence and Martin Heidegger regarding objectivity.Less
The opening of Sons and Lovers connects the railway track and the discursive sentence. For D. H. Lawrence, it is a very literal connection. Lawrence saw his culture to be dominated by what he called ‘the Logos’, and directed much of his criticism against a mimetic or logocentric model of language premissed on a form/content split. It is this supposition of a form/content split in language that makes possible scientific discourse, and, by extension, scientific method, technology. A connection between logocentrism and violence is drawn out in Studies in Classic American Literature (1923). Here, what Lawrence sees as the Americans' tendency towards an intellectual violation of Nature is closely bound up with their physical rape of Nature, through mechanization and industrialization. This chapter deals with the philosophy of Lawrence and Martin Heidegger regarding objectivity.
Howard Cox
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198292210
- eISBN:
- 9780191684890
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292210.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History, International Business
During the 1880s, the tobacco manufacturing industries of Britain and America were revolutionized by the introduction of mechanized cigarette production. The ...
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During the 1880s, the tobacco manufacturing industries of Britain and America were revolutionized by the introduction of mechanized cigarette production. The development of this novel, image-laden product constituted a triumph for the methods of mass production and mass distribution in this most traditional of consumer goods industries. This book charts the way in which these innovations in manufacturing and marketing methods led to the formation in 1902 of the British American Tobacco Co. as an Anglo-American multinational joint venture designed to promote cigarettes in international markets. Based on archive materials from a wide variety of sources, including the company's own internal records, this book provides the first authoritative account of BAT's evolution and growth up until the Second World War. In particular, it shows the way in which the company developed a vast array of international operating subsidiaries, explores how it managed these enterprises in different political and cultural contexts — notably in China and India — and analyses the way in which the company, as a mature multinational enterprise, coped with the severe international economic dislocations of the 1930s. In the era of globalization, this account of the operational and organizational arrangements of a prefigurative ‘global’ company will shed light on current debates on alliances, joint ventures, and international business.Less
During the 1880s, the tobacco manufacturing industries of Britain and America were revolutionized by the introduction of mechanized cigarette production. The development of this novel, image-laden product constituted a triumph for the methods of mass production and mass distribution in this most traditional of consumer goods industries. This book charts the way in which these innovations in manufacturing and marketing methods led to the formation in 1902 of the British American Tobacco Co. as an Anglo-American multinational joint venture designed to promote cigarettes in international markets. Based on archive materials from a wide variety of sources, including the company's own internal records, this book provides the first authoritative account of BAT's evolution and growth up until the Second World War. In particular, it shows the way in which the company developed a vast array of international operating subsidiaries, explores how it managed these enterprises in different political and cultural contexts — notably in China and India — and analyses the way in which the company, as a mature multinational enterprise, coped with the severe international economic dislocations of the 1930s. In the era of globalization, this account of the operational and organizational arrangements of a prefigurative ‘global’ company will shed light on current debates on alliances, joint ventures, and international business.
Karl Raitz
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780813178752
- eISBN:
- 9780813178769
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813178752.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
Kentucky distillers have produced bourbon and rye whiskeys for more than two centuries. Part I of this book examines the complexities associated with nineteenth-century distilling’s evolution from an ...
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Kentucky distillers have produced bourbon and rye whiskeys for more than two centuries. Part I of this book examines the complexities associated with nineteenth-century distilling’s evolution from an artisanal craft practiced by farmers and millers to a large-scale mechanized industry that adopted increasingly refined production techniques. The change from waterpower to steam engines permitted the relocation of distilleries away from traditional sites along creeks or at large springs. Commercial-scale distilling was accompanied by increasing government taxes and oversight controls. Mechanized distilleries readily expanded production and increased their demand for labor, grains, cooperage, copper stills, and other metal fixtures. Improved transportation—turnpikes, steamboats, trains, and dams and locks—allowed distillers to extend their reach for grains and equipment while distributing their product to national and international markets. Industrial production produced large amounts of spent grains, or slop, which had to be disposed of by feeding it to livestock or dumping it in sinkholes and creeks. Industrialization also increased the risk of fire, explosions, personal injury, and livestock diseases. Overproduction during the last third of the nineteenth century, among other problems, forced many distilleries to stop production or close. The temperance movement eventually led to Prohibition, which was in effect nationwide from 1920 to 1933. A small number of distillers survived that period by making medicinal whiskey. Part II consists of two case studies that provide detailed information on the general process of mechanization and industrialization: the Henry McKenna Distillery in Nelson County, and James Stone’s Elkhorn Distillery in Scott County. Part III examines the process of claiming product identity through naming, copyright law, and the acknowledgment that tradition and heritage can be employed by contemporary distillers to market their whiskey. Distillers venerate the “old,” and reconstructing the past as a marketing strategy has demonstrated that the industry’s heritage resides on the landscape—much of it established in the nineteenth century in the form of historic buildings, traditional routes, distillery towns, and other features that can be conserved through historic preservation and utilized by contemporary whiskey makers.Less
Kentucky distillers have produced bourbon and rye whiskeys for more than two centuries. Part I of this book examines the complexities associated with nineteenth-century distilling’s evolution from an artisanal craft practiced by farmers and millers to a large-scale mechanized industry that adopted increasingly refined production techniques. The change from waterpower to steam engines permitted the relocation of distilleries away from traditional sites along creeks or at large springs. Commercial-scale distilling was accompanied by increasing government taxes and oversight controls. Mechanized distilleries readily expanded production and increased their demand for labor, grains, cooperage, copper stills, and other metal fixtures. Improved transportation—turnpikes, steamboats, trains, and dams and locks—allowed distillers to extend their reach for grains and equipment while distributing their product to national and international markets. Industrial production produced large amounts of spent grains, or slop, which had to be disposed of by feeding it to livestock or dumping it in sinkholes and creeks. Industrialization also increased the risk of fire, explosions, personal injury, and livestock diseases. Overproduction during the last third of the nineteenth century, among other problems, forced many distilleries to stop production or close. The temperance movement eventually led to Prohibition, which was in effect nationwide from 1920 to 1933. A small number of distillers survived that period by making medicinal whiskey. Part II consists of two case studies that provide detailed information on the general process of mechanization and industrialization: the Henry McKenna Distillery in Nelson County, and James Stone’s Elkhorn Distillery in Scott County. Part III examines the process of claiming product identity through naming, copyright law, and the acknowledgment that tradition and heritage can be employed by contemporary distillers to market their whiskey. Distillers venerate the “old,” and reconstructing the past as a marketing strategy has demonstrated that the industry’s heritage resides on the landscape—much of it established in the nineteenth century in the form of historic buildings, traditional routes, distillery towns, and other features that can be conserved through historic preservation and utilized by contemporary whiskey makers.
JEREMY ADELMAN
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204411
- eISBN:
- 9780191676253
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204411.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
In the late 19th century Argentina and Canada were land-rich and labour-poor economies. Production was organized to use abundant land extensively and scarce labour intensively. Without new tools that ...
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In the late 19th century Argentina and Canada were land-rich and labour-poor economies. Production was organized to use abundant land extensively and scarce labour intensively. Without new tools that allowed rural workers to cultivate more land, staple economies could not take advantage of their reserves of cheap land. Machinery was as instrumental in expansion as land reserves and labour migration. This chapter explores the diffusion of new mechanical devices facilitating the expansion of the wheat frontier. The pattern of mechanization on the pampas and the prairies exemplified two paths of frontier development. Distinct sets of property relations led to particular evolutions in the factor markets. Factor markets in turn conditioned the pace and direction of mechanization.Less
In the late 19th century Argentina and Canada were land-rich and labour-poor economies. Production was organized to use abundant land extensively and scarce labour intensively. Without new tools that allowed rural workers to cultivate more land, staple economies could not take advantage of their reserves of cheap land. Machinery was as instrumental in expansion as land reserves and labour migration. This chapter explores the diffusion of new mechanical devices facilitating the expansion of the wheat frontier. The pattern of mechanization on the pampas and the prairies exemplified two paths of frontier development. Distinct sets of property relations led to particular evolutions in the factor markets. Factor markets in turn conditioned the pace and direction of mechanization.
Roderick Floud
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780192892102
- eISBN:
- 9780191670602
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192892102.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Economic History
This chapter examines changes in agriculture from 1830–1914. During this period, British agriculture came to work within an entirely new economic environment and, to achieve this, British landowners, ...
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This chapter examines changes in agriculture from 1830–1914. During this period, British agriculture came to work within an entirely new economic environment and, to achieve this, British landowners, farmers and workers demonstrated great adaptability. As incomes rose, consumers demanded both more and better food. In some cases, the main impact on the consumer was through price. A number of farming operations were also mechanized before 1914.Less
This chapter examines changes in agriculture from 1830–1914. During this period, British agriculture came to work within an entirely new economic environment and, to achieve this, British landowners, farmers and workers demonstrated great adaptability. As incomes rose, consumers demanded both more and better food. In some cases, the main impact on the consumer was through price. A number of farming operations were also mechanized before 1914.
Charles R. Shrader
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813165752
- eISBN:
- 9780813165950
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813165752.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, Military History
In Chapter 11, the author describes the third logistical campaign of the First Indochina War, which encompassed the battles for control of the lines of communication, particularly in Tonkin (fall ...
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In Chapter 11, the author describes the third logistical campaign of the First Indochina War, which encompassed the battles for control of the lines of communication, particularly in Tonkin (fall 1952-May 1954) and the Viet Minh invasion of Laos (April 1953). Also discussed in this chapter are French convoy operations by land and water, traffic regulation, and efforts to interdict Viet Minh movements by French air and ground forces and the countermeasures employed by the Viet Minh.Less
In Chapter 11, the author describes the third logistical campaign of the First Indochina War, which encompassed the battles for control of the lines of communication, particularly in Tonkin (fall 1952-May 1954) and the Viet Minh invasion of Laos (April 1953). Also discussed in this chapter are French convoy operations by land and water, traffic regulation, and efforts to interdict Viet Minh movements by French air and ground forces and the countermeasures employed by the Viet Minh.
Charles R. Shrader
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813165752
- eISBN:
- 9780813165950
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813165752.003.0015
- Subject:
- History, Military History
In Chapter 15, the author summarizes the findings of the study and discusses the overall impact of logistical considerations on the strategic and operational decisions and outcomes of the First ...
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In Chapter 15, the author summarizes the findings of the study and discusses the overall impact of logistical considerations on the strategic and operational decisions and outcomes of the First Indochina War. Special emphasis is given to the effective adaptation of the Viet Minh logistical system to the climate, terrain, and operational requirements of the war and the deleterious impact of heavy mechanization of the French Union forces.Less
In Chapter 15, the author summarizes the findings of the study and discusses the overall impact of logistical considerations on the strategic and operational decisions and outcomes of the First Indochina War. Special emphasis is given to the effective adaptation of the Viet Minh logistical system to the climate, terrain, and operational requirements of the war and the deleterious impact of heavy mechanization of the French Union forces.
Jeff Wilson, Tomoe Moriya, and Richard M. Jaffe (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520269170
- eISBN:
- 9780520965355
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520269170.003.0017
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
This chapter contains an essay by D. T. Suzuki in which he describes how the modern intellectual man enslaves himself with an idea of being “as great as the Creator.” Published in the men's fashion ...
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This chapter contains an essay by D. T. Suzuki in which he describes how the modern intellectual man enslaves himself with an idea of being “as great as the Creator.” Published in the men's fashion magazine Gentry in 1952, the essay argues that the situation of the modern man is caught in a web of complexities and that scientific knowledge and its applications to various fields of life have resulted in its mechanization—that is, generalization and conceptualization, which in turn means dehumanization of an individual being. Suzuki explains how Zen can help the modern man out of this predicament of intellectualization and mechanization by narrating two stories.Less
This chapter contains an essay by D. T. Suzuki in which he describes how the modern intellectual man enslaves himself with an idea of being “as great as the Creator.” Published in the men's fashion magazine Gentry in 1952, the essay argues that the situation of the modern man is caught in a web of complexities and that scientific knowledge and its applications to various fields of life have resulted in its mechanization—that is, generalization and conceptualization, which in turn means dehumanization of an individual being. Suzuki explains how Zen can help the modern man out of this predicament of intellectualization and mechanization by narrating two stories.
Karl Raitz
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780813178752
- eISBN:
- 9780813178769
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813178752.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
Early-nineteenth-century farmers and millers were often craft distillers, mashing and fermenting grain meal in wooden barrels before distilling the liquid beer in small, portable copper pot stills. ...
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Early-nineteenth-century farmers and millers were often craft distillers, mashing and fermenting grain meal in wooden barrels before distilling the liquid beer in small, portable copper pot stills. Waterwheels powered the first generation of creek-side mills and distilleries. Wood fueled early steam engines; coal could not be used until road, river, and rail transport improved. Second-generation distilleries, operating from the 1830s to the 1880s, used traditional pot stills, although some adopted new column stills, perfected in Scotland, when they began to mechanize. Old still buildings were often modified with built-on additions to accommodate new machinery. Distillers stored whiskey-filled wooden barrels in stack warehouses to age, placing the barrels on their sides and stacking them in tiers. Industrialization required a larger labor force, often drawn from family members, local residents, or farm youths if the distillery operated in the countryside. By 1880, businesses in Louisville and other river cities were producing steam engines, boilers, and related equipment. Third-generation distilleries operated from the 1880s to 1920; many were high-capacity operations, and their grain and fuel requirements mandated locations near railroad tracks or navigable rivers. Complementary industries such as cooperages, metal fabricators, slaughterhouses, and tanneries were attracted to urban rail-side distilleries. Overproduction by third-generation distillers glutted the market, and the Whiskey Trust was formed to purchase and close distilleries to reduce overall production and increase prices.Less
Early-nineteenth-century farmers and millers were often craft distillers, mashing and fermenting grain meal in wooden barrels before distilling the liquid beer in small, portable copper pot stills. Waterwheels powered the first generation of creek-side mills and distilleries. Wood fueled early steam engines; coal could not be used until road, river, and rail transport improved. Second-generation distilleries, operating from the 1830s to the 1880s, used traditional pot stills, although some adopted new column stills, perfected in Scotland, when they began to mechanize. Old still buildings were often modified with built-on additions to accommodate new machinery. Distillers stored whiskey-filled wooden barrels in stack warehouses to age, placing the barrels on their sides and stacking them in tiers. Industrialization required a larger labor force, often drawn from family members, local residents, or farm youths if the distillery operated in the countryside. By 1880, businesses in Louisville and other river cities were producing steam engines, boilers, and related equipment. Third-generation distilleries operated from the 1880s to 1920; many were high-capacity operations, and their grain and fuel requirements mandated locations near railroad tracks or navigable rivers. Complementary industries such as cooperages, metal fabricators, slaughterhouses, and tanneries were attracted to urban rail-side distilleries. Overproduction by third-generation distillers glutted the market, and the Whiskey Trust was formed to purchase and close distilleries to reduce overall production and increase prices.
JESPER LÜTZEN
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198567370
- eISBN:
- 9780191717925
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567370.003.0006
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
This chapter examines why Heinrich Hertz embarked on his work on mechanics and how he gradually developed his ideas. In particular, the chapter looks at how various elements of Hertz's previous work ...
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This chapter examines why Heinrich Hertz embarked on his work on mechanics and how he gradually developed his ideas. In particular, the chapter looks at how various elements of Hertz's previous work point toward the ideas laid down in the Principles of Mechanics. Hertz's experimental and theoretical investigations of electromagnetism provided a threefold background for his work on mechanics: axiomatisation, mechanisation, and elimination of distance forces from physics. Hertz's research on gravitation and ether is also discussed. For a person like Hertz who wanted to give a new presentation of mechanics without distance forces, there existed an obvious alternative to the ordinary theory: the energetic theory. One of the problems that made Hertz abandon the energetic mode of representation concerned the difficulty involved in imagining energy as a substance. This question had been addressed in electromagnetic theory by John Henry Poynting who introduced a measure of the energy flux in the electromagnetic field.Less
This chapter examines why Heinrich Hertz embarked on his work on mechanics and how he gradually developed his ideas. In particular, the chapter looks at how various elements of Hertz's previous work point toward the ideas laid down in the Principles of Mechanics. Hertz's experimental and theoretical investigations of electromagnetism provided a threefold background for his work on mechanics: axiomatisation, mechanisation, and elimination of distance forces from physics. Hertz's research on gravitation and ether is also discussed. For a person like Hertz who wanted to give a new presentation of mechanics without distance forces, there existed an obvious alternative to the ordinary theory: the energetic theory. One of the problems that made Hertz abandon the energetic mode of representation concerned the difficulty involved in imagining energy as a substance. This question had been addressed in electromagnetic theory by John Henry Poynting who introduced a measure of the energy flux in the electromagnetic field.
