Diana J. Bell, Scott Roberton, and Paul R. Hunter
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198568193
- eISBN:
- 9780191718175
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568193.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the search for the wildlife reservoir of SARS-CoV. It starts by presenting the case for extending the search for the zoonotic reservoir in terms of both geographical area and ...
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This chapter discusses the search for the wildlife reservoir of SARS-CoV. It starts by presenting the case for extending the search for the zoonotic reservoir in terms of both geographical area and the range of species investigated. It highlights regional ecological shifts associated with an illegal international wildlife trade and the growing ‘bush-meat’ trade, which simultaneously favours the emergence of new zoonotic infection risks to humans and poses the primary threat to biodiversity across the Indochina Hotspot. The chapter concludes with the presentation of possible solutions to this problem, including interdisciplinary collaboration with vertebrate and conservation biologists with specialist knowledge of potential host species and the wildlife trade.Less
This chapter discusses the search for the wildlife reservoir of SARS-CoV. It starts by presenting the case for extending the search for the zoonotic reservoir in terms of both geographical area and the range of species investigated. It highlights regional ecological shifts associated with an illegal international wildlife trade and the growing ‘bush-meat’ trade, which simultaneously favours the emergence of new zoonotic infection risks to humans and poses the primary threat to biodiversity across the Indochina Hotspot. The chapter concludes with the presentation of possible solutions to this problem, including interdisciplinary collaboration with vertebrate and conservation biologists with specialist knowledge of potential host species and the wildlife trade.
Nathan MacDonald
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199546527
- eISBN:
- 9780191720215
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546527.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
The Old Testament portrayal of Canaan as a ‘land flowing with milk and honey’ has determined many assessments of the Israelite diet. These fail to take into account the literary and rhetorical nature ...
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The Old Testament portrayal of Canaan as a ‘land flowing with milk and honey’ has determined many assessments of the Israelite diet. These fail to take into account the literary and rhetorical nature of the biblical materials. They also fail to make critical use of the many available resources from archaeology, palaeopathology, archaeozoology, and comparative anthropology. The more realistic assessment of Israelite diet that is offered owes much to Peter Garnsey's studies of food issues in the classical world. Garnsey pioneered the utilization of nutritional anthropology in the study of Graeco-Roman diet and society convincingly demonstrating the frequency of food scarcity and the poor diet of most subjects of the Roman empire. A careful assessment of Israelite diet, taking into account all the information now available, suggests that most Israelites had a very poor diet which resulted in poor health status and low life expectancy.Less
The Old Testament portrayal of Canaan as a ‘land flowing with milk and honey’ has determined many assessments of the Israelite diet. These fail to take into account the literary and rhetorical nature of the biblical materials. They also fail to make critical use of the many available resources from archaeology, palaeopathology, archaeozoology, and comparative anthropology. The more realistic assessment of Israelite diet that is offered owes much to Peter Garnsey's studies of food issues in the classical world. Garnsey pioneered the utilization of nutritional anthropology in the study of Graeco-Roman diet and society convincingly demonstrating the frequency of food scarcity and the poor diet of most subjects of the Roman empire. A careful assessment of Israelite diet, taking into account all the information now available, suggests that most Israelites had a very poor diet which resulted in poor health status and low life expectancy.
Parvis Ghassem-Fachandi
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151762
- eISBN:
- 9781400842599
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151762.003.0005
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter explores how the phantasmagoria of the Muslim is drawn from certain culinary and dietary habits, most clearly stereotyped in the meat eater or butcher. This stereotype manifests in the ...
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This chapter explores how the phantasmagoria of the Muslim is drawn from certain culinary and dietary habits, most clearly stereotyped in the meat eater or butcher. This stereotype manifests in the explanations of three separate members of three different communities: Jain, Rajput, and Dalit. While they share membership in the city's middle class, these communities differentiate themselves in their relation to diet and other practices. Stereotypes always carry a kernel of truth, as their power lies primarily in the psychological material they can evoke. In the pogrom, they work as residues of individual subjective experiences that became articulated collectively. When this residue takes on a stable form by being projected onto the Muslim, that figure becomes an embodiment of the most pronounced form of perceived threat, and a danger that appears confined to this figure, controllable despite its blurred and shifting nature.Less
This chapter explores how the phantasmagoria of the Muslim is drawn from certain culinary and dietary habits, most clearly stereotyped in the meat eater or butcher. This stereotype manifests in the explanations of three separate members of three different communities: Jain, Rajput, and Dalit. While they share membership in the city's middle class, these communities differentiate themselves in their relation to diet and other practices. Stereotypes always carry a kernel of truth, as their power lies primarily in the psychological material they can evoke. In the pogrom, they work as residues of individual subjective experiences that became articulated collectively. When this residue takes on a stable form by being projected onto the Muslim, that figure becomes an embodiment of the most pronounced form of perceived threat, and a danger that appears confined to this figure, controllable despite its blurred and shifting nature.
Parvis Ghassem-Fachandi
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151762
- eISBN:
- 9781400842599
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151762.003.0006
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter examines how despite the historical influences of vegetarian Vaishnava traditions, Jainism, the salience of Mahatma Gandhi in Gujarat, and its current index of the abject, meat eating is ...
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This chapter examines how despite the historical influences of vegetarian Vaishnava traditions, Jainism, the salience of Mahatma Gandhi in Gujarat, and its current index of the abject, meat eating is not simply associated with disgust. It also carries great potency, and can signify power. If meat eating was on the one hand identified with vice and with groups considered backward, it could alternatively also be associated with erotic attraction and an alluring potency, modern decadence, and cosmopolitan freedom—an association gaining ground especially among the young. The dual valence of meat is acutely present in how members of lower-caste groups explain, legitimize, and rationalize their own practices of meat consumption or abstention.Less
This chapter examines how despite the historical influences of vegetarian Vaishnava traditions, Jainism, the salience of Mahatma Gandhi in Gujarat, and its current index of the abject, meat eating is not simply associated with disgust. It also carries great potency, and can signify power. If meat eating was on the one hand identified with vice and with groups considered backward, it could alternatively also be associated with erotic attraction and an alluring potency, modern decadence, and cosmopolitan freedom—an association gaining ground especially among the young. The dual valence of meat is acutely present in how members of lower-caste groups explain, legitimize, and rationalize their own practices of meat consumption or abstention.
Gary L. Francione
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195305104
- eISBN:
- 9780199850556
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305104.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter argues that the human attitude towards animals can best be described as moral schizophrenia. It explains that this moral schizophrenia is related to the status of animals as property, ...
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This chapter argues that the human attitude towards animals can best be described as moral schizophrenia. It explains that this moral schizophrenia is related to the status of animals as property, which means that animals are nothing more than things despite the many laws that supposedly protect them. The chapter contends that our current practices are entirely inconsistent because most human beings believe, in fact, that animals should not be made to suffer. It evaluates current practices in connection with meat eating, science, and entertainment, and suggests that our own moral judgements call for radical change.Less
This chapter argues that the human attitude towards animals can best be described as moral schizophrenia. It explains that this moral schizophrenia is related to the status of animals as property, which means that animals are nothing more than things despite the many laws that supposedly protect them. The chapter contends that our current practices are entirely inconsistent because most human beings believe, in fact, that animals should not be made to suffer. It evaluates current practices in connection with meat eating, science, and entertainment, and suggests that our own moral judgements call for radical change.
Vernon Reynolds
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198515463
- eISBN:
- 9780191705656
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515463.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Chimpanzees spend 6-8 hours of each day feeding. Their foods are listed (in Appendix B) and their food preferences are described. Fleshy fruits are preferred, the favourite fruit being ripe figs, but ...
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Chimpanzees spend 6-8 hours of each day feeding. Their foods are listed (in Appendix B) and their food preferences are described. Fleshy fruits are preferred, the favourite fruit being ripe figs, but they also eat leaves, flowers, bark, seeds, stem/pith, gum, and wood. A study of the role of sugars and tannins in the diet shows that there is a strong preference for sugars, and that tannins do not act as a deterrent. Seasonal factors influence the presence of certain plant foods more than others. As opportunity permits, chimpanzees eat insects and honey, and occasionally hunt monkeys and other species for meat. Sharing of foods includes fruits, termites, and meat. Sonso culture shares some features in common with chimpanzees at other sites, but the Sonso chimpanzees also have some forms of behaviour which are exclusive to themselves.Less
Chimpanzees spend 6-8 hours of each day feeding. Their foods are listed (in Appendix B) and their food preferences are described. Fleshy fruits are preferred, the favourite fruit being ripe figs, but they also eat leaves, flowers, bark, seeds, stem/pith, gum, and wood. A study of the role of sugars and tannins in the diet shows that there is a strong preference for sugars, and that tannins do not act as a deterrent. Seasonal factors influence the presence of certain plant foods more than others. As opportunity permits, chimpanzees eat insects and honey, and occasionally hunt monkeys and other species for meat. Sharing of foods includes fruits, termites, and meat. Sonso culture shares some features in common with chimpanzees at other sites, but the Sonso chimpanzees also have some forms of behaviour which are exclusive to themselves.
Carel P. van Schaik, Maria A. van Noordwijk, and Erin R Vogel
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199213276
- eISBN:
- 9780191707568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213276.003.0018
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Sex differences in diet, ranging, and activity budgets (‘ecology’) can have two plausible, non-exclusive causes: differential needs due to reproduction in females and differences in body size, as ...
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Sex differences in diet, ranging, and activity budgets (‘ecology’) can have two plausible, non-exclusive causes: differential needs due to reproduction in females and differences in body size, as well as sex differences in sociosexual strategies, usually because males are forced to travel more widely or minimize feeding time relative to females. The authors of this chapter evaluated these two hypotheses by examining sex differences in the ecology of orangutans inhabiting a Sumatran swamp forest, using two different methods. The greater reproductive burden on females is reflected in their spending more time per day feeding overall, more time foraging on insects, and less time resting, but females did not engage more in tool-assisted foraging or less in acquiring vertebrate meat. Despite the large range of body sizes, the influence of body size on time budgets, diet and the toughness and elasticity of food items was minor. However, larger males spent more time feeding on fruit than smaller ones. The other differences between unflanged males and flanged males were more compatible with different sociosexual strategies: unflanged males moved more and travelled faster than flanged males, and had shorter feeding bouts. Thus, the overall pattern of differences largely reflects sex differences in requirements due to reproduction and male sociosexual strategies. The effects of body size on diet may be so small because tooth morphology rather than body strength determine food choice.Less
Sex differences in diet, ranging, and activity budgets (‘ecology’) can have two plausible, non-exclusive causes: differential needs due to reproduction in females and differences in body size, as well as sex differences in sociosexual strategies, usually because males are forced to travel more widely or minimize feeding time relative to females. The authors of this chapter evaluated these two hypotheses by examining sex differences in the ecology of orangutans inhabiting a Sumatran swamp forest, using two different methods. The greater reproductive burden on females is reflected in their spending more time per day feeding overall, more time foraging on insects, and less time resting, but females did not engage more in tool-assisted foraging or less in acquiring vertebrate meat. Despite the large range of body sizes, the influence of body size on time budgets, diet and the toughness and elasticity of food items was minor. However, larger males spent more time feeding on fruit than smaller ones. The other differences between unflanged males and flanged males were more compatible with different sociosexual strategies: unflanged males moved more and travelled faster than flanged males, and had shorter feeding bouts. Thus, the overall pattern of differences largely reflects sex differences in requirements due to reproduction and male sociosexual strategies. The effects of body size on diet may be so small because tooth morphology rather than body strength determine food choice.
L. A. Clarkson and E. Margaret Crawford
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198227519
- eISBN:
- 9780191708374
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227519.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, British and Irish Modern History
In 1845 potatoes dominated the diets of the poorest one-third of the population. This chapter examines the spread of potato cultivation and consumption from the later 17th century. Potatoes moved ...
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In 1845 potatoes dominated the diets of the poorest one-third of the population. This chapter examines the spread of potato cultivation and consumption from the later 17th century. Potatoes moved from being a garden crop to a field crop as an adjunct to the extension of tillage. Their cultivation was labour-intensive and relied on — and supported — a growing population. Potatoes were nutritious, easy to cook, and normally plentiful except during the summer months. Labourers grew them on their small plots of land to feed themselves and their families. They supplemented potatoes with buttermilk and oatmeal, especially during the summer months. Meat and fish, apart from herrings, were rarities. Whiskey was widely drunk although it had little nutritional value.Less
In 1845 potatoes dominated the diets of the poorest one-third of the population. This chapter examines the spread of potato cultivation and consumption from the later 17th century. Potatoes moved from being a garden crop to a field crop as an adjunct to the extension of tillage. Their cultivation was labour-intensive and relied on — and supported — a growing population. Potatoes were nutritious, easy to cook, and normally plentiful except during the summer months. Labourers grew them on their small plots of land to feed themselves and their families. They supplemented potatoes with buttermilk and oatmeal, especially during the summer months. Meat and fish, apart from herrings, were rarities. Whiskey was widely drunk although it had little nutritional value.
Jerome Murphy‐O'Connor
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199564156
- eISBN:
- 9780191721281
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199564156.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
This article demonstrated two points. (1) 1 Cor 8: 8 is a Corinthian slogan, because it offers a theistic justification for eating idol‐meat that is repudiated by Paul. For him Christology provided ...
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This article demonstrated two points. (1) 1 Cor 8: 8 is a Corinthian slogan, because it offers a theistic justification for eating idol‐meat that is repudiated by Paul. For him Christology provided the only valid criterion. (2) The correct text of v. 8 is the minority reading of A*, namely, ‘we are no better off if we not eat, and no worse off if we do’. The Strong who ate without consideration for the Weak pointed out that the spiritual gifts of the latter were not increased, and that their own charisms were not diminished.Less
This article demonstrated two points. (1) 1 Cor 8: 8 is a Corinthian slogan, because it offers a theistic justification for eating idol‐meat that is repudiated by Paul. For him Christology provided the only valid criterion. (2) The correct text of v. 8 is the minority reading of A*, namely, ‘we are no better off if we not eat, and no worse off if we do’. The Strong who ate without consideration for the Weak pointed out that the spiritual gifts of the latter were not increased, and that their own charisms were not diminished.
Jerome Murphy‐O'Connor
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199564156
- eISBN:
- 9780191721281
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199564156.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
Opinion is divided as to the situation with which Paul deals in 1 Cor 8–10. For some it is question of the legitimacy of eating meat which had been sacrified to idols (the ‘marketplace food’ ...
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Opinion is divided as to the situation with which Paul deals in 1 Cor 8–10. For some it is question of the legitimacy of eating meat which had been sacrified to idols (the ‘marketplace food’ hypothesis), whereas others believe that the issue was participation in meals eaten in a temple in the presence of the god (the ‘cultic meal’ hypothesis). The original article took the ‘marketplace food’ hypothesis for granted. The ‘cultic meal’ hypothesis was put forward only subsequently, and the Postscript mounts a strong argument that it cannot be correct, particularly since cultic meals were not treated as seriously as the hypothesis demands. The Postscript further develops the theme of Paul's example in 8:13 by discussing the implications of his refusal to obey the command of Jesus in 9:14. Emphasis is laid on the fact that Jesus himself disobeyed the Law in Mt 8: 22 and 11: 19.Less
Opinion is divided as to the situation with which Paul deals in 1 Cor 8–10. For some it is question of the legitimacy of eating meat which had been sacrified to idols (the ‘marketplace food’ hypothesis), whereas others believe that the issue was participation in meals eaten in a temple in the presence of the god (the ‘cultic meal’ hypothesis). The original article took the ‘marketplace food’ hypothesis for granted. The ‘cultic meal’ hypothesis was put forward only subsequently, and the Postscript mounts a strong argument that it cannot be correct, particularly since cultic meals were not treated as seriously as the hypothesis demands. The Postscript further develops the theme of Paul's example in 8:13 by discussing the implications of his refusal to obey the command of Jesus in 9:14. Emphasis is laid on the fact that Jesus himself disobeyed the Law in Mt 8: 22 and 11: 19.
Eric Reinders
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520241718
- eISBN:
- 9780520931084
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520241718.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter discusses the difference in the smell or body odor of the Chinese people and the Western missionaries and converts. It explains that higher meat and alcohol content in the Western diet ...
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This chapter discusses the difference in the smell or body odor of the Chinese people and the Western missionaries and converts. It explains that higher meat and alcohol content in the Western diet was the cause of the difference in odor. It suggests that though the smell of Westerners is normally beyond the historiographic radar, smell surely conditioned social interactions in a number of ways.Less
This chapter discusses the difference in the smell or body odor of the Chinese people and the Western missionaries and converts. It explains that higher meat and alcohol content in the Western diet was the cause of the difference in odor. It suggests that though the smell of Westerners is normally beyond the historiographic radar, smell surely conditioned social interactions in a number of ways.
Catherine Osborne
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199282067
- eISBN:
- 9780191712944
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199282067.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
This chapter explores the reasons why Porphyry's De abstinentia recommends refraining from killing and eating animals. These reasons include the idea that meat is a luxury which is not conducive to ...
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This chapter explores the reasons why Porphyry's De abstinentia recommends refraining from killing and eating animals. These reasons include the idea that meat is a luxury which is not conducive to good philosophy. It is suggested that all forms of special diet, including the choice of a vegetarian diet in parts of the world where the natural resources yield game, fish, or grazing rather than edible crops, depend upon the availability of choice among a surplus of different foodstuffs. Hence, the opportunity to choose a distinctive diet, whether meat or vegetarian, as opposed to using the whatever the locality affords naturally, presupposes some degree of affluence, and perhaps exploitation of labour and natural resources so as to import goods at below their true cost from those who are not in a position to choose.Less
This chapter explores the reasons why Porphyry's De abstinentia recommends refraining from killing and eating animals. These reasons include the idea that meat is a luxury which is not conducive to good philosophy. It is suggested that all forms of special diet, including the choice of a vegetarian diet in parts of the world where the natural resources yield game, fish, or grazing rather than edible crops, depend upon the availability of choice among a surplus of different foodstuffs. Hence, the opportunity to choose a distinctive diet, whether meat or vegetarian, as opposed to using the whatever the locality affords naturally, presupposes some degree of affluence, and perhaps exploitation of labour and natural resources so as to import goods at below their true cost from those who are not in a position to choose.
Laura M. Hartman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199746422
- eISBN:
- 9780199918751
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746422.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This chapter summarizes and synthesizes the book's four major considerations that shape Christian thought about consumption. Three contemporary Christian authors—L. Shannon Jung, Elizabeth ...
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This chapter summarizes and synthesizes the book's four major considerations that shape Christian thought about consumption. Three contemporary Christian authors—L. Shannon Jung, Elizabeth Theokritoff, and James A. Nash—demonstrate the potential of this fourfold approach to an ethical assessment of consumption. Several examples, including transportation and meat eating, are employed to show the challenges and limits of Christian ethical consumption in daily life. This is an ethics of discernment, designed to equip consumers with insights and examples to inform their own consumption in a bewildering world defined by consumerism.Less
This chapter summarizes and synthesizes the book's four major considerations that shape Christian thought about consumption. Three contemporary Christian authors—L. Shannon Jung, Elizabeth Theokritoff, and James A. Nash—demonstrate the potential of this fourfold approach to an ethical assessment of consumption. Several examples, including transportation and meat eating, are employed to show the challenges and limits of Christian ethical consumption in daily life. This is an ethics of discernment, designed to equip consumers with insights and examples to inform their own consumption in a bewildering world defined by consumerism.
James Belich
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199297276
- eISBN:
- 9780191700842
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297276.003.0018
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
Urban carnivores were especially particular about their meat supplies, and prone to moral panics about disease and decay. Meat was somehow embroiled with individual and collective identities. It ...
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Urban carnivores were especially particular about their meat supplies, and prone to moral panics about disease and decay. Meat was somehow embroiled with individual and collective identities. It symbolized human domination of nature, and was a marker of prosperity and status, of being one's own master. English culture contained numerous connections between eating beef and patriotism and being British. By the late 19th century, Europe and the United States had diverged from most of the rest of the world through industrialization as well as expansion. Blooms featured mercantile capitalism, advanced agriculture, proto-industrialization and relatively high population growth, as well as surges of cultural and scientific creativity. In the 18th century, both Britain and China were blooming, and so was France. The problem was that, like all previous blooms, population growth meant these eventually encountered resource constraints, limits to the food, fuel, and fibre that could be produced with existing technologies.Less
Urban carnivores were especially particular about their meat supplies, and prone to moral panics about disease and decay. Meat was somehow embroiled with individual and collective identities. It symbolized human domination of nature, and was a marker of prosperity and status, of being one's own master. English culture contained numerous connections between eating beef and patriotism and being British. By the late 19th century, Europe and the United States had diverged from most of the rest of the world through industrialization as well as expansion. Blooms featured mercantile capitalism, advanced agriculture, proto-industrialization and relatively high population growth, as well as surges of cultural and scientific creativity. In the 18th century, both Britain and China were blooming, and so was France. The problem was that, like all previous blooms, population growth meant these eventually encountered resource constraints, limits to the food, fuel, and fibre that could be produced with existing technologies.
Tom Scott
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206446
- eISBN:
- 9780191677120
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206446.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History, Economic History
In Germany, the sixteenth century ushered in the great age of what was known as good police, when governments for the first time began actively to intervene in economic and commercial affairs for ...
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In Germany, the sixteenth century ushered in the great age of what was known as good police, when governments for the first time began actively to intervene in economic and commercial affairs for reasons other than the purely fiscal (the raising of taxes). At imperial and territorial level, the authorities began to tackle issues such as monopolies, price-rigging, and forestalling, as well as seeking to regulate and secure supplies of essential commodities. Issues of welfare were also part of good police, as princes and magistrates struggled to come to grips with the plague of the age — vagrancy and begging by the poor, the homeless, and unemployed or discharged mercenaries. In relatively self-contained territories such as Bavaria or Württemberg, edicts to enforce good police flowed unimpeded from princely chanceries. Throughout the sixteenth century, the police assemblies of the Rappen league in the Upper Rhine addressed two fundamental issues — the provisioning and price regulation of meat and grain — which were of existential importance in an age of rising population and gathering inflation.Less
In Germany, the sixteenth century ushered in the great age of what was known as good police, when governments for the first time began actively to intervene in economic and commercial affairs for reasons other than the purely fiscal (the raising of taxes). At imperial and territorial level, the authorities began to tackle issues such as monopolies, price-rigging, and forestalling, as well as seeking to regulate and secure supplies of essential commodities. Issues of welfare were also part of good police, as princes and magistrates struggled to come to grips with the plague of the age — vagrancy and begging by the poor, the homeless, and unemployed or discharged mercenaries. In relatively self-contained territories such as Bavaria or Württemberg, edicts to enforce good police flowed unimpeded from princely chanceries. Throughout the sixteenth century, the police assemblies of the Rappen league in the Upper Rhine addressed two fundamental issues — the provisioning and price regulation of meat and grain — which were of existential importance in an age of rising population and gathering inflation.
Eduardo Posada-Carbó
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206286
- eISBN:
- 9780191677069
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206286.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
In spite of its significance to the economy of the Colombian Caribbean, the livestock industry has been neglected in the historiography. This chapter revises stereotypes about the cattle industry in ...
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In spite of its significance to the economy of the Colombian Caribbean, the livestock industry has been neglected in the historiography. This chapter revises stereotypes about the cattle industry in the overall context of the region's history. It examines the structure of the market to show that, far from being a monopoly of the few, the industry was a widespread activity that, while integrating the region through the different stages of cattle production, encouraged the early formation of a national market. A detailed study of a cattle hacienda illustrates how the industry was organized to meet the demand for beef in the Andean interior. The role played by the exports of livestock and the frustrating attempts to develop a meat-packing industry are also considered. Finally, the chapter looks briefly at hides, leather, and dairy products such as milk and cheese.Less
In spite of its significance to the economy of the Colombian Caribbean, the livestock industry has been neglected in the historiography. This chapter revises stereotypes about the cattle industry in the overall context of the region's history. It examines the structure of the market to show that, far from being a monopoly of the few, the industry was a widespread activity that, while integrating the region through the different stages of cattle production, encouraged the early formation of a national market. A detailed study of a cattle hacienda illustrates how the industry was organized to meet the demand for beef in the Andean interior. The role played by the exports of livestock and the frustrating attempts to develop a meat-packing industry are also considered. Finally, the chapter looks briefly at hides, leather, and dairy products such as milk and cheese.
Thom Gunn
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226890432
- eISBN:
- 9780226890371
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226890371.003.0009
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry
“Two Versions of ‘Meat’” was reprinted for two reasons. The first is substantial: because of where we sit historically, some presume that progress in the art of poetry involves a re-visioning from ...
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“Two Versions of ‘Meat’” was reprinted for two reasons. The first is substantial: because of where we sit historically, some presume that progress in the art of poetry involves a re-visioning from the more formal to the less formal, along the line of a literary historical cliché. But Gunn's poem “Meat” moved from the less to the more formal (his sense of continuity was always a two-way conduit); and the two versions of it exist now side by side as an exemplary case of how form and rhetoric convey different qualities of experience, instinct, and intellect. The second reason is sentimental: when the author asked Thom, in 1992, for permission to reprint the free verse “Meat” to accompany a short chapter on the two versions for AGNI, he responded that he was “thrilled to my tits” that someone had taken up the subject. The reappearance of the two versions suggest so much of Gunn's experiential range and technical flexibility; and he would take some private pleasure, too, in the cross-circuited complementary attentions gathered here in an admittedly weird wide net of a book.Less
“Two Versions of ‘Meat’” was reprinted for two reasons. The first is substantial: because of where we sit historically, some presume that progress in the art of poetry involves a re-visioning from the more formal to the less formal, along the line of a literary historical cliché. But Gunn's poem “Meat” moved from the less to the more formal (his sense of continuity was always a two-way conduit); and the two versions of it exist now side by side as an exemplary case of how form and rhetoric convey different qualities of experience, instinct, and intellect. The second reason is sentimental: when the author asked Thom, in 1992, for permission to reprint the free verse “Meat” to accompany a short chapter on the two versions for AGNI, he responded that he was “thrilled to my tits” that someone had taken up the subject. The reappearance of the two versions suggest so much of Gunn's experiential range and technical flexibility; and he would take some private pleasure, too, in the cross-circuited complementary attentions gathered here in an admittedly weird wide net of a book.
Joshua Weiner
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226890432
- eISBN:
- 9780226890371
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226890371.003.0010
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry
Reading “Meat” in its early incarnation as free verse against the final, more formal version included in Gunn's book The Man with Night Sweats shows us how a poet gets different effects from ...
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Reading “Meat” in its early incarnation as free verse against the final, more formal version included in Gunn's book The Man with Night Sweats shows us how a poet gets different effects from different forms, and how those effects change our experience of the poem. The writing in both versions of “Meat” is characteristically chaste and unadorned, the diction terse, the images concise, and the abstractions plainly elegant. About the free-verse version, Gunn says that the poem “was completely finished, no rhyme or suggestion of rhymes.” Indeed, the free verse is so plain it seems quite stripped of sonic figures altogether. The poem catches the reader initially, not through euphony, cacophony, or rhyme, but through its darting, rhythmically quick observation of physical movement. The occasion of “Meat” is that of a social, moral judgment publicly uttered, and as such it seems to have a fuller, more lively embodiment in pentameter couplets.Less
Reading “Meat” in its early incarnation as free verse against the final, more formal version included in Gunn's book The Man with Night Sweats shows us how a poet gets different effects from different forms, and how those effects change our experience of the poem. The writing in both versions of “Meat” is characteristically chaste and unadorned, the diction terse, the images concise, and the abstractions plainly elegant. About the free-verse version, Gunn says that the poem “was completely finished, no rhyme or suggestion of rhymes.” Indeed, the free verse is so plain it seems quite stripped of sonic figures altogether. The poem catches the reader initially, not through euphony, cacophony, or rhyme, but through its darting, rhythmically quick observation of physical movement. The occasion of “Meat” is that of a social, moral judgment publicly uttered, and as such it seems to have a fuller, more lively embodiment in pentameter couplets.
Cruz Miguel Ortíz Cuadra
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781469608822
- eISBN:
- 9781469612621
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469608822.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
In Puerto Rican history, the consumption of certain types of meat is equated with power and prosperity. It is marked by three stages. The first stage began in the sixteenth century and lasted until ...
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In Puerto Rican history, the consumption of certain types of meat is equated with power and prosperity. It is marked by three stages. The first stage began in the sixteenth century and lasted until the mid-1700s, during which meat was easily obtained as a result of the spread of the pig and cattle populations. The second period is characterized by sharp shortages and inequalities, brought on by economic and demographic changes occurring between the end of the eighteenth and the middle of the twentieth century. The third era of post-1950 recuperation was sparked by advances in the U.S. cattle industry and the canned and processed meat industry, as well as changes in the nutrition politics of the modern welfare state. During the nineteenth century, those who either had no hope of obtaining fresh meat (excepting pork) or found it beyond their capacity to preserve very effectively what little they had, turned to salted meat of one sort or another. For the majority of the population, eating meat not only entailed satisfying the hunger to taste a particular food; it also represented something higher, more intangible—that one was in tune with the spirit of the times, had advanced socially, had partaken of the progress brought by urbanization, and enjoyed the fruits of improved nutrition.Less
In Puerto Rican history, the consumption of certain types of meat is equated with power and prosperity. It is marked by three stages. The first stage began in the sixteenth century and lasted until the mid-1700s, during which meat was easily obtained as a result of the spread of the pig and cattle populations. The second period is characterized by sharp shortages and inequalities, brought on by economic and demographic changes occurring between the end of the eighteenth and the middle of the twentieth century. The third era of post-1950 recuperation was sparked by advances in the U.S. cattle industry and the canned and processed meat industry, as well as changes in the nutrition politics of the modern welfare state. During the nineteenth century, those who either had no hope of obtaining fresh meat (excepting pork) or found it beyond their capacity to preserve very effectively what little they had, turned to salted meat of one sort or another. For the majority of the population, eating meat not only entailed satisfying the hunger to taste a particular food; it also represented something higher, more intangible—that one was in tune with the spirit of the times, had advanced socially, had partaken of the progress brought by urbanization, and enjoyed the fruits of improved nutrition.
Richard E. Payne
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780520286191
- eISBN:
- 9780520961531
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520286191.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Ancient Religions
This chapter focuses on Mar Aba, the leader of the Church of who was subjected to an inquest a year after his elevation to the bishopric of Seleucia-Ctesiphon in 540. Nobles and judicial officials ...
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This chapter focuses on Mar Aba, the leader of the Church of who was subjected to an inquest a year after his elevation to the bishopric of Seleucia-Ctesiphon in 540. Nobles and judicial officials summoned Mar Aba to account for his interventions in the lives of the faithful through the making of new laws regulating the behavior of worldly, or more familiarly “lay,” Christians. In particular, the interrogators were distressed over two restrictions that Mar Aba placed on the Christian faithful concerning marital practice and alimentary practice. The practices that the bishop aimed to regulate through laws—substitute successorship and the commensal consumption of meat—were fundamental institutions through which Iranian aristocrats reproduced themselves and constructed social networks. In the attempt to constrain Christians from participating in these institutions, Mar Aba betrayed their importance for East Syrian elites who were forming aristocratic houses and entering imperial networks.Less
This chapter focuses on Mar Aba, the leader of the Church of who was subjected to an inquest a year after his elevation to the bishopric of Seleucia-Ctesiphon in 540. Nobles and judicial officials summoned Mar Aba to account for his interventions in the lives of the faithful through the making of new laws regulating the behavior of worldly, or more familiarly “lay,” Christians. In particular, the interrogators were distressed over two restrictions that Mar Aba placed on the Christian faithful concerning marital practice and alimentary practice. The practices that the bishop aimed to regulate through laws—substitute successorship and the commensal consumption of meat—were fundamental institutions through which Iranian aristocrats reproduced themselves and constructed social networks. In the attempt to constrain Christians from participating in these institutions, Mar Aba betrayed their importance for East Syrian elites who were forming aristocratic houses and entering imperial networks.
