Tony Crook
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264003
- eISBN:
- 9780191734151
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264003.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Global
What is the nature of knowledge? Anthropology imagines it possible to divide or separate social and analytical relations, whereby knowledge travels between persons as a thing. And yet, Bolivip ...
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What is the nature of knowledge? Anthropology imagines it possible to divide or separate social and analytical relations, whereby knowledge travels between persons as a thing. And yet, Bolivip imagines knowledge as the bodily resources or parts of a person that can be extended or combined with others. This methodological exchange is modelled on a moment from Bolivip – an exchange of skin whereby knowledge is returned in respect of prior nurture and care given, and two people become encompassed by one skin. The Min area of Papua New Guinea has proven to be one of the most enigmatic cultures in anthropological experience. But rather than accept this resistance to analysis as a problem of Melanesian secrecy, this book suggests that archaic notions of anthropological knowledge have been the problem all along. Taking up the ‘Min problem’ head on, it suggests a solution to the impasse. The argument works through alternating chapters: an imagistic ethnography of Bolivip describes how arboreal and horticultural metaphors motivate the growth of persons and plants by circulating bodily resources through others. Knowledge here comes from those who contribute to conception, and is withheld until a person is capable of bearing it. These images are used to provide new readings of classic Melanesianist texts – Mead, Bateson, and Fortune – substituting theoretical ideas for intimate relations; Weiner and Strathern's own experiments with anthropology modelled on Melanesia; and Barth's reading of secrecy amongst the Min.Less
What is the nature of knowledge? Anthropology imagines it possible to divide or separate social and analytical relations, whereby knowledge travels between persons as a thing. And yet, Bolivip imagines knowledge as the bodily resources or parts of a person that can be extended or combined with others. This methodological exchange is modelled on a moment from Bolivip – an exchange of skin whereby knowledge is returned in respect of prior nurture and care given, and two people become encompassed by one skin. The Min area of Papua New Guinea has proven to be one of the most enigmatic cultures in anthropological experience. But rather than accept this resistance to analysis as a problem of Melanesian secrecy, this book suggests that archaic notions of anthropological knowledge have been the problem all along. Taking up the ‘Min problem’ head on, it suggests a solution to the impasse. The argument works through alternating chapters: an imagistic ethnography of Bolivip describes how arboreal and horticultural metaphors motivate the growth of persons and plants by circulating bodily resources through others. Knowledge here comes from those who contribute to conception, and is withheld until a person is capable of bearing it. These images are used to provide new readings of classic Melanesianist texts – Mead, Bateson, and Fortune – substituting theoretical ideas for intimate relations; Weiner and Strathern's own experiments with anthropology modelled on Melanesia; and Barth's reading of secrecy amongst the Min.
Christopher G. Small and Jinfang Wang
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198506881
- eISBN:
- 9780191709258
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198506881.003.0003
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
This chapter surveys a variety of root-finding and hill-climbing algorithms that are useful for solving estimating equations or maximizing artificial likelihoods, starting with a basic technique ...
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This chapter surveys a variety of root-finding and hill-climbing algorithms that are useful for solving estimating equations or maximizing artificial likelihoods, starting with a basic technique known as the iterative substitution. Methods such as the Newton-Raphson and the quasi-Newton algorithms are motivated as attempts to improve the rate of convergence of the iterative substitution. The contractive mapping theorem, which provides general conditions for the convergence of a multiparameter algorithm, is stated and proved. The EM-algorithm is described in generality and illustrated with examples. Aitken's method for accelerating linear convergence of algorithms is developed, along with a refinement known as Steffensen's method. Other methods discussed in this chapter include the method of false positions, Muller's method, methods particularly suitable for solving polynomial equations (such as the Bernoulli's method, the quotient-difference algorithm, Sturm's method and the QR-algorithm), the Nelder-Mead algorithm, and the method of Jacobi iteration for approximate inversion of matrices.Less
This chapter surveys a variety of root-finding and hill-climbing algorithms that are useful for solving estimating equations or maximizing artificial likelihoods, starting with a basic technique known as the iterative substitution. Methods such as the Newton-Raphson and the quasi-Newton algorithms are motivated as attempts to improve the rate of convergence of the iterative substitution. The contractive mapping theorem, which provides general conditions for the convergence of a multiparameter algorithm, is stated and proved. The EM-algorithm is described in generality and illustrated with examples. Aitken's method for accelerating linear convergence of algorithms is developed, along with a refinement known as Steffensen's method. Other methods discussed in this chapter include the method of false positions, Muller's method, methods particularly suitable for solving polynomial equations (such as the Bernoulli's method, the quotient-difference algorithm, Sturm's method and the QR-algorithm), the Nelder-Mead algorithm, and the method of Jacobi iteration for approximate inversion of matrices.
Peter J. Burke and Jan E. Stets
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195388275
- eISBN:
- 9780199943937
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388275.003.0012
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Psychology and Interaction
This chapter presents the historical roots of identity theory in symbolic interactionist thought. It reviews both perceptual control theory and symbolic interactionism, specifically the works of ...
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This chapter presents the historical roots of identity theory in symbolic interactionist thought. It reviews both perceptual control theory and symbolic interactionism, specifically the works of George Herbert Mead. The chapter also studies other important ideas from earlier writers that have been included in identity theory.Less
This chapter presents the historical roots of identity theory in symbolic interactionist thought. It reviews both perceptual control theory and symbolic interactionism, specifically the works of George Herbert Mead. The chapter also studies other important ideas from earlier writers that have been included in identity theory.
Wendy L. Wall
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195329100
- eISBN:
- 9780199870226
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195329100.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
In the late 1930s, many individuals and organizations argued that a defining feature of American life was the ability of people of diverse origins to live together harmoniously. Such assessments were ...
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In the late 1930s, many individuals and organizations argued that a defining feature of American life was the ability of people of diverse origins to live together harmoniously. Such assessments were both descriptive and prescriptive. Despite the nation’s long history of intolerance, when compared to the rest of the world the U.S. looked to many observers like a cosmopolitan haven. At the same time, many of those who hailed American pluralism did so to shore up tolerance and prevent the U.S. from succumbing to the hatreds ravaging other lands. Thus, nearly all of those who lauded America’s pluralist makeup also emphasized an ideological consensus that made other forms of pluralism possible. The bulk of this chapter explores the different versions of pluralism and consensus offered by Louis Adamic and the Common Council for American Unity, the interfaith movement spearheaded by the National Conference of Christians and Jews, Margaret Mead and other intellectuals concerned with cementing national morale, and Gunnar and Alva Myrdal.Less
In the late 1930s, many individuals and organizations argued that a defining feature of American life was the ability of people of diverse origins to live together harmoniously. Such assessments were both descriptive and prescriptive. Despite the nation’s long history of intolerance, when compared to the rest of the world the U.S. looked to many observers like a cosmopolitan haven. At the same time, many of those who hailed American pluralism did so to shore up tolerance and prevent the U.S. from succumbing to the hatreds ravaging other lands. Thus, nearly all of those who lauded America’s pluralist makeup also emphasized an ideological consensus that made other forms of pluralism possible. The bulk of this chapter explores the different versions of pluralism and consensus offered by Louis Adamic and the Common Council for American Unity, the interfaith movement spearheaded by the National Conference of Christians and Jews, Margaret Mead and other intellectuals concerned with cementing national morale, and Gunnar and Alva Myrdal.
Tony Crook
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264003
- eISBN:
- 9780191734151
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264003.003.0005
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Global
This chapter describes the famous occasion when three anthropologists met up on the Sepik River in 1932/3 – and which infamously led to Margaret Mead eventually leaving Reo Fortune for Gregory ...
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This chapter describes the famous occasion when three anthropologists met up on the Sepik River in 1932/3 – and which infamously led to Margaret Mead eventually leaving Reo Fortune for Gregory Bateson. It also looks as much to the anthropologists as to their ethnographies to suggest that a view of one is available in the view of the other. The chapter furthermore presents an interest in how Stocking makes economy of exposition – just ‘one sentence’ – speak so much, and in what he does not need to say; whereas saying it any other way involves a long story to make the same point. Additionally, it intends to use the events instead to look at the commentary and contemporary practices in order to explore continuities in anthropological quasi-scientism sensitivities concerning the proximity between social relations, analytical relations, and ethnography. Mead's art is one of extraordinary clarity, giving hard edges to what it depicts. When the three anthropologists met up in Kankanamun, they did so acting with a number of others in mind. Blackberry Winter recalls as ‘compass points’.Less
This chapter describes the famous occasion when three anthropologists met up on the Sepik River in 1932/3 – and which infamously led to Margaret Mead eventually leaving Reo Fortune for Gregory Bateson. It also looks as much to the anthropologists as to their ethnographies to suggest that a view of one is available in the view of the other. The chapter furthermore presents an interest in how Stocking makes economy of exposition – just ‘one sentence’ – speak so much, and in what he does not need to say; whereas saying it any other way involves a long story to make the same point. Additionally, it intends to use the events instead to look at the commentary and contemporary practices in order to explore continuities in anthropological quasi-scientism sensitivities concerning the proximity between social relations, analytical relations, and ethnography. Mead's art is one of extraordinary clarity, giving hard edges to what it depicts. When the three anthropologists met up in Kankanamun, they did so acting with a number of others in mind. Blackberry Winter recalls as ‘compass points’.
Iris Marion Young
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195392388
- eISBN:
- 9780199866625
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195392388.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Political Philosophy
The first purpose of this chapter is to evaluate the notion of personal responsibility in the context of welfare policy. It focuses on the writings of Charles Murray and Lawrence Mead, which ...
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The first purpose of this chapter is to evaluate the notion of personal responsibility in the context of welfare policy. It focuses on the writings of Charles Murray and Lawrence Mead, which articulate the position in a more extended fashion than most writers do, and because their ideas have had wide influence. After reviewing their criticisms of War on Poverty liberalism and its associated welfare policies, the chapter exposes three major assumptions their accounts of the morality of welfare policy make, all of which are questionable. The chapter also examines another discourse of personal responsibility articulated by certain philosophers about equality. Beginning with Ronald Dworkin's theory of equality of resources, philosophers such as Gerald Cohen, Richard Arneson, and John Roemer debate the proper limits of personal responsibility for a person's situation. They trade on the common intuition that a person should be considered personally responsible for aspects of her situation that she has actively chosen, or that are the consequence of such choices, but not for aspects of her situation that arise from circumstances beyond her control.Less
The first purpose of this chapter is to evaluate the notion of personal responsibility in the context of welfare policy. It focuses on the writings of Charles Murray and Lawrence Mead, which articulate the position in a more extended fashion than most writers do, and because their ideas have had wide influence. After reviewing their criticisms of War on Poverty liberalism and its associated welfare policies, the chapter exposes three major assumptions their accounts of the morality of welfare policy make, all of which are questionable. The chapter also examines another discourse of personal responsibility articulated by certain philosophers about equality. Beginning with Ronald Dworkin's theory of equality of resources, philosophers such as Gerald Cohen, Richard Arneson, and John Roemer debate the proper limits of personal responsibility for a person's situation. They trade on the common intuition that a person should be considered personally responsible for aspects of her situation that she has actively chosen, or that are the consequence of such choices, but not for aspects of her situation that arise from circumstances beyond her control.
Neil Fligstein and Doug McAdam
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199859948
- eISBN:
- 9780199951178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199859948.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Theory
This chapter articulates the microfoundation for the theory. The first half sketches a bare-bones perspective on the distinctive essence of human sociability. It reviews the current literature on the ...
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This chapter articulates the microfoundation for the theory. The first half sketches a bare-bones perspective on the distinctive essence of human sociability. It reviews the current literature on the emergence of modern humans to argue that language, culture, and the problem of meaning are at the center of what it means to be human. Then, it links this to sociological conceptions of sociability, making brief forays into the classical theories of Weber, Durkheim, and Mead. The second half of the chapter explicates how the “existential function of the social” enables the “social skills” that undergird the forms of strategic action that are central to the theory on offer here.Less
This chapter articulates the microfoundation for the theory. The first half sketches a bare-bones perspective on the distinctive essence of human sociability. It reviews the current literature on the emergence of modern humans to argue that language, culture, and the problem of meaning are at the center of what it means to be human. Then, it links this to sociological conceptions of sociability, making brief forays into the classical theories of Weber, Durkheim, and Mead. The second half of the chapter explicates how the “existential function of the social” enables the “social skills” that undergird the forms of strategic action that are central to the theory on offer here.
Rod Phillips
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781469617602
- eISBN:
- 9781469617626
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469617602.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
Whether as wine, beer, mead, or spirits, alcohol has had a constant and often controversial role in human life. This book surveys the attitudes and consumption of alcohol and examines a 9,000 year ...
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Whether as wine, beer, mead, or spirits, alcohol has had a constant and often controversial role in human life. This book surveys the attitudes and consumption of alcohol and examines a 9,000 year cultural and economic history, uncovering the tensions between alcoholic drinks as a nutritious and potable staple of daily diets and as an object of political and religious regulation. It argues that brewing was one of the earliest and most common forms of water purification, which further integrated alcohol into the dense population centers in Europe and the Americas. Despite this practical use, no commodity has been more regulated by governmental and religious authorities than alcohol. As a potential source of social disruption, alcohol created volatile boundaries of acceptable and unacceptable consumption, breaking through barriers of class, race, and gender. This book follows ever-changing cultural meanings of these potent potables and makes the surprising argument that fewer people are quaffing alcoholic drinks than ever before. The book examines and explains the importance and effect of alcohol's production, consumption, and meaning across the globe.Less
Whether as wine, beer, mead, or spirits, alcohol has had a constant and often controversial role in human life. This book surveys the attitudes and consumption of alcohol and examines a 9,000 year cultural and economic history, uncovering the tensions between alcoholic drinks as a nutritious and potable staple of daily diets and as an object of political and religious regulation. It argues that brewing was one of the earliest and most common forms of water purification, which further integrated alcohol into the dense population centers in Europe and the Americas. Despite this practical use, no commodity has been more regulated by governmental and religious authorities than alcohol. As a potential source of social disruption, alcohol created volatile boundaries of acceptable and unacceptable consumption, breaking through barriers of class, race, and gender. This book follows ever-changing cultural meanings of these potent potables and makes the surprising argument that fewer people are quaffing alcoholic drinks than ever before. The book examines and explains the importance and effect of alcohol's production, consumption, and meaning across the globe.
Robert A. Levine, Sarah E. Levine, Beatrice Schnell-Anzola, Meredith L. Rowe, and Emily Dexter
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195309829
- eISBN:
- 9780199932733
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309829.003.0057
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter concludes the book by summarizing its theory and research findings and emphasizing the centrality of communicative processes in the effects of schooling on maternal behavior related to ...
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This chapter concludes the book by summarizing its theory and research findings and emphasizing the centrality of communicative processes in the effects of schooling on maternal behavior related to health and education. Presenting the case for a causal influence of schooling on maternal health behavior mediated by retained literacy skills, the chapter examines alternative explanations of the results and finds them inadequate. It considers the theoretical implications of the findings – including the internalization of the teacher-pupil relationship consistent with the theories of L. S. Vygotsky and G. H. Mead – and their policy implications for the protection of children and improvement of schools in less developed countries. It recommends that population studies incorporate the perspectives and research of educational research in the analysis of demographic and health data.Less
This chapter concludes the book by summarizing its theory and research findings and emphasizing the centrality of communicative processes in the effects of schooling on maternal behavior related to health and education. Presenting the case for a causal influence of schooling on maternal health behavior mediated by retained literacy skills, the chapter examines alternative explanations of the results and finds them inadequate. It considers the theoretical implications of the findings – including the internalization of the teacher-pupil relationship consistent with the theories of L. S. Vygotsky and G. H. Mead – and their policy implications for the protection of children and improvement of schools in less developed countries. It recommends that population studies incorporate the perspectives and research of educational research in the analysis of demographic and health data.
Roger G. Kennedy
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195140552
- eISBN:
- 9780199848775
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195140552.003.0021
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
In the final days of 1806, Robert Ashley and Aaron Burr departed Natchez, riding eastward in disguise. Dr. John Cummins, the son-in-law of Peter Bruin, came along a few days later, entrusted with ...
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In the final days of 1806, Robert Ashley and Aaron Burr departed Natchez, riding eastward in disguise. Dr. John Cummins, the son-in-law of Peter Bruin, came along a few days later, entrusted with Burr's precious maps of the Gulf Coast, and began a long career vindicating Mississippi's judgment in favor of Burr. A disguise was necessary, because Thomas Jefferson had made Burr a hunted man. Believing that Burr had knowingly violated Judge Thomas Rodney's post-hoc parole, Cowles Mead joined the pack against him, adding an additional two thousand dollars to James Wilkinson's bounty. As Burr and Ashley rode through the winter woods of the Choctaw Cession toward the McIntosh Bluffs on the Tombigbee, they were also riding into the ambitions of Nicholas Perkins and Edmund Gaines. This chapter also discusses the attempt by Benjamin Hawkins, the government's chief representative among the Muskogee, to capture Burr; imprisonment of Justus Eric Bollmann, a physician, for helping Burr; the role of Elijah Clarke as a proto-Burr; and Fort Wilkinson.Less
In the final days of 1806, Robert Ashley and Aaron Burr departed Natchez, riding eastward in disguise. Dr. John Cummins, the son-in-law of Peter Bruin, came along a few days later, entrusted with Burr's precious maps of the Gulf Coast, and began a long career vindicating Mississippi's judgment in favor of Burr. A disguise was necessary, because Thomas Jefferson had made Burr a hunted man. Believing that Burr had knowingly violated Judge Thomas Rodney's post-hoc parole, Cowles Mead joined the pack against him, adding an additional two thousand dollars to James Wilkinson's bounty. As Burr and Ashley rode through the winter woods of the Choctaw Cession toward the McIntosh Bluffs on the Tombigbee, they were also riding into the ambitions of Nicholas Perkins and Edmund Gaines. This chapter also discusses the attempt by Benjamin Hawkins, the government's chief representative among the Muskogee, to capture Burr; imprisonment of Justus Eric Bollmann, a physician, for helping Burr; the role of Elijah Clarke as a proto-Burr; and Fort Wilkinson.
Hans Joas and Daniel R. Huebner (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226376943
- eISBN:
- 9780226377131
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226377131.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, American Philosophy
The Timeliness of George Herbert Mead brings together a range of scholars who provide detailed analyses of Mead’s importance to innovative fields of scholarship, including cognitive science, ...
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The Timeliness of George Herbert Mead brings together a range of scholars who provide detailed analyses of Mead’s importance to innovative fields of scholarship, including cognitive science, environmental studies, democratic epistemology, social ethics, non-teleological historiography, and the history of the natural and social sciences. The volume is divided into three main areas in which Mead’s thinking has inspired contemporary work. The first is the area of history, historiography, and historical sociology. The second follows from one of the fundamental reorientations of intellectual and political life in recent decades: the turn to a greater awareness of environmental problems, both in an empirical and in a normative sense, and the rethinking of earlier assumptions about “man and nature” in light of this turn. And the third has to do with the outburst of new research in neurobiology, brain studies, and evolutionary psychology. Edited and introduced by Hans Joas and Daniel R. Huebner, the volume as a whole makes a coherent statement that places Mead in dialogue with current research, pushing these domains of scholarship forward while also revitalizing the growing literature on an author who has an ongoing and major influence on sociology, psychology, and philosophy.Less
The Timeliness of George Herbert Mead brings together a range of scholars who provide detailed analyses of Mead’s importance to innovative fields of scholarship, including cognitive science, environmental studies, democratic epistemology, social ethics, non-teleological historiography, and the history of the natural and social sciences. The volume is divided into three main areas in which Mead’s thinking has inspired contemporary work. The first is the area of history, historiography, and historical sociology. The second follows from one of the fundamental reorientations of intellectual and political life in recent decades: the turn to a greater awareness of environmental problems, both in an empirical and in a normative sense, and the rethinking of earlier assumptions about “man and nature” in light of this turn. And the third has to do with the outburst of new research in neurobiology, brain studies, and evolutionary psychology. Edited and introduced by Hans Joas and Daniel R. Huebner, the volume as a whole makes a coherent statement that places Mead in dialogue with current research, pushing these domains of scholarship forward while also revitalizing the growing literature on an author who has an ongoing and major influence on sociology, psychology, and philosophy.
Maureen A. Molloy
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824831165
- eISBN:
- 9780824869236
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824831165.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
Margaret Mead's career took off in 1928 with the publication of Coming of Age in Samoa. Within ten years, she was the best-known academic in the United States, a role she enjoyed all of her life. ...
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Margaret Mead's career took off in 1928 with the publication of Coming of Age in Samoa. Within ten years, she was the best-known academic in the United States, a role she enjoyed all of her life. This book explores how Mead was influenced by, and influenced, the meanings of American culture and secured for herself a unique and enduring place in the American popular imagination. It considers this in relation to Mead's four popular ethnographies written between the wars, and the academic, middle-brow, and popular responses to them. The book argues that Mead was heavily influenced by the debates concerning the forging of a distinctive American culture that began around 1911 with the publication of George Santayana's The Genteel Tradition. The creation of a national culture would solve the problems of alienation and provincialism and establish a place for both native-born and immigrant communities. Mead drew on this vision of an “integrated culture” and used her “primitive societies” as exemplars of how cultures attained or failed to attain this ideal. Her ethnographies are really about “America,” the peoples she studied serving as the personifications of what were widely understood to be the dilemmas of American selfhood in a materialistic, individualistic society.Less
Margaret Mead's career took off in 1928 with the publication of Coming of Age in Samoa. Within ten years, she was the best-known academic in the United States, a role she enjoyed all of her life. This book explores how Mead was influenced by, and influenced, the meanings of American culture and secured for herself a unique and enduring place in the American popular imagination. It considers this in relation to Mead's four popular ethnographies written between the wars, and the academic, middle-brow, and popular responses to them. The book argues that Mead was heavily influenced by the debates concerning the forging of a distinctive American culture that began around 1911 with the publication of George Santayana's The Genteel Tradition. The creation of a national culture would solve the problems of alienation and provincialism and establish a place for both native-born and immigrant communities. Mead drew on this vision of an “integrated culture” and used her “primitive societies” as exemplars of how cultures attained or failed to attain this ideal. Her ethnographies are really about “America,” the peoples she studied serving as the personifications of what were widely understood to be the dilemmas of American selfhood in a materialistic, individualistic society.
Jessica L. Martucci
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226288031
- eISBN:
- 9780226288178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226288178.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The first chapter recounts the evolution of scientific ideas about motherhood and breastfeeding in the early 20th century, and explores the scientific and cultural emergence of natural motherhood ...
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The first chapter recounts the evolution of scientific ideas about motherhood and breastfeeding in the early 20th century, and explores the scientific and cultural emergence of natural motherhood between the 1920s and 1960s. Through an analysis of published work in the ‘psy’-ences (those disciplines dedicated to understanding the emotional and psychological aspects of human and animal life), as well as personal writings by key figures in maternal-infant study, including John Bowlby, Harry Harlow, Margaret Mead and Niles Newton, this chapter illustrates the scientific roots of the ideology of natural motherhood. In conjunction with the science of natural motherhood was the growth of a popular movement towards natural breastfeeding and childbirth.Less
The first chapter recounts the evolution of scientific ideas about motherhood and breastfeeding in the early 20th century, and explores the scientific and cultural emergence of natural motherhood between the 1920s and 1960s. Through an analysis of published work in the ‘psy’-ences (those disciplines dedicated to understanding the emotional and psychological aspects of human and animal life), as well as personal writings by key figures in maternal-infant study, including John Bowlby, Harry Harlow, Margaret Mead and Niles Newton, this chapter illustrates the scientific roots of the ideology of natural motherhood. In conjunction with the science of natural motherhood was the growth of a popular movement towards natural breastfeeding and childbirth.
Lucinda Peach
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195143713
- eISBN:
- 9780199786053
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019514371X.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This chapter presents a strategy that can protect the constitutional rights and interests of all parties better than either the Supreme Court’s jurisprudence or the liberal or communitarian ...
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This chapter presents a strategy that can protect the constitutional rights and interests of all parties better than either the Supreme Court’s jurisprudence or the liberal or communitarian approaches. The strategy is based on the philosopher George Herbert Mead’s theory of the social self. Mead’s ideas on the socially constructed character of the self and the special requirements of role-based morality provide a model for understanding that lawmakers, as public officials, are both practically able and morally obligated to take the attitudes of all of their constituents into account in their public policy making. In a culturally and religiously diverse society, this requires lawmakers to support their policy decisions with publicly accessible rationales.Less
This chapter presents a strategy that can protect the constitutional rights and interests of all parties better than either the Supreme Court’s jurisprudence or the liberal or communitarian approaches. The strategy is based on the philosopher George Herbert Mead’s theory of the social self. Mead’s ideas on the socially constructed character of the self and the special requirements of role-based morality provide a model for understanding that lawmakers, as public officials, are both practically able and morally obligated to take the attitudes of all of their constituents into account in their public policy making. In a culturally and religiously diverse society, this requires lawmakers to support their policy decisions with publicly accessible rationales.
Lucinda Peach
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195143713
- eISBN:
- 9780199786053
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019514371X.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This concluding chapter presents a synthesis of the subjects discussed in the preceding chapters. It identifies the factors that determine the appropriate place of religious influences in politics. ...
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This concluding chapter presents a synthesis of the subjects discussed in the preceding chapters. It identifies the factors that determine the appropriate place of religious influences in politics. It argues that despite the usefulness of both the ideal Meadian and practical legal approaches, there are no completely acceptable solutions to the conflicts arising between incompatible religious perspectives in a constitutional democracy.Less
This concluding chapter presents a synthesis of the subjects discussed in the preceding chapters. It identifies the factors that determine the appropriate place of religious influences in politics. It argues that despite the usefulness of both the ideal Meadian and practical legal approaches, there are no completely acceptable solutions to the conflicts arising between incompatible religious perspectives in a constitutional democracy.
Ira J. Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- October 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780190258573
- eISBN:
- 9780190258597
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190258573.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Theory, Social Psychology and Interaction
This book presents a unique and engaging view of the world of behaviors individuals perform by themselves. The book’s central claim is that solitary action, in its many diverse and often highly ...
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This book presents a unique and engaging view of the world of behaviors individuals perform by themselves. The book’s central claim is that solitary action, in its many diverse and often highly absorbing forms, is as prevalent in everyday life as the complimentary domain of social interaction. But, while there are numerous studies of social interaction, this is the first work in social theory to develop an understanding of what people do when they are on their own. Like many studies of interaction, by authors such as Mead, Goffman, and Garfinkel, the book focuses on forms of behavior rather than the meaning individuals ascribe to their acts. The focus on forms of behavior leads to three novel premises that shape the understanding of solitary action throughout the book. First, solitary action is a contextually reflexive form of behavior. Second, many forms of solitary action have the distinctive capacity to hold the individual’s attention as the context of activity proceeds. Third, solitary forms of action vary noticeably in their structural constraints. To cite a contrasting set of examples highlighted in the book: whereas the game of solitaire is played with rigid constraints on each move in a sequence of action, the art of solo jazz improvisations provides a multitude of possibilities for variations on a theme. While the book is written with intellectual rigor, the text is surprisingly accessible and includes novel examples that illustrate the significance of each conceptual step.Less
This book presents a unique and engaging view of the world of behaviors individuals perform by themselves. The book’s central claim is that solitary action, in its many diverse and often highly absorbing forms, is as prevalent in everyday life as the complimentary domain of social interaction. But, while there are numerous studies of social interaction, this is the first work in social theory to develop an understanding of what people do when they are on their own. Like many studies of interaction, by authors such as Mead, Goffman, and Garfinkel, the book focuses on forms of behavior rather than the meaning individuals ascribe to their acts. The focus on forms of behavior leads to three novel premises that shape the understanding of solitary action throughout the book. First, solitary action is a contextually reflexive form of behavior. Second, many forms of solitary action have the distinctive capacity to hold the individual’s attention as the context of activity proceeds. Third, solitary forms of action vary noticeably in their structural constraints. To cite a contrasting set of examples highlighted in the book: whereas the game of solitaire is played with rigid constraints on each move in a sequence of action, the art of solo jazz improvisations provides a multitude of possibilities for variations on a theme. While the book is written with intellectual rigor, the text is surprisingly accessible and includes novel examples that illustrate the significance of each conceptual step.
Michael Hunter
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780300243581
- eISBN:
- 9780300249460
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300243581.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter examines the state of affairs in the mid-eighteenth century. It also explores the extent to which a medical approach to magic and related phenomena became fashionable among intellectuals ...
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This chapter examines the state of affairs in the mid-eighteenth century. It also explores the extent to which a medical approach to magic and related phenomena became fashionable among intellectuals as part of the Enlightenment. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of doctors like Sir Hans Sloane and Richard Mead and the nature of their diagnosis of those with magical beliefs. Consideration is also given to the hitherto neglected influence of such ideas on liberal churchmen in their discussions of miracles and related topics. All this provides a means of exploring how scepticism on such subjects fits into our understanding of the Enlightenment as a whole.Less
This chapter examines the state of affairs in the mid-eighteenth century. It also explores the extent to which a medical approach to magic and related phenomena became fashionable among intellectuals as part of the Enlightenment. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of doctors like Sir Hans Sloane and Richard Mead and the nature of their diagnosis of those with magical beliefs. Consideration is also given to the hitherto neglected influence of such ideas on liberal churchmen in their discussions of miracles and related topics. All this provides a means of exploring how scepticism on such subjects fits into our understanding of the Enlightenment as a whole.
Daniel R. Huebner
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780226171371
- eISBN:
- 9780226171548
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226171548.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Theory
Chapter 3 investigates the wide-ranging significance of colonial Hawaii for George Herbert Mead. He became emotionally invested in Hawaii from his college days, as his closest personal relationships ...
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Chapter 3 investigates the wide-ranging significance of colonial Hawaii for George Herbert Mead. He became emotionally invested in Hawaii from his college days, as his closest personal relationships and most affecting personal losses were directly tied to those islands. By the time he first visited in 1897, Mead had been exposed to ardent talk and vivid images of the people and places, especially in relation to revolution and annexation. Over his thirteen long sojourns there, Mead was introduced firsthand to its pressing social issues by leading citizens, and became a participant in its public debates. He served on an official behalf for the Territory of Hawaii and explored its landscapes, all the while reflecting on the broader significance of its problems and placing them in dialogue with analogous issues elsewhere. In Hawaii, Mead occupied a peculiar role, as someone fundamentally dependent on personal guides, especially his wife Helen Castle Mead, for his participation in and understanding of the social landscape. This focus on Hawaii helps specify Mead's reform work and theorizing about democratic societies, and it provides an opportunity to reformulate the nature of “context” as an analytical conceptLess
Chapter 3 investigates the wide-ranging significance of colonial Hawaii for George Herbert Mead. He became emotionally invested in Hawaii from his college days, as his closest personal relationships and most affecting personal losses were directly tied to those islands. By the time he first visited in 1897, Mead had been exposed to ardent talk and vivid images of the people and places, especially in relation to revolution and annexation. Over his thirteen long sojourns there, Mead was introduced firsthand to its pressing social issues by leading citizens, and became a participant in its public debates. He served on an official behalf for the Territory of Hawaii and explored its landscapes, all the while reflecting on the broader significance of its problems and placing them in dialogue with analogous issues elsewhere. In Hawaii, Mead occupied a peculiar role, as someone fundamentally dependent on personal guides, especially his wife Helen Castle Mead, for his participation in and understanding of the social landscape. This focus on Hawaii helps specify Mead's reform work and theorizing about democratic societies, and it provides an opportunity to reformulate the nature of “context” as an analytical concept
Daniel Burton-Rose
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520264281
- eISBN:
- 9780520936485
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520264281.003.0015
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Edward Allen Mead and Bruce Seidel both found their May 31, 1975, bombing of the Division of Corrections headquarters in Olympia empowering. In the absence of immediate repercussions, Mead and Seidel ...
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Edward Allen Mead and Bruce Seidel both found their May 31, 1975, bombing of the Division of Corrections headquarters in Olympia empowering. In the absence of immediate repercussions, Mead and Seidel continued on their course. The next “mass struggle” that they perceived to be in need of armed support was the American Indian Movement on the Sioux reservations of Pine Ridge and Rosebud in South Dakota. There, a violent and uneven battle was being waged between traditionalists and compradors on land drenched in the blood of over a century of conflict. Mead and Seidel broke into the Federal Bureau of Investigation offices in Tacoma and the Bureau of Indian Affairs offices in Everett on August 5 and 6, respectively. They took turns planting pipe bombs; both devices detonated as planned. This chapter discusses how a furtive effort to launch a guerrilla cell out of an anarchist bookshop ended in disaster and how the George Jackson Brigade became Public Enemy Number One after its two bombings of the Safeway Store in Washington.Less
Edward Allen Mead and Bruce Seidel both found their May 31, 1975, bombing of the Division of Corrections headquarters in Olympia empowering. In the absence of immediate repercussions, Mead and Seidel continued on their course. The next “mass struggle” that they perceived to be in need of armed support was the American Indian Movement on the Sioux reservations of Pine Ridge and Rosebud in South Dakota. There, a violent and uneven battle was being waged between traditionalists and compradors on land drenched in the blood of over a century of conflict. Mead and Seidel broke into the Federal Bureau of Investigation offices in Tacoma and the Bureau of Indian Affairs offices in Everett on August 5 and 6, respectively. They took turns planting pipe bombs; both devices detonated as planned. This chapter discusses how a furtive effort to launch a guerrilla cell out of an anarchist bookshop ended in disaster and how the George Jackson Brigade became Public Enemy Number One after its two bombings of the Safeway Store in Washington.
Daniel Burton-Rose
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520264281
- eISBN:
- 9780520936485
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520264281.003.0016
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
In the midst of the storm of criticism, Rita Brown received an intriguing invitation from Bruce Seidel, a fellow prison organizer with whom her girlfriend Therese Coupez had first became acquainted ...
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In the midst of the storm of criticism, Rita Brown received an intriguing invitation from Bruce Seidel, a fellow prison organizer with whom her girlfriend Therese Coupez had first became acquainted on the University of Washington campus. “Would you like to meet with the George Jackson Brigade?” Bruce asked. Brown and Coupez first heard of the Brigade that summer after the Olympia Division of Corrections bombing. The couple had read the accompanying communiqué in The Sunfighter indicting capitalism as the culprit in creating crime. Yet Brown and Coupez, like everyone else in the Seattle's Left activist community, were distressed by the carelessness of the Safeway Store bombing, feeling that it made radicals look like callous crazies. Nevertheless, Brown accepted Seidel's invitation. The meeting took place at the new safehouse Seidel and Edward Allen Mead had established on Beacon Hill. Mead's old friend John Sherman also signed on.Less
In the midst of the storm of criticism, Rita Brown received an intriguing invitation from Bruce Seidel, a fellow prison organizer with whom her girlfriend Therese Coupez had first became acquainted on the University of Washington campus. “Would you like to meet with the George Jackson Brigade?” Bruce asked. Brown and Coupez first heard of the Brigade that summer after the Olympia Division of Corrections bombing. The couple had read the accompanying communiqué in The Sunfighter indicting capitalism as the culprit in creating crime. Yet Brown and Coupez, like everyone else in the Seattle's Left activist community, were distressed by the carelessness of the Safeway Store bombing, feeling that it made radicals look like callous crazies. Nevertheless, Brown accepted Seidel's invitation. The meeting took place at the new safehouse Seidel and Edward Allen Mead had established on Beacon Hill. Mead's old friend John Sherman also signed on.
