L. Weiskrantz
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198521921
- eISBN:
- 9780191706226
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198521921.003.0014
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
Given the good discrimination in the blind field, the question arises as to whether it is processed differently than discriminations in the intact field. One way of addressing the question was to ...
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Given the good discrimination in the blind field, the question arises as to whether it is processed differently than discriminations in the intact field. One way of addressing the question was to present stimuli to the two fields simultaneously and to ask D. B. to make a ‘ same-different’ judgment. Two types of stimuli were used: curved vs. straight triangles, and X vs. O. The tests with triangles were ambiguous, possibly because it was not an easy task even for the intact field. The results for X vs. O were clearer, especially when conditions were optimized by varying the size of the stimuli and their positions in the fields. But the cross-field comparison task was more tiring than a within-field task for the blind field alone. In any event, he showed unmistakable evidence of being able to do the matching task. His ability to perform discrimination within the blind field alone was better than across fields. With stimuli to the blind field alone, depending on the parameters, he might report seeing waves, but with the same parameters for the cross-field matching task, he reported seeing nothing in the blind field but something in the good field, even when he was performing at 99% accuracy. A question arises as to whether he carried out the cross-field test sequentially in each field independently, which might be pursued by the analysis of reaction times in the single vs. double field presentations.Less
Given the good discrimination in the blind field, the question arises as to whether it is processed differently than discriminations in the intact field. One way of addressing the question was to present stimuli to the two fields simultaneously and to ask D. B. to make a ‘ same-different’ judgment. Two types of stimuli were used: curved vs. straight triangles, and X vs. O. The tests with triangles were ambiguous, possibly because it was not an easy task even for the intact field. The results for X vs. O were clearer, especially when conditions were optimized by varying the size of the stimuli and their positions in the fields. But the cross-field comparison task was more tiring than a within-field task for the blind field alone. In any event, he showed unmistakable evidence of being able to do the matching task. His ability to perform discrimination within the blind field alone was better than across fields. With stimuli to the blind field alone, depending on the parameters, he might report seeing waves, but with the same parameters for the cross-field matching task, he reported seeing nothing in the blind field but something in the good field, even when he was performing at 99% accuracy. A question arises as to whether he carried out the cross-field test sequentially in each field independently, which might be pursued by the analysis of reaction times in the single vs. double field presentations.
L. Weiskrantz
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198521921
- eISBN:
- 9780191706226
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198521921.003.0015
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
Given the good performance for cross-field matching, the question arises as to whether D. B. could perform a matching task for stimuli wholly within the blind field. The task was to respond ‘same’ or ...
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Given the good performance for cross-field matching, the question arises as to whether D. B. could perform a matching task for stimuli wholly within the blind field. The task was to respond ‘same’ or ‘different’ for Xs and Os presented simultaneously physically close to each other. It was shown that he could discriminate between the stimuli when these were presented singly. Under the conditions of the task, however, he failed the matching task within the blind field. In order to make sure the task was not inherently too difficult because of the stimulus parameters, the same task was given to the intact field, when he scored 100% accuracy. Given the undemanding character of the task for the intact field, the difference between between-field and within-field results is striking and deserves a follow-up under various stimulus conditions.Less
Given the good performance for cross-field matching, the question arises as to whether D. B. could perform a matching task for stimuli wholly within the blind field. The task was to respond ‘same’ or ‘different’ for Xs and Os presented simultaneously physically close to each other. It was shown that he could discriminate between the stimuli when these were presented singly. Under the conditions of the task, however, he failed the matching task within the blind field. In order to make sure the task was not inherently too difficult because of the stimulus parameters, the same task was given to the intact field, when he scored 100% accuracy. Given the undemanding character of the task for the intact field, the difference between between-field and within-field results is striking and deserves a follow-up under various stimulus conditions.
Myoung-jae Lee
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199267699
- eISBN:
- 9780191603044
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199267693.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This book brings to the fore recent advances in econometrics for treatment effect analysis. It aims to put together various economic treatment effect models in a coherent fashion, determine those ...
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This book brings to the fore recent advances in econometrics for treatment effect analysis. It aims to put together various economic treatment effect models in a coherent fashion, determine those that can be parameters of interest, and show how these can be identified and estimated under weak assumptions. The emphasis throughout the book is on semi- and non-parametric estimation methods, but traditional parametric approaches are also discussed. This book is ideally suited to researchers and graduate students with a basic knowledge of econometrics.Less
This book brings to the fore recent advances in econometrics for treatment effect analysis. It aims to put together various economic treatment effect models in a coherent fashion, determine those that can be parameters of interest, and show how these can be identified and estimated under weak assumptions. The emphasis throughout the book is on semi- and non-parametric estimation methods, but traditional parametric approaches are also discussed. This book is ideally suited to researchers and graduate students with a basic knowledge of econometrics.
Deborah R. Becker and Robert E. Drake
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195131215
- eISBN:
- 9780199863808
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195131215.003.0013
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
People who develop severe mental illness later in life may have advanced education and successful careers. The goal of returning to work for a highly trained individual has different challenges than ...
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People who develop severe mental illness later in life may have advanced education and successful careers. The goal of returning to work for a highly trained individual has different challenges than for people who are starting entry-level jobs. This chapter includes an illustration of an individual who developed severe mental illness after working successfully as a professor and wanted to return to his career. The employment specialist and the rest of the team provide hope and encouragement for people to achieve their goals. The team makes recommendations about specific steps toward reaching the goal. While respect and dignity should be part of every encounter a client has with the employment specialist and other practitioners, the team needs to recognize and respond to the sense of loss in societal and economic status that many people who have had careers and advanced training experience.Less
People who develop severe mental illness later in life may have advanced education and successful careers. The goal of returning to work for a highly trained individual has different challenges than for people who are starting entry-level jobs. This chapter includes an illustration of an individual who developed severe mental illness after working successfully as a professor and wanted to return to his career. The employment specialist and the rest of the team provide hope and encouragement for people to achieve their goals. The team makes recommendations about specific steps toward reaching the goal. While respect and dignity should be part of every encounter a client has with the employment specialist and other practitioners, the team needs to recognize and respond to the sense of loss in societal and economic status that many people who have had careers and advanced training experience.
George J. Mailath and Larry Samuelson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195300796
- eISBN:
- 9780199783700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300796.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
This chapter explores variations on the standard repeated game: random matching games and repeated games played in the context of a market or society, multiple repeated games, repeated extensive form ...
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This chapter explores variations on the standard repeated game: random matching games and repeated games played in the context of a market or society, multiple repeated games, repeated extensive form games, and dynamic games. The chapter defines and provides foundations for the concept of Markov equilibrium and culminates in a folk theorem for dynamic games.Less
This chapter explores variations on the standard repeated game: random matching games and repeated games played in the context of a market or society, multiple repeated games, repeated extensive form games, and dynamic games. The chapter defines and provides foundations for the concept of Markov equilibrium and culminates in a folk theorem for dynamic games.
Johzen Takeuchi
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780198292746
- eISBN:
- 9780191603891
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292740.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter deals with the manufacturing industry for Western products that emerged after the opening of the treaty ports. These goods include brushes, buttons, matches, knitted goods, soaps, and ...
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This chapter deals with the manufacturing industry for Western products that emerged after the opening of the treaty ports. These goods include brushes, buttons, matches, knitted goods, soaps, and bicycles. Although the modern factories that made these products played significant roles in the early stages of industrialization, they eventually went into decline. The combination of modern technology and traditional skills formed another route to industrialization in modern Japan.Less
This chapter deals with the manufacturing industry for Western products that emerged after the opening of the treaty ports. These goods include brushes, buttons, matches, knitted goods, soaps, and bicycles. Although the modern factories that made these products played significant roles in the early stages of industrialization, they eventually went into decline. The combination of modern technology and traditional skills formed another route to industrialization in modern Japan.
Ian P. Howard and Brian J. Rogers
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367607
- eISBN:
- 9780199867264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367607.003.0016
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
Neighbouring images in the two eyes that are sufficiently similar are combined in the nervous system and passed on for processing to higher levels. The problem is to determine what stimulus features ...
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Neighbouring images in the two eyes that are sufficiently similar are combined in the nervous system and passed on for processing to higher levels. The problem is to determine what stimulus features are used by the visual system to relate images in one retina with those in a corresponding region of the other retina. For example, binocular stimuli may be treated as one stimulus only if they are similar in contrast, shape, colour, and motion. One can also ask whether image matching is done only locally or both locally and globally over wide areas. This chapter addresses these questions. Topics covered include correlating binocular images, local matching rules, and global matching rules.Less
Neighbouring images in the two eyes that are sufficiently similar are combined in the nervous system and passed on for processing to higher levels. The problem is to determine what stimulus features are used by the visual system to relate images in one retina with those in a corresponding region of the other retina. For example, binocular stimuli may be treated as one stimulus only if they are similar in contrast, shape, colour, and motion. One can also ask whether image matching is done only locally or both locally and globally over wide areas. This chapter addresses these questions. Topics covered include correlating binocular images, local matching rules, and global matching rules.
Maximilian de Gaynesford
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199287826
- eISBN:
- 9780191603570
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199287821.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
The logical character of I is obligatorily deictic. Some variant devices have obligatory anaphoric reference, some are free, and some again have obligatory deictic reference. It is by singling out ...
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The logical character of I is obligatorily deictic. Some variant devices have obligatory anaphoric reference, some are free, and some again have obligatory deictic reference. It is by singling out individuals made salient in the extra-sentential context that uses of this third sort refer. Substitution instances reveal and matching constraints confirm that each use of I (together with singular You) must fall into this third category.Less
The logical character of I is obligatorily deictic. Some variant devices have obligatory anaphoric reference, some are free, and some again have obligatory deictic reference. It is by singling out individuals made salient in the extra-sentential context that uses of this third sort refer. Substitution instances reveal and matching constraints confirm that each use of I (together with singular You) must fall into this third category.
Steve Selvin
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195172805
- eISBN:
- 9780199865697
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195172805.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Analytic procedures suitable for the study of human disease are scattered throughout the statistical and epidemiologic literature. Explanations of their properties are frequently presented in ...
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Analytic procedures suitable for the study of human disease are scattered throughout the statistical and epidemiologic literature. Explanations of their properties are frequently presented in mathematical and theoretical language. This text provides a clear understanding of the statistical methods that are widely used in epidemiologic research without depending on advanced mathematical or statistical theory. By applying these methods to actual data, this book reveals the strengths and weaknesses of each analytic approach. The book combines techniques from the fields of statistics, biostatistics, demography, and epidemiology to present an overview that does not require computational details of the statistical techniques described. Throughout, the text contains illuminating discussions with new elements for this edition, including the analysis of multi-level categorical data and simple, intuitive arguments that exponential survival times cause the hazard function to be constant. There are also new applied examples to illustrate such topics as the pitfalls of proportional mortality data, the analysis of matched pair categorical data, and the age-adjustment of mortality rates based on statistical models. The most important new feature is a chapter on Poisson regression analysis. This essential statistical tool permits the multivariable analysis of rates, probabilities, and counts.Less
Analytic procedures suitable for the study of human disease are scattered throughout the statistical and epidemiologic literature. Explanations of their properties are frequently presented in mathematical and theoretical language. This text provides a clear understanding of the statistical methods that are widely used in epidemiologic research without depending on advanced mathematical or statistical theory. By applying these methods to actual data, this book reveals the strengths and weaknesses of each analytic approach. The book combines techniques from the fields of statistics, biostatistics, demography, and epidemiology to present an overview that does not require computational details of the statistical techniques described. Throughout, the text contains illuminating discussions with new elements for this edition, including the analysis of multi-level categorical data and simple, intuitive arguments that exponential survival times cause the hazard function to be constant. There are also new applied examples to illustrate such topics as the pitfalls of proportional mortality data, the analysis of matched pair categorical data, and the age-adjustment of mortality rates based on statistical models. The most important new feature is a chapter on Poisson regression analysis. This essential statistical tool permits the multivariable analysis of rates, probabilities, and counts.
Eiji Hoshi
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195314274
- eISBN:
- 9780199786695
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195314274.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter focuses on the differential involvement of multiple areas of the lateral frontal cortex in rule‐based behavior. It presents evidence obtained from physiological and anatomical studies of ...
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This chapter focuses on the differential involvement of multiple areas of the lateral frontal cortex in rule‐based behavior. It presents evidence obtained from physiological and anatomical studies of monkeys and discusses the specific role played by each area from the viewpoint of a hierarchical network within the lateral frontal cortex. It introduces several key types of neuronal activity found in the prefrontal, premotor, and primary motor cortices of macaque monkeys performing a variety of rule‐based behaviors, such as following location‐matching rules or shape‐matching rules.Less
This chapter focuses on the differential involvement of multiple areas of the lateral frontal cortex in rule‐based behavior. It presents evidence obtained from physiological and anatomical studies of monkeys and discusses the specific role played by each area from the viewpoint of a hierarchical network within the lateral frontal cortex. It introduces several key types of neuronal activity found in the prefrontal, premotor, and primary motor cortices of macaque monkeys performing a variety of rule‐based behaviors, such as following location‐matching rules or shape‐matching rules.
Kenneth Knoblauch
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198525301
- eISBN:
- 9780191584947
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525301.003.0027
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter describes procedure for evaluating the range of excitation in one observer's colour matching space generated by the set of metamers from a different observer's space. The approach lends ...
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This chapter describes procedure for evaluating the range of excitation in one observer's colour matching space generated by the set of metamers from a different observer's space. The approach lends itself to visualizing the results geometrically, which is helpful in generating intuitions about multi-dimensional problems.Less
This chapter describes procedure for evaluating the range of excitation in one observer's colour matching space generated by the set of metamers from a different observer's space. The approach lends itself to visualizing the results geometrically, which is helpful in generating intuitions about multi-dimensional problems.
Thomas Koshy
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195334548
- eISBN:
- 9780199868766
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334548.003.0007
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Combinatorics / Graph Theory / Discrete Mathematics
This chapter continues the investigation of the ubiquitous occurrences of Catalan numbers. It includes permutations, the ballot problem, multisets, noncrossing matchings, LIFO, staircase ...
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This chapter continues the investigation of the ubiquitous occurrences of Catalan numbers. It includes permutations, the ballot problem, multisets, noncrossing matchings, LIFO, staircase tessellations, and nonnested matchings.Less
This chapter continues the investigation of the ubiquitous occurrences of Catalan numbers. It includes permutations, the ballot problem, multisets, noncrossing matchings, LIFO, staircase tessellations, and nonnested matchings.
Jennifer Saul
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199219155
- eISBN:
- 9780191711848
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199219155.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
This chapter begins by exploring what would be needed to evade fully The Enlightenment Problem, arguing for the abandonment not only of EOI but also of some important variants of EOI. It then ...
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This chapter begins by exploring what would be needed to evade fully The Enlightenment Problem, arguing for the abandonment not only of EOI but also of some important variants of EOI. It then considers what is required to avoid The Aspect Problem. By the end of this chapter, it is clear that philosophers of language need to develop theories on which truth conditional intuitions may not be due to any proposition whose truth conditions match those indicated by the intuitions.Less
This chapter begins by exploring what would be needed to evade fully The Enlightenment Problem, arguing for the abandonment not only of EOI but also of some important variants of EOI. It then considers what is required to avoid The Aspect Problem. By the end of this chapter, it is clear that philosophers of language need to develop theories on which truth conditional intuitions may not be due to any proposition whose truth conditions match those indicated by the intuitions.
Jennifer Saul
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199219155
- eISBN:
- 9780191711848
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199219155.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
This chapter shows how it is that we can abandon the traditional picture and develop theories like those Chapters 4 and 5 show to be needed. It offers an account of simple sentence intuitions that ...
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This chapter shows how it is that we can abandon the traditional picture and develop theories like those Chapters 4 and 5 show to be needed. It offers an account of simple sentence intuitions that makes no use of ‘matching propositions’, drawing instead on considerations of psychological processing. The explanation developed fits quite naturally both with widely accepted assumptions about cognitive architecture and with the relevant empirical data. It is also compatible with a wide variety of views on the semantics of names.Less
This chapter shows how it is that we can abandon the traditional picture and develop theories like those Chapters 4 and 5 show to be needed. It offers an account of simple sentence intuitions that makes no use of ‘matching propositions’, drawing instead on considerations of psychological processing. The explanation developed fits quite naturally both with widely accepted assumptions about cognitive architecture and with the relevant empirical data. It is also compatible with a wide variety of views on the semantics of names.
Ádám Miklósi
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199295852
- eISBN:
- 9780191711688
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199295852.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This chapter provides a short overview on the perceptual abilities of dogs. Vision, audition, and olfaction are described in detail, including the possible experimental methods which could be used ...
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This chapter provides a short overview on the perceptual abilities of dogs. Vision, audition, and olfaction are described in detail, including the possible experimental methods which could be used for studying such phenomena as colour vision, form recognition, hearing acuity, or olfactory sensitivity. Understanding of perceptual abilities can be important in relating the animal's behaviour to its original (ancestral) environment, but also in designing experiments which rely on the dog's ability to perceive stimuli or events manipulated by the experimenter.Less
This chapter provides a short overview on the perceptual abilities of dogs. Vision, audition, and olfaction are described in detail, including the possible experimental methods which could be used for studying such phenomena as colour vision, form recognition, hearing acuity, or olfactory sensitivity. Understanding of perceptual abilities can be important in relating the animal's behaviour to its original (ancestral) environment, but also in designing experiments which rely on the dog's ability to perceive stimuli or events manipulated by the experimenter.
Marian Stamp Dawkins
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198569350
- eISBN:
- 9780191717512
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569350.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
The same principles that apply to the design of experiments also apply to the design of an observational study, but instead of manipulating the animals, the observer controls the way he or she takes ...
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The same principles that apply to the design of experiments also apply to the design of an observational study, but instead of manipulating the animals, the observer controls the way he or she takes observations. The three principles are: independent replication; not confounding variables; and removing known sources of variation by blocking or matching. The chapter shows how these three principles can be applied to the design of observations, and discusses issues that often get in the way of valid designs such as pseudoreplication, experimenter bias, and choice of which animals to observe. Some simple observational designs are introduced.Less
The same principles that apply to the design of experiments also apply to the design of an observational study, but instead of manipulating the animals, the observer controls the way he or she takes observations. The three principles are: independent replication; not confounding variables; and removing known sources of variation by blocking or matching. The chapter shows how these three principles can be applied to the design of observations, and discusses issues that often get in the way of valid designs such as pseudoreplication, experimenter bias, and choice of which animals to observe. Some simple observational designs are introduced.
Peter Monk
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198508885
- eISBN:
- 9780191708633
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508885.003.0013
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Numerical Analysis
This chapter examines the phase error problem and also shows, via a dispersion analysis, that higher order methods can significantly improve phase accuracy. Once a solution is computed it is ...
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This chapter examines the phase error problem and also shows, via a dispersion analysis, that higher order methods can significantly improve phase accuracy. Once a solution is computed it is desirable to assess the accuracy of the solution to determine how to refine the mesh. The next section of the chapter presents a residual based a posteriori error analysis that shows how both the error in the curl of the solution and the divergence needs to be assessed. The final section concerns absorbing boundary conditions, which are often used in preference to the ‘exact’ techniques in Chapters 10-12 to ease the implementation burden. The standard Silver-Muller condition, infinite elements, and the justly popular Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) of Berenger are discussed.Less
This chapter examines the phase error problem and also shows, via a dispersion analysis, that higher order methods can significantly improve phase accuracy. Once a solution is computed it is desirable to assess the accuracy of the solution to determine how to refine the mesh. The next section of the chapter presents a residual based a posteriori error analysis that shows how both the error in the curl of the solution and the divergence needs to be assessed. The final section concerns absorbing boundary conditions, which are often used in preference to the ‘exact’ techniques in Chapters 10-12 to ease the implementation burden. The standard Silver-Muller condition, infinite elements, and the justly popular Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) of Berenger are discussed.
Gina M. Cannarozzi, Adrian Schneider, and Gaston H. Gonnet
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199299188
- eISBN:
- 9780191714979
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299188.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
A probabilistic sequence (PS) is a sequence in which each position instead of having a single character (amino acid, nucleotide, or codon), has a vector describing the probability of each symbol ...
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A probabilistic sequence (PS) is a sequence in which each position instead of having a single character (amino acid, nucleotide, or codon), has a vector describing the probability of each symbol being the character at that position. A probabilistic ancestral sequence (PAS) is a reconstructed PS for the common ancestor of several sequences. This chapter presents a formalism to compute the probabilities of each character at each position of the biological sequence for the internal nodes in a given phylogenetic tree using a Markov model of evolution. From this model, the probability of an evolutionary configuration can be computed. In addition, efficient algorithms for computing the likelihood score of aligning a character with a character, a character with a probabilistic character, or two probabilistic characters are derived. These scores can then be used in direct string matching or dynamic programming alignments of probabilistic sequences with insertions and deletions. Applications for these alignments, including long-distance homology searching and multiple sequence alignment construction, are shown.Less
A probabilistic sequence (PS) is a sequence in which each position instead of having a single character (amino acid, nucleotide, or codon), has a vector describing the probability of each symbol being the character at that position. A probabilistic ancestral sequence (PAS) is a reconstructed PS for the common ancestor of several sequences. This chapter presents a formalism to compute the probabilities of each character at each position of the biological sequence for the internal nodes in a given phylogenetic tree using a Markov model of evolution. From this model, the probability of an evolutionary configuration can be computed. In addition, efficient algorithms for computing the likelihood score of aligning a character with a character, a character with a probabilistic character, or two probabilistic characters are derived. These scores can then be used in direct string matching or dynamic programming alignments of probabilistic sequences with insertions and deletions. Applications for these alignments, including long-distance homology searching and multiple sequence alignment construction, are shown.
R. Duncan Luce
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195070019
- eISBN:
- 9780199869879
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195070019.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Models and Architectures
This chapter examines three classes of closely-related experiments called memory scanning, visual search, and matching. Topics discussed include memory scanning and visual search; the serial, ...
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This chapter examines three classes of closely-related experiments called memory scanning, visual search, and matching. Topics discussed include memory scanning and visual search; the serial, exhaustive search model; alternative models; and same-difference experiments.Less
This chapter examines three classes of closely-related experiments called memory scanning, visual search, and matching. Topics discussed include memory scanning and visual search; the serial, exhaustive search model; alternative models; and same-difference experiments.
Irwin Epstein
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195335521
- eISBN:
- 9780199777433
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335521.003.0008
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
This chapter presents some personal thoughts about future possibilities for CDM based upon current involvement as a research consultant and as a social work doctoral faculty member. It briefly ...
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This chapter presents some personal thoughts about future possibilities for CDM based upon current involvement as a research consultant and as a social work doctoral faculty member. It briefly describes some practitioner-initiated, multidisciplinary CDM studies, and some CDM doctoral dissertations that are currently in the works. It then discusses prior efforts to create experimental analogs with available data that most closely approximate the RCT research ideal. It introduces a promising new data-analytic tool (Propensity Score Matching) that carries with it exciting data-mining possibilities. Finally, the chapter stakes a final claim for a model of social work research that includes CDM in particular and practitioner-research more generally.Less
This chapter presents some personal thoughts about future possibilities for CDM based upon current involvement as a research consultant and as a social work doctoral faculty member. It briefly describes some practitioner-initiated, multidisciplinary CDM studies, and some CDM doctoral dissertations that are currently in the works. It then discusses prior efforts to create experimental analogs with available data that most closely approximate the RCT research ideal. It introduces a promising new data-analytic tool (Propensity Score Matching) that carries with it exciting data-mining possibilities. Finally, the chapter stakes a final claim for a model of social work research that includes CDM in particular and practitioner-research more generally.
