Dov-Ber Kerler
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198151661
- eISBN:
- 9780191672798
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198151661.003.0029
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
In the late eighteenth century, the European continent was recovering from the effects brought about by Khmelnitsky's massacres. Literature was not spared from this violence. Books and publications ...
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In the late eighteenth century, the European continent was recovering from the effects brought about by Khmelnitsky's massacres. Literature was not spared from this violence. Books and publications were destroyed, and writing was forced to come to a halt. Only a few books were left to serve as material evidence and as a reference of the time before the start of the nineteenth century. The work featured in this chapter is said to be one of the earliest to have an Eastern Yiddish form. This, as would be expected, is about the time of the massacres and the strife and oppression they caused. The publication had no indication of any date or time when it was written, but its structure spoke for the time it represented due to its structure and form.Less
In the late eighteenth century, the European continent was recovering from the effects brought about by Khmelnitsky's massacres. Literature was not spared from this violence. Books and publications were destroyed, and writing was forced to come to a halt. Only a few books were left to serve as material evidence and as a reference of the time before the start of the nineteenth century. The work featured in this chapter is said to be one of the earliest to have an Eastern Yiddish form. This, as would be expected, is about the time of the massacres and the strife and oppression they caused. The publication had no indication of any date or time when it was written, but its structure spoke for the time it represented due to its structure and form.
Davide Rodogno
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151335
- eISBN:
- 9781400840014
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151335.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This book looks at the rise of humanitarian intervention in the nineteenth century, from the fall of Napoleon to World War I. Examining the concept from a historical perspective, the book explores ...
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This book looks at the rise of humanitarian intervention in the nineteenth century, from the fall of Napoleon to World War I. Examining the concept from a historical perspective, the book explores the understudied cases of European interventions and noninterventions in the Ottoman Empire and brings a new view to this international practice for the contemporary era. While it is commonly believed that humanitarian interventions are a fairly recent development, the book demonstrates that almost two centuries ago an international community, under the aegis of certain European powers, claimed a moral and political right to intervene in other states' affairs to save strangers from massacre, atrocity, or extermination. On some occasions, these powers acted to protect fellow Christians when allegedly “uncivilized” states, like the Ottoman Empire, violated a “right to life.” Exploring the political, legal, and moral status, as well as European perceptions, of the Ottoman Empire, the book investigates the reasons that were put forward to exclude the Ottomans from the so-called Family of Nations. It considers the claims and mixed motives of intervening states for aiding humanity, the relationship between public outcry and state action or inaction, and the bias and selectiveness of governments and campaigners. An original account of humanitarian interventions some two centuries ago, the book investigates the varied consequences of European involvement in the Ottoman Empire and the lessons that can be learned for similar actions today.Less
This book looks at the rise of humanitarian intervention in the nineteenth century, from the fall of Napoleon to World War I. Examining the concept from a historical perspective, the book explores the understudied cases of European interventions and noninterventions in the Ottoman Empire and brings a new view to this international practice for the contemporary era. While it is commonly believed that humanitarian interventions are a fairly recent development, the book demonstrates that almost two centuries ago an international community, under the aegis of certain European powers, claimed a moral and political right to intervene in other states' affairs to save strangers from massacre, atrocity, or extermination. On some occasions, these powers acted to protect fellow Christians when allegedly “uncivilized” states, like the Ottoman Empire, violated a “right to life.” Exploring the political, legal, and moral status, as well as European perceptions, of the Ottoman Empire, the book investigates the reasons that were put forward to exclude the Ottomans from the so-called Family of Nations. It considers the claims and mixed motives of intervening states for aiding humanity, the relationship between public outcry and state action or inaction, and the bias and selectiveness of governments and campaigners. An original account of humanitarian interventions some two centuries ago, the book investigates the varied consequences of European involvement in the Ottoman Empire and the lessons that can be learned for similar actions today.
Jane Marie Law
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195380040
- eISBN:
- 9780199869077
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380040.003.0014
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society, World Religions
This chapter explores three references to fetal imagery in Japanese mythology and cultural memory where the fetal reference clearly works as symbol. Though historically dispersed, these three ...
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This chapter explores three references to fetal imagery in Japanese mythology and cultural memory where the fetal reference clearly works as symbol. Though historically dispersed, these three examples provide a map for locating a certain kind of fetal imagination: the fetus that is unusual, out of place, or somehow violated. This chapter demonstrates how these examples offer a typology of sorts for imagination of the fetus. The fetus that garners attention is the fetus that does not turn out right, somehow does not follow the norms of reproduction, or explodes an essential counter-memory dominating collective memory of the past.Less
This chapter explores three references to fetal imagery in Japanese mythology and cultural memory where the fetal reference clearly works as symbol. Though historically dispersed, these three examples provide a map for locating a certain kind of fetal imagination: the fetus that is unusual, out of place, or somehow violated. This chapter demonstrates how these examples offer a typology of sorts for imagination of the fetus. The fetus that garners attention is the fetus that does not turn out right, somehow does not follow the norms of reproduction, or explodes an essential counter-memory dominating collective memory of the past.
Alexis Heraclides and Ada Dialla
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719089909
- eISBN:
- 9781781708484
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719089909.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This book is an attempt at a comprehensive presentation of the history of humanitarian intervention in the long nineteenth century, the heyday of this controversial doctrine. It starts with a brief ...
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This book is an attempt at a comprehensive presentation of the history of humanitarian intervention in the long nineteenth century, the heyday of this controversial doctrine. It starts with a brief presentation of the present situation and debate. The theoretical first part of the book starts with the genealogy of the idea, namely the quest for the progenitors of the idea in the sixteenth and seventeenth century which is a matter of controversy. Next the nineteenth century ‘civilization-barbarity’ dichotomy is covered and its bearing on humanitarian intervention, with its concomitant Eurocentric/Orientalist gaze towards the Ottomans and other states, concluding with the reaction of the Ottomans (as well as the Chinese and Japanese). Then the pivotal international law dimension is scrutinized, with the arguments of advocates and opponents of humanitarian intervention from the 1830s until the 1930s. The theoretical part of the book concludes with nineteenth century international political theory and intervention (Kant, Hegel, Cobden, Mazzini and especially J.S. Mill). In the practical second part of the book four cases studies of humanitarian intervention are examined in considerable detail: the Greek case (1821-1831), the Lebanon/Syria case (1860-61), the Balkan crisis and Bulgarian case (1875-78) in two chapters, and the U.S. intervention in Cuba (1895-98). Each cases study concludes with its bearing on the evolution of international norms and rules of conduct in instances of humanitarian plights. The concluding chapter identifies the main characteristics of intervention on humanitarian grounds during this period and today’s criticism and counter-criticism.Less
This book is an attempt at a comprehensive presentation of the history of humanitarian intervention in the long nineteenth century, the heyday of this controversial doctrine. It starts with a brief presentation of the present situation and debate. The theoretical first part of the book starts with the genealogy of the idea, namely the quest for the progenitors of the idea in the sixteenth and seventeenth century which is a matter of controversy. Next the nineteenth century ‘civilization-barbarity’ dichotomy is covered and its bearing on humanitarian intervention, with its concomitant Eurocentric/Orientalist gaze towards the Ottomans and other states, concluding with the reaction of the Ottomans (as well as the Chinese and Japanese). Then the pivotal international law dimension is scrutinized, with the arguments of advocates and opponents of humanitarian intervention from the 1830s until the 1930s. The theoretical part of the book concludes with nineteenth century international political theory and intervention (Kant, Hegel, Cobden, Mazzini and especially J.S. Mill). In the practical second part of the book four cases studies of humanitarian intervention are examined in considerable detail: the Greek case (1821-1831), the Lebanon/Syria case (1860-61), the Balkan crisis and Bulgarian case (1875-78) in two chapters, and the U.S. intervention in Cuba (1895-98). Each cases study concludes with its bearing on the evolution of international norms and rules of conduct in instances of humanitarian plights. The concluding chapter identifies the main characteristics of intervention on humanitarian grounds during this period and today’s criticism and counter-criticism.
Michael P. Roller
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780813056081
- eISBN:
- 9780813053875
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813056081.001.0001
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
Using evidence of historical changes in landscape, community life, and material culture from a coal mining company town in the Anthracite Coal Region of Northeast Pennsylvania, Michael Roller ...
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Using evidence of historical changes in landscape, community life, and material culture from a coal mining company town in the Anthracite Coal Region of Northeast Pennsylvania, Michael Roller introduces an archaeological approach to the structural violence on workers, citizens, and consumers that developed across the twentieth century. The study begins with an analysis of a moment of explicit violence at the end of the nineteenth century, an event known as the Lattimer Massacre, in which as many as nineteen immigrant miners were shot by a posse of local businessmen. From this touchstone, material history and theoretical contexts across the twentieth century are documented in a manner both locally specific and broadly generalizable. Historical archaeology is used strategically, opportunistically, and dialectically, supported, amplified, and illuminated by archival and ethnographic research, spatial analysis, and social theory. In the process, attention is brought to contradictions, ironies, and absences in our understandings of this formative era in labor history. This study illuminates the development of systematized violence and soft forms of social control enacted by the collusion of state and capital through materialities such as infrastructure, urban redevelopment, mass consumerism, governmentality, biopolitics, and the shifting boundaries of sovereign power. Varied in its use of sources, the study returns again and again to the material life and the shifting landscapes of the company towns and shanty enclaves of the region, as well as the violence of the Massacre. This archaeology of the recent past shows us the unconscious material foundations for present social troubles.Less
Using evidence of historical changes in landscape, community life, and material culture from a coal mining company town in the Anthracite Coal Region of Northeast Pennsylvania, Michael Roller introduces an archaeological approach to the structural violence on workers, citizens, and consumers that developed across the twentieth century. The study begins with an analysis of a moment of explicit violence at the end of the nineteenth century, an event known as the Lattimer Massacre, in which as many as nineteen immigrant miners were shot by a posse of local businessmen. From this touchstone, material history and theoretical contexts across the twentieth century are documented in a manner both locally specific and broadly generalizable. Historical archaeology is used strategically, opportunistically, and dialectically, supported, amplified, and illuminated by archival and ethnographic research, spatial analysis, and social theory. In the process, attention is brought to contradictions, ironies, and absences in our understandings of this formative era in labor history. This study illuminates the development of systematized violence and soft forms of social control enacted by the collusion of state and capital through materialities such as infrastructure, urban redevelopment, mass consumerism, governmentality, biopolitics, and the shifting boundaries of sovereign power. Varied in its use of sources, the study returns again and again to the material life and the shifting landscapes of the company towns and shanty enclaves of the region, as well as the violence of the Massacre. This archaeology of the recent past shows us the unconscious material foundations for present social troubles.
Heonik Kwon
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520247963
- eISBN:
- 9780520939653
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520247963.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
Though a generation has passed since the massacre of civilians at My Lai, the legacy of this tragedy continues to reverberate throughout Vietnam and the rest of the world. This engrossing study ...
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Though a generation has passed since the massacre of civilians at My Lai, the legacy of this tragedy continues to reverberate throughout Vietnam and the rest of the world. This engrossing study considers how Vietnamese villagers in My Lai and Ha My—a village where South Korean troops committed an equally appalling, though less well-known, massacre of unarmed civilians—assimilate the catastrophe of these mass deaths into their everyday ritual life. Based on a detailed study of local history and moral practices, this book focuses on the particular context of domestic life in which the Vietnamese villagers lived. The book explains what intimate ritual actions can tell us about the history of mass violence and the global bipolar politics that caused it. It highlights the aesthetics of Vietnamese commemorative rituals and the morality of their practical actions to liberate the spirits from their grievous history of death. The book brings these important practices into a critical dialogue with dominant sociological theories of death and symbolic transformation.Less
Though a generation has passed since the massacre of civilians at My Lai, the legacy of this tragedy continues to reverberate throughout Vietnam and the rest of the world. This engrossing study considers how Vietnamese villagers in My Lai and Ha My—a village where South Korean troops committed an equally appalling, though less well-known, massacre of unarmed civilians—assimilate the catastrophe of these mass deaths into their everyday ritual life. Based on a detailed study of local history and moral practices, this book focuses on the particular context of domestic life in which the Vietnamese villagers lived. The book explains what intimate ritual actions can tell us about the history of mass violence and the global bipolar politics that caused it. It highlights the aesthetics of Vietnamese commemorative rituals and the morality of their practical actions to liberate the spirits from their grievous history of death. The book brings these important practices into a critical dialogue with dominant sociological theories of death and symbolic transformation.
B. R. Nanda
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195633634
- eISBN:
- 9780199081332
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195633634.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
Mahatma Gandhi had been enmeshed in controversies ever since he plunged into the racial politics of Natal until he was assassinated fifty-four years later. He had to contend with the suspicious eyes ...
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Mahatma Gandhi had been enmeshed in controversies ever since he plunged into the racial politics of Natal until he was assassinated fifty-four years later. He had to contend with the suspicious eyes of the British, and also with discontent within the Congress Party. He infuriated orthodox Hindus for denouncing caste exclusiveness and untouchability and for advocating secular politics. He narrowly escaped a bomb attack in Poona in 1934, but fell victim to the bullets of a Poona Brahmin who accused him of betraying the Hindu cause fourteen years later. Curiously enough, for years protagonists of Pakistan had branded Gandhi as the leading enemy of Islam. This book chronicles the important events in the life of Gandhi. It looks at his views about India’s caste system, racialism in South Africa, the Amritsar massacre of 1919, British imperialism, and religion and politics and man versus machine. It also tackles his role in ending the rule of the British empire, his relationship with the Raj, his role in the Partition of India, his reaction to the Partition massacres in August-September 1947, and his adherence to non-violence.Less
Mahatma Gandhi had been enmeshed in controversies ever since he plunged into the racial politics of Natal until he was assassinated fifty-four years later. He had to contend with the suspicious eyes of the British, and also with discontent within the Congress Party. He infuriated orthodox Hindus for denouncing caste exclusiveness and untouchability and for advocating secular politics. He narrowly escaped a bomb attack in Poona in 1934, but fell victim to the bullets of a Poona Brahmin who accused him of betraying the Hindu cause fourteen years later. Curiously enough, for years protagonists of Pakistan had branded Gandhi as the leading enemy of Islam. This book chronicles the important events in the life of Gandhi. It looks at his views about India’s caste system, racialism in South Africa, the Amritsar massacre of 1919, British imperialism, and religion and politics and man versus machine. It also tackles his role in ending the rule of the British empire, his relationship with the Raj, his role in the Partition of India, his reaction to the Partition massacres in August-September 1947, and his adherence to non-violence.
Élisabeth Anstett and Jean-Marc Dreyfus (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719097560
- eISBN:
- 9781526104441
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719097560.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Global
Human remains and identification presents a pioneering investigation into the practices and methodologies used in the search for and exhumation of dead bodies resulting from mass violence. Previously ...
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Human remains and identification presents a pioneering investigation into the practices and methodologies used in the search for and exhumation of dead bodies resulting from mass violence. Previously absent from forensic debate, social scientists and historians here confront historical and contemporary exhumations with the application of social context to create an innovative and interdisciplinary dialogue, enlightening the political, social and legal aspects of mass crime and its aftermaths. Through a ground-breaking selection of international case studies, Human remains and identification argues that the emergence of new technologies to facilitate the identification of dead bodies has led to a “forensic turn”, normalising exhumations as a method of dealing with human remains en masse. However, are these exhumations always made for legitimate reasons? Multidisciplinary in scope, the book will appeal to readers interested in understanding this crucial phase of mass violence’s aftermath, including researchers in history, anthropology, sociology, forensic science, law, politics and modern warfare.Less
Human remains and identification presents a pioneering investigation into the practices and methodologies used in the search for and exhumation of dead bodies resulting from mass violence. Previously absent from forensic debate, social scientists and historians here confront historical and contemporary exhumations with the application of social context to create an innovative and interdisciplinary dialogue, enlightening the political, social and legal aspects of mass crime and its aftermaths. Through a ground-breaking selection of international case studies, Human remains and identification argues that the emergence of new technologies to facilitate the identification of dead bodies has led to a “forensic turn”, normalising exhumations as a method of dealing with human remains en masse. However, are these exhumations always made for legitimate reasons? Multidisciplinary in scope, the book will appeal to readers interested in understanding this crucial phase of mass violence’s aftermath, including researchers in history, anthropology, sociology, forensic science, law, politics and modern warfare.
Geraldine Cousin
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719061974
- eISBN:
- 9781781700976
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719061974.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Drama
This book explores connections between theatre time, the historical moment, and fictional time. It argues that a crucial characteristic of contemporary British theatre is its preoccupation with ...
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This book explores connections between theatre time, the historical moment, and fictional time. It argues that a crucial characteristic of contemporary British theatre is its preoccupation with instability and danger, and traces images of catastrophe and loss in a wide range of recent plays and productions. The diversity of the texts that are examined is a major strength of the book. In addition to plays by contemporary dramatists, the book analyses staged adaptations of novels, and productions of plays by Euripides, Strindberg and Priestley. A key focus is Stephen Daldry's award-winning revival of Priestley's An Inspector Calls, which is discussed in relation both to other Priestley ‘time’ plays and to Caryl Churchill's apocalyptic Far Away. Lost children are a recurring motif. Bryony Lavery's Frozen, for example, is explored in the context of the Soham murders, which took place while the play was in production at the National Theatre, whilst three virtually simultaneous productions of Euripides' Hecuba are interpreted with regard to the Beslan massacre of schoolchildren.Less
This book explores connections between theatre time, the historical moment, and fictional time. It argues that a crucial characteristic of contemporary British theatre is its preoccupation with instability and danger, and traces images of catastrophe and loss in a wide range of recent plays and productions. The diversity of the texts that are examined is a major strength of the book. In addition to plays by contemporary dramatists, the book analyses staged adaptations of novels, and productions of plays by Euripides, Strindberg and Priestley. A key focus is Stephen Daldry's award-winning revival of Priestley's An Inspector Calls, which is discussed in relation both to other Priestley ‘time’ plays and to Caryl Churchill's apocalyptic Far Away. Lost children are a recurring motif. Bryony Lavery's Frozen, for example, is explored in the context of the Soham murders, which took place while the play was in production at the National Theatre, whilst three virtually simultaneous productions of Euripides' Hecuba are interpreted with regard to the Beslan massacre of schoolchildren.
Virginia Garrard‐Burnett
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195379648
- eISBN:
- 9780199869176
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195379648.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter takes a close‐grained look at the impact of violence on Mayan communities during the scorched‐earth campaign of the early 1980s. It explores one massacre in detail. The chapter offers ...
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This chapter takes a close‐grained look at the impact of violence on Mayan communities during the scorched‐earth campaign of the early 1980s. It explores one massacre in detail. The chapter offers observations about the culpability of soldiers and policymakers involved in such events, but it also examines kinds of motivations and self‐interest that compelled local villagers to support the military in its assaults on their own families and communities. This chapter seeks to complicate our understanding of state violence by emphasizing the degree to which ordinary people readily engage in what has been called “autogenocide” in order to protect their own self‐interests. This chapter uses primary and secondary sources to interrogate the impact of violence at the local level. It uses human rights accounts, personal interviews, and reports by nongovernmental organizations and the Catholic Church to explore the ethnic, gendered, and intergenerational aspects of violence.Less
This chapter takes a close‐grained look at the impact of violence on Mayan communities during the scorched‐earth campaign of the early 1980s. It explores one massacre in detail. The chapter offers observations about the culpability of soldiers and policymakers involved in such events, but it also examines kinds of motivations and self‐interest that compelled local villagers to support the military in its assaults on their own families and communities. This chapter seeks to complicate our understanding of state violence by emphasizing the degree to which ordinary people readily engage in what has been called “autogenocide” in order to protect their own self‐interests. This chapter uses primary and secondary sources to interrogate the impact of violence at the local level. It uses human rights accounts, personal interviews, and reports by nongovernmental organizations and the Catholic Church to explore the ethnic, gendered, and intergenerational aspects of violence.
Karel C. Berkhoff
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719097560
- eISBN:
- 9781526104441
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719097560.003.0003
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Global
The chapter will show how both the Soviet authorities and the leaders of independent Ukraine attempted to block real investigation and commemoration at the hamlet of Bykivnia, where the NKVD buried ...
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The chapter will show how both the Soviet authorities and the leaders of independent Ukraine attempted to block real investigation and commemoration at the hamlet of Bykivnia, where the NKVD buried murdered bodies from 1939-1941. The chapter will look into how their attempts failed due to pressure from within—grave robbers and activists—and, especially, without—Germany and Poland. Following this account, details about the little-known Nazi and Soviet exhumations at the site will be examined.Less
The chapter will show how both the Soviet authorities and the leaders of independent Ukraine attempted to block real investigation and commemoration at the hamlet of Bykivnia, where the NKVD buried murdered bodies from 1939-1941. The chapter will look into how their attempts failed due to pressure from within—grave robbers and activists—and, especially, without—Germany and Poland. Following this account, details about the little-known Nazi and Soviet exhumations at the site will be examined.
Thomas O Beebee
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195339383
- eISBN:
- 9780199867097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195339383.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 20th Century Literature, American, 18th Century and Early American Literature
This chapter examines how, in the last quarter of the 19th century, millenial thought shifted from the “dominant Protestant (or reform Catholic) mind” to the “dominated hybrid mind.” One of the ...
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This chapter examines how, in the last quarter of the 19th century, millenial thought shifted from the “dominant Protestant (or reform Catholic) mind” to the “dominated hybrid mind.” One of the period’s unusual features was the simultaneous occurrence of significant millennial movements in North and South America: the chapter consider the period from 1869, the time of the first Red River Rebellion in present-day Manitoba, through the Ghost Dance that resulted in the Wounded Knee Massacre of 1891, to 1897, the year of the Canudos war in Brazil, as well as with the literary testimonials to these events. In all three cases, the racial makeup of the population that distanced them from the dominant culture and made them victims of “progress” was a contributing factor. Hybridity played a role, as Christianity was combined with native elements and endowed with messianic capabilities. These movements were in the end contained by the dominant culture in each case through violent confrontations in which superior technology played a key role in the victory, and each was accompanied by an outpouring of literary texts that reflected the apocalyptic mood of the times.Less
This chapter examines how, in the last quarter of the 19th century, millenial thought shifted from the “dominant Protestant (or reform Catholic) mind” to the “dominated hybrid mind.” One of the period’s unusual features was the simultaneous occurrence of significant millennial movements in North and South America: the chapter consider the period from 1869, the time of the first Red River Rebellion in present-day Manitoba, through the Ghost Dance that resulted in the Wounded Knee Massacre of 1891, to 1897, the year of the Canudos war in Brazil, as well as with the literary testimonials to these events. In all three cases, the racial makeup of the population that distanced them from the dominant culture and made them victims of “progress” was a contributing factor. Hybridity played a role, as Christianity was combined with native elements and endowed with messianic capabilities. These movements were in the end contained by the dominant culture in each case through violent confrontations in which superior technology played a key role in the victory, and each was accompanied by an outpouring of literary texts that reflected the apocalyptic mood of the times.
Paul A. Shackel
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780252041990
- eISBN:
- 9780252050732
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252041990.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Economic History
Lattimer, Pennsylvania, is the location for one of labor’s forgotten massacres, a result of the xenophobic fears prevalent during the turn of the twentieth century. On September 10, 1897, about four ...
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Lattimer, Pennsylvania, is the location for one of labor’s forgotten massacres, a result of the xenophobic fears prevalent during the turn of the twentieth century. On September 10, 1897, about four hundred strikers of eastern and southern European descent marched to close the Lattimer colliery. Without warning, the men were fired upon by the local sheriff and his posse. The shooters stood trial for the killing of the protestors and were acquitted. Though Lattimer is one of the largest tragedies in U.S. labor history, a type of amnesia attached to the event, and the massacre has been largely forgotten in the national public memory. Many attempts to memorialize the Lattimer massacre failed, as labor and capital struggled to control memory of the event. Eventually, in 1972, the town erected a monument at the site.
While Lattimer is a lesson about past labor and immigration practices, it is also about the ways in which contemporary communities perceive and deal with new immigrants. Today, northeastern Pennsylvania has experienced a new influx of immigrants from Latin America. Many belonging to the established local population are treating the new immigrants with the same prejudices and distain their own ancestors received several generations ago. Though local reaction to the immigrants reflects the larger national dialogue on immigration, there are those who struggle to change the anti-immigration rhetoric.Less
Lattimer, Pennsylvania, is the location for one of labor’s forgotten massacres, a result of the xenophobic fears prevalent during the turn of the twentieth century. On September 10, 1897, about four hundred strikers of eastern and southern European descent marched to close the Lattimer colliery. Without warning, the men were fired upon by the local sheriff and his posse. The shooters stood trial for the killing of the protestors and were acquitted. Though Lattimer is one of the largest tragedies in U.S. labor history, a type of amnesia attached to the event, and the massacre has been largely forgotten in the national public memory. Many attempts to memorialize the Lattimer massacre failed, as labor and capital struggled to control memory of the event. Eventually, in 1972, the town erected a monument at the site.
While Lattimer is a lesson about past labor and immigration practices, it is also about the ways in which contemporary communities perceive and deal with new immigrants. Today, northeastern Pennsylvania has experienced a new influx of immigrants from Latin America. Many belonging to the established local population are treating the new immigrants with the same prejudices and distain their own ancestors received several generations ago. Though local reaction to the immigrants reflects the larger national dialogue on immigration, there are those who struggle to change the anti-immigration rhetoric.
Davide Rodogno
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151335
- eISBN:
- 9781400840014
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151335.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter examines the European powers' second military intervention in Crete, which lasted from 1896 to 1900. The intervention was not an instance of humanitarian intervention. It was designed to ...
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This chapter examines the European powers' second military intervention in Crete, which lasted from 1896 to 1900. The intervention was not an instance of humanitarian intervention. It was designed to help the Ottoman government restore law and order in Crete after an insurgency and to avoid further threats to an increasingly fragile international order. The chapter begins with a discussion of the massacres and insurrections in Crete during the 1880s and 1890s, followed by an analysis of the international military occupation of the island during the period 1897–1899. It then considers the Greco-Ottoman War of 1897 and its consequences for Crete, along with the appointment of Prince George of Greece as high commissioner in Crete and the end of the European-run blockade of the island. It also explores public opinion in France and Great Britain regarding the European powers' intervention in Crete.Less
This chapter examines the European powers' second military intervention in Crete, which lasted from 1896 to 1900. The intervention was not an instance of humanitarian intervention. It was designed to help the Ottoman government restore law and order in Crete after an insurgency and to avoid further threats to an increasingly fragile international order. The chapter begins with a discussion of the massacres and insurrections in Crete during the 1880s and 1890s, followed by an analysis of the international military occupation of the island during the period 1897–1899. It then considers the Greco-Ottoman War of 1897 and its consequences for Crete, along with the appointment of Prince George of Greece as high commissioner in Crete and the end of the European-run blockade of the island. It also explores public opinion in France and Great Britain regarding the European powers' intervention in Crete.
Davide Rodogno
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151335
- eISBN:
- 9781400840014
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151335.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter examines the European powers' nonforcible intervention in the Ottoman provinces of Macedonia during the period 1903–1908. Like the case of Crete, the European governments' intervention ...
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This chapter examines the European powers' nonforcible intervention in the Ottoman provinces of Macedonia during the period 1903–1908. Like the case of Crete, the European governments' intervention in the Macedonian provinces was not a full-fludged intervention against massacre. Macedonian nationalists thought that evidence of indiscriminate massacres and atrocities would convince the European powers to intervene. They did not realize that from the European perspective, nationalism was among the factors preventing humanitarian interventions from taking place. The chapter first considers the uprisings of 1902–1903 and the European press' attitude toward the Macedonian Question, and particularly the massacres in the Macedonian provinces. It then discusses the terrorist attacks of 1903 and the Mürzsteg program for reforms in the Macedonian provinces. It also assesses the outcome of the European intervention in Macedonia.Less
This chapter examines the European powers' nonforcible intervention in the Ottoman provinces of Macedonia during the period 1903–1908. Like the case of Crete, the European governments' intervention in the Macedonian provinces was not a full-fludged intervention against massacre. Macedonian nationalists thought that evidence of indiscriminate massacres and atrocities would convince the European powers to intervene. They did not realize that from the European perspective, nationalism was among the factors preventing humanitarian interventions from taking place. The chapter first considers the uprisings of 1902–1903 and the European press' attitude toward the Macedonian Question, and particularly the massacres in the Macedonian provinces. It then discusses the terrorist attacks of 1903 and the Mürzsteg program for reforms in the Macedonian provinces. It also assesses the outcome of the European intervention in Macedonia.
Davide Rodogno
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151335
- eISBN:
- 9781400840014
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151335.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This epilogue discusses the European powers' humanitarian interventions from the interwar period and since 1989. It first considers the massacres, atrocities, and other abuses committed during World ...
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This epilogue discusses the European powers' humanitarian interventions from the interwar period and since 1989. It first considers the massacres, atrocities, and other abuses committed during World War I and World War II before looking at interventions during the Cold War (1945–1989). It then compares instances of humanitarian intervention and nonintervention since 1989 with those of the nineteenth century. It also examines humanitarian intervention as a means of addressing threats to international peace and security, nineteenth-century humanitarian interventions as ex post facto events with unexceptional outcomes and unintended consequences, and the transformation of intervention from one focused on short-term rescue to one focused on long-term protection of victims of massacres and atrocities. Finally, the chapter explores public opinion regarding humanitarian intervention, the emergence of “new humanitarianism,” and the United Nations's The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) document.Less
This epilogue discusses the European powers' humanitarian interventions from the interwar period and since 1989. It first considers the massacres, atrocities, and other abuses committed during World War I and World War II before looking at interventions during the Cold War (1945–1989). It then compares instances of humanitarian intervention and nonintervention since 1989 with those of the nineteenth century. It also examines humanitarian intervention as a means of addressing threats to international peace and security, nineteenth-century humanitarian interventions as ex post facto events with unexceptional outcomes and unintended consequences, and the transformation of intervention from one focused on short-term rescue to one focused on long-term protection of victims of massacres and atrocities. Finally, the chapter explores public opinion regarding humanitarian intervention, the emergence of “new humanitarianism,” and the United Nations's The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) document.
Taner Akçam
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153339
- eISBN:
- 9781400841844
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153339.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter discusses how the demise of the Ottoman state led to a succession of ethnic and religious groups playing out their struggles for independence on its shrinking stage against a backdrop of ...
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This chapter discusses how the demise of the Ottoman state led to a succession of ethnic and religious groups playing out their struggles for independence on its shrinking stage against a backdrop of forced population exchanges, deportations, massacres, and ethnic cleansing. As the last of the great early modern empires, the Ottoman state entered its long nineteenth century trailing the heritage of Byzantium but lacking the means of modernization. Without the requisite political and social structures and public consensus of a nation-state, “the Muslim Third Rome” could no longer bind together the diverse groups that peopled its vast territory. The logic of the nation-state utterly contradicts that of empire. Whereas an empire, by definition, encompasses a number of territories and diverse peoples, a nation-state is circumscribed by two clearly defined boundaries: geographical and social.Less
This chapter discusses how the demise of the Ottoman state led to a succession of ethnic and religious groups playing out their struggles for independence on its shrinking stage against a backdrop of forced population exchanges, deportations, massacres, and ethnic cleansing. As the last of the great early modern empires, the Ottoman state entered its long nineteenth century trailing the heritage of Byzantium but lacking the means of modernization. Without the requisite political and social structures and public consensus of a nation-state, “the Muslim Third Rome” could no longer bind together the diverse groups that peopled its vast territory. The logic of the nation-state utterly contradicts that of empire. Whereas an empire, by definition, encompasses a number of territories and diverse peoples, a nation-state is circumscribed by two clearly defined boundaries: geographical and social.
Davide Rodogno
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151335
- eISBN:
- 9781400840014
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151335.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This book examines the European roots of humanitarian intervention as a concept and international practice during the nineteenth century, with particular emphasis on the politics and policies of ...
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This book examines the European roots of humanitarian intervention as a concept and international practice during the nineteenth century, with particular emphasis on the politics and policies of Great Britain and France. It challenges two assumptions: first, that humanitarian intervention is a phenomenon of international relations that appeared after the end of the Cold War and second, that it emerged abruptly during the nineteenth century. Focusing on the Ottoman Empire, the book investigates when, where, who, how, and for what reasons a humanitarian intervention was undertaken from 1815 to 1914. It argues that the primary motivation of humanitarian intervention is to end massacre, atrocity, and extermination or to prevent the repetition of such events, to protect civilian populations mistreated and unprotected by the target-state government, agents, or authorities. This introduction discusses the concept of rights, including natural rights, before the nineteenth century and provides an overview of the questions, assumptions, and issues raised in the book.Less
This book examines the European roots of humanitarian intervention as a concept and international practice during the nineteenth century, with particular emphasis on the politics and policies of Great Britain and France. It challenges two assumptions: first, that humanitarian intervention is a phenomenon of international relations that appeared after the end of the Cold War and second, that it emerged abruptly during the nineteenth century. Focusing on the Ottoman Empire, the book investigates when, where, who, how, and for what reasons a humanitarian intervention was undertaken from 1815 to 1914. It argues that the primary motivation of humanitarian intervention is to end massacre, atrocity, and extermination or to prevent the repetition of such events, to protect civilian populations mistreated and unprotected by the target-state government, agents, or authorities. This introduction discusses the concept of rights, including natural rights, before the nineteenth century and provides an overview of the questions, assumptions, and issues raised in the book.
Davide Rodogno
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151335
- eISBN:
- 9781400840014
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151335.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter examines the international context of humanitarian interventions during the nineteenth century in order to understand why humanitarian intervention emerged as an international practice ...
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This chapter examines the international context of humanitarian interventions during the nineteenth century in order to understand why humanitarian intervention emerged as an international practice in the Ottoman Empire. It also sets the geopolitical context of humanitarian intervention, when Ottoman Christians were victims of massacre, atrocities, and extermination. The chapter begins with a discussion of the concept and practice of intervention in nineteenth-century international relations, explaining the term “intervention.” It then provides a brief overview of the history of the Eastern Question—the question of the survival or the death of the “sick Man of Europe”—before contextualizing the meaning of “massacre,” “atrocity,” and “extermination.” It also distinguishes between the Capitulations and intervention and concludes with an analysis of the extent to which military interventions against massacre built on the Capitulations.Less
This chapter examines the international context of humanitarian interventions during the nineteenth century in order to understand why humanitarian intervention emerged as an international practice in the Ottoman Empire. It also sets the geopolitical context of humanitarian intervention, when Ottoman Christians were victims of massacre, atrocities, and extermination. The chapter begins with a discussion of the concept and practice of intervention in nineteenth-century international relations, explaining the term “intervention.” It then provides a brief overview of the history of the Eastern Question—the question of the survival or the death of the “sick Man of Europe”—before contextualizing the meaning of “massacre,” “atrocity,” and “extermination.” It also distinguishes between the Capitulations and intervention and concludes with an analysis of the extent to which military interventions against massacre built on the Capitulations.
Davide Rodogno
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151335
- eISBN:
- 9781400840014
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151335.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter examines the politics of European powers' military intervention in Ottoman Greece during the period 1821–1833. It first considers the international and local context of the European ...
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This chapter examines the politics of European powers' military intervention in Ottoman Greece during the period 1821–1833. It first considers the international and local context of the European powers' intervention in Ottoman Greece before discussing the European governments' nonintervention on behalf of Muslim civilian populations of Greece and of Christian civilian populations at Smyrna (Izmir) and Chios. It then explores how the British and French Philhellenes addressed the question of intervention on behalf of the Greeks and goes on to explain how various massacres that did not lead to a humanitarian intervention and other events eventually triggered the Battle of Navarino in 1827. It also describes the occupation of the Morea, first by Egypt and then by France. It argues that humanitarian as well as self- and collective interests converged to make the intervention at Ottoman Greece possible.Less
This chapter examines the politics of European powers' military intervention in Ottoman Greece during the period 1821–1833. It first considers the international and local context of the European powers' intervention in Ottoman Greece before discussing the European governments' nonintervention on behalf of Muslim civilian populations of Greece and of Christian civilian populations at Smyrna (Izmir) and Chios. It then explores how the British and French Philhellenes addressed the question of intervention on behalf of the Greeks and goes on to explain how various massacres that did not lead to a humanitarian intervention and other events eventually triggered the Battle of Navarino in 1827. It also describes the occupation of the Morea, first by Egypt and then by France. It argues that humanitarian as well as self- and collective interests converged to make the intervention at Ottoman Greece possible.
