Peter Flaschel and Alfred Greiner
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199751587
- eISBN:
- 9780199932825
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199751587.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
This book on Flexicurity Capitalism provides four rigorously formulated approaches to an analysis of the current and future evolution of capitalism from a Marx-Keynes and Kalecki- Schumpeter (MKS) ...
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This book on Flexicurity Capitalism provides four rigorously formulated approaches to an analysis of the current and future evolution of capitalism from a Marx-Keynes and Kalecki- Schumpeter (MKS) perspective. It does so in self-contained ways, focusing on macrodynamical models of the working of modern capitalist societies in the tradition of Classical and Keynesian authors, augmented by a modern reformulation of Schumpeterian ’Competitive Socialism’, the flexi(bility-se)curity approach currently intensively debated in the EU area. On this basis the book provides a novel approach to the study of the future of capitalism, a topic that has never been more important than now -- since the prosperity phase after World War II. It supplies an alternative to those discussions of current forms of capitalism which focus on the status quo of such economies, instead of providing an ideal scenario first, on the basis of which compromises between the status quo and the 'ideal' can be discussed. The employed modelling approaches, of an advanced type, are aimed at the post-graduate level of economic teaching. The chapters of the book can be utilised independently of each other but, nevertheless, provide a unique approach to macrodynamic theorizing that is firmly rooted in the MKS tradition of the understanding of the growth dynamics of capitalist economies.Less
This book on Flexicurity Capitalism provides four rigorously formulated approaches to an analysis of the current and future evolution of capitalism from a Marx-Keynes and Kalecki- Schumpeter (MKS) perspective. It does so in self-contained ways, focusing on macrodynamical models of the working of modern capitalist societies in the tradition of Classical and Keynesian authors, augmented by a modern reformulation of Schumpeterian ’Competitive Socialism’, the flexi(bility-se)curity approach currently intensively debated in the EU area. On this basis the book provides a novel approach to the study of the future of capitalism, a topic that has never been more important than now -- since the prosperity phase after World War II. It supplies an alternative to those discussions of current forms of capitalism which focus on the status quo of such economies, instead of providing an ideal scenario first, on the basis of which compromises between the status quo and the 'ideal' can be discussed. The employed modelling approaches, of an advanced type, are aimed at the post-graduate level of economic teaching. The chapters of the book can be utilised independently of each other but, nevertheless, provide a unique approach to macrodynamic theorizing that is firmly rooted in the MKS tradition of the understanding of the growth dynamics of capitalist economies.
Gernot Grabher and David Stark
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198290209
- eISBN:
- 9780191684791
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198290209.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, Political Economy
This chapter argues that the development of small businesses in Hungary had been hampered both by historical heritage and the context of the transformational crisis. It sees mass and chronic ...
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This chapter argues that the development of small businesses in Hungary had been hampered both by historical heritage and the context of the transformational crisis. It sees mass and chronic unemployment as a contextual factor preventing the emergence of an efficient and dynamic small-business sector. The chapter focuses on the effects of narrowly economic determinants as observed in larger aggregates of self-employment. Based on the experience of established market economies as a comparative standard of measure, it proposes that small entrepreneurship in Hungary is exhibiting a syndrome that might be characterized as ‘too many, too small’. It adopts a macro-level economic approach to assess whether small entrepreneurship in Hungary is ailing or prospering. Lastly, it elaborates the implications of this syndrome for economic policy.Less
This chapter argues that the development of small businesses in Hungary had been hampered both by historical heritage and the context of the transformational crisis. It sees mass and chronic unemployment as a contextual factor preventing the emergence of an efficient and dynamic small-business sector. The chapter focuses on the effects of narrowly economic determinants as observed in larger aggregates of self-employment. Based on the experience of established market economies as a comparative standard of measure, it proposes that small entrepreneurship in Hungary is exhibiting a syndrome that might be characterized as ‘too many, too small’. It adopts a macro-level economic approach to assess whether small entrepreneurship in Hungary is ailing or prospering. Lastly, it elaborates the implications of this syndrome for economic policy.
Lindsay Colin
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847427113
- eISBN:
- 9781447303497
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847427113.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
This chapter provides an insightful appraisal of New Labour's ‘Work First’ supply-side approach to unemployment policy in new circumstances. It reconnects with earlier work by Adrian Sinfield, from a ...
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This chapter provides an insightful appraisal of New Labour's ‘Work First’ supply-side approach to unemployment policy in new circumstances. It reconnects with earlier work by Adrian Sinfield, from a previous period of mass unemployment, to ‘recognize more fully what unemployment means’ both for those who directly experience it and for society as a whole. It reviews in detail how the concept of ‘employability’ has been interpreted and put into practice by New Labour, revealing in the process the inadequacy of this approach, especially in a period when mass unemployment requires analysis and action on its demand-side aspects. It offers an analytical framework that allows us to recognise and make sense of the full range of factors that affect the ability of individuals to access meaningful employment.Less
This chapter provides an insightful appraisal of New Labour's ‘Work First’ supply-side approach to unemployment policy in new circumstances. It reconnects with earlier work by Adrian Sinfield, from a previous period of mass unemployment, to ‘recognize more fully what unemployment means’ both for those who directly experience it and for society as a whole. It reviews in detail how the concept of ‘employability’ has been interpreted and put into practice by New Labour, revealing in the process the inadequacy of this approach, especially in a period when mass unemployment requires analysis and action on its demand-side aspects. It offers an analytical framework that allows us to recognise and make sense of the full range of factors that affect the ability of individuals to access meaningful employment.
A. J. Nicholls
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208525
- eISBN:
- 9780191678059
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208525.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book discusses the concept of social market economy, ‘socialism with a human face’, a form of liberalized collectivism. It cites examples from former Communist countries, specifically, the case ...
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This book discusses the concept of social market economy, ‘socialism with a human face’, a form of liberalized collectivism. It cites examples from former Communist countries, specifically, the case of the social market economy in West and East Germany. It also highlights problems encountered with the introduction of free-market capitalism. The book elaborates various socio-economic theories and emphasizes that the issues of mass unemployment and working-class alienation are present even today as they were during the Great Depression. The concept of corporatism and its impact on Germany's economic society is also discussed.Less
This book discusses the concept of social market economy, ‘socialism with a human face’, a form of liberalized collectivism. It cites examples from former Communist countries, specifically, the case of the social market economy in West and East Germany. It also highlights problems encountered with the introduction of free-market capitalism. The book elaborates various socio-economic theories and emphasizes that the issues of mass unemployment and working-class alienation are present even today as they were during the Great Depression. The concept of corporatism and its impact on Germany's economic society is also discussed.
Jose Harris
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847424099
- eISBN:
- 9781447301981
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847424099.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
The phrase Social problem suggests an undesirable state of affairs for which people hope to find a practical cure, whereas social evil may imply a degree of scepticism, realism or despair about ...
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The phrase Social problem suggests an undesirable state of affairs for which people hope to find a practical cure, whereas social evil may imply a degree of scepticism, realism or despair about whether any remedy can be found. The overall impact of Edwardian public inquiries turned out to be cautiously optimistic, reassuring and anti-alarmist in tone. The aftermath of First World War saw a resurgence of anxiety about social relations in Britain; but this was to take a very different form from that of the Edwardian decade. The inter-war phenomenon of mass unemployment exactly fitted the notion of a dire social evil. Many aspects of contemporary social evils have come about because the very nature of that prosperity has in certain aspects been corrosive of interpersonal and communal ties, and even pathological in its influence on social relations and human behaviour.Less
The phrase Social problem suggests an undesirable state of affairs for which people hope to find a practical cure, whereas social evil may imply a degree of scepticism, realism or despair about whether any remedy can be found. The overall impact of Edwardian public inquiries turned out to be cautiously optimistic, reassuring and anti-alarmist in tone. The aftermath of First World War saw a resurgence of anxiety about social relations in Britain; but this was to take a very different form from that of the Edwardian decade. The inter-war phenomenon of mass unemployment exactly fitted the notion of a dire social evil. Many aspects of contemporary social evils have come about because the very nature of that prosperity has in certain aspects been corrosive of interpersonal and communal ties, and even pathological in its influence on social relations and human behaviour.
Aaron James
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- October 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190905033
- eISBN:
- 9780190905071
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190905033.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
What Keynes called “technological unemployment” is not yet upon us. Many agree that, if or when it is upon us, society will be forced to pay a basic income. This chapter argues that we shouldn’t ...
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What Keynes called “technological unemployment” is not yet upon us. Many agree that, if or when it is upon us, society will be forced to pay a basic income. This chapter argues that we shouldn’t wait. The chance of mass unemployment is credible. The outcome would be terrible. And a “precautionary basic income” is relatively cheap. So, much like buying a fire extinguisher for one’s home, we should take precautionary action before the risk of technological mass unemployment becomes likely. This is consistent with a cost-benefit analysis, when the benefits of business-as-usual are appropriately discounted. Precautionary action may well cost us nothing in the longer run. But even if it will cost something in forgone growth, the rich world shouldn’t worry, for three reasons: (1) The more we gain in GDP, the less and less it does for our happiness; (2) work for GDP is expensive in time lost; and (3) further GDP gains have less value than comparable security benefits to the less well-off.Less
What Keynes called “technological unemployment” is not yet upon us. Many agree that, if or when it is upon us, society will be forced to pay a basic income. This chapter argues that we shouldn’t wait. The chance of mass unemployment is credible. The outcome would be terrible. And a “precautionary basic income” is relatively cheap. So, much like buying a fire extinguisher for one’s home, we should take precautionary action before the risk of technological mass unemployment becomes likely. This is consistent with a cost-benefit analysis, when the benefits of business-as-usual are appropriately discounted. Precautionary action may well cost us nothing in the longer run. But even if it will cost something in forgone growth, the rich world shouldn’t worry, for three reasons: (1) The more we gain in GDP, the less and less it does for our happiness; (2) work for GDP is expensive in time lost; and (3) further GDP gains have less value than comparable security benefits to the less well-off.
Carl J. Griffin
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780719086267
- eISBN:
- 9781781705025
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719086267.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter examines the impact of pauperisation and the concurrent changes in employment, poor relief and protest practices. If the introduction and impact of wage subsidies dramatically altered ...
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This chapter examines the impact of pauperisation and the concurrent changes in employment, poor relief and protest practices. If the introduction and impact of wage subsidies dramatically altered the way in which labour and its remuneration were regulated in the 1790s and 1800s, it was the problem of rural mass unemployment after the end of the Napoleonic Wars that determined the social and economic conditions which underpinned Swing. The discussion notes that while farmers and vestries sought to reduce costs, those now out of work were left to the parish to find their support. Collective protests persisted despite the suppression of the subsistence protests of the 1790s and 1800s, while post-1815, the resort to the weapons of rural terror – especially against the users of threshing machines and poor law officials – increased to unprecedented levels.Less
This chapter examines the impact of pauperisation and the concurrent changes in employment, poor relief and protest practices. If the introduction and impact of wage subsidies dramatically altered the way in which labour and its remuneration were regulated in the 1790s and 1800s, it was the problem of rural mass unemployment after the end of the Napoleonic Wars that determined the social and economic conditions which underpinned Swing. The discussion notes that while farmers and vestries sought to reduce costs, those now out of work were left to the parish to find their support. Collective protests persisted despite the suppression of the subsistence protests of the 1790s and 1800s, while post-1815, the resort to the weapons of rural terror – especially against the users of threshing machines and poor law officials – increased to unprecedented levels.
Johan Fritzell, Carin Lennartsson, and Olle Lundberg
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861347589
- eISBN:
- 9781447302483
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861347589.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This chapter presents an overview of the extent of and changes in health inequalities for various dimensions of ill health. The long perspective describes changes from the late 1960s to the new ...
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This chapter presents an overview of the extent of and changes in health inequalities for various dimensions of ill health. The long perspective describes changes from the late 1960s to the new millennium with regard to age, class, and gender inequalities as well as inequalities related to country of birth. It notes that from the late 1960s to the early 1980s distribution of resources, especially regarding incomes, became more even and, typically, gender inequalities narrowed, not least with regard to labour market relations. It explains that the 1990s on the other hand, became a decade characterised by economic crisis, mass unemployment, and lower employment rates, increasing income inequalities as well as welfare state restructuring in a number of areas. It analyses how health and health inequalities have developed in Sweden from the late 1960s to 2000.Less
This chapter presents an overview of the extent of and changes in health inequalities for various dimensions of ill health. The long perspective describes changes from the late 1960s to the new millennium with regard to age, class, and gender inequalities as well as inequalities related to country of birth. It notes that from the late 1960s to the early 1980s distribution of resources, especially regarding incomes, became more even and, typically, gender inequalities narrowed, not least with regard to labour market relations. It explains that the 1990s on the other hand, became a decade characterised by economic crisis, mass unemployment, and lower employment rates, increasing income inequalities as well as welfare state restructuring in a number of areas. It analyses how health and health inequalities have developed in Sweden from the late 1960s to 2000.
Christopher Hood and Rozana Himaz
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- June 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198779612
- eISBN:
- 9780191824661
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198779612.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter describes two fiscal squeezes under the Conservative majority-party governments led by Margaret Thatcher in the 1980s. The first comprised a hard post-election squeeze on revenue in the ...
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This chapter describes two fiscal squeezes under the Conservative majority-party governments led by Margaret Thatcher in the 1980s. The first comprised a hard post-election squeeze on revenue in the middle of a major recession and mass unemployment, beginning with an abrupt hike in VAT rates in 1979 and severe tax rises in the 1981 budget. The second comprised a strategy of holding down spending increases that led to public expenditure falling relative to GDP (but not in constant price terms) over an extended period as recession was followed by economic recovery from 1983. These periods of squeeze took place in an era of deep polarization between the two main parties and bitter industrial unrest and were fuelled to a considerable extent by sharply increasing North Sea oil revenue and widespread asset sales in the form of privatization of state-owned enterprises that counted as negative expenditure.Less
This chapter describes two fiscal squeezes under the Conservative majority-party governments led by Margaret Thatcher in the 1980s. The first comprised a hard post-election squeeze on revenue in the middle of a major recession and mass unemployment, beginning with an abrupt hike in VAT rates in 1979 and severe tax rises in the 1981 budget. The second comprised a strategy of holding down spending increases that led to public expenditure falling relative to GDP (but not in constant price terms) over an extended period as recession was followed by economic recovery from 1983. These periods of squeeze took place in an era of deep polarization between the two main parties and bitter industrial unrest and were fuelled to a considerable extent by sharply increasing North Sea oil revenue and widespread asset sales in the form of privatization of state-owned enterprises that counted as negative expenditure.
Christopher Hood and Rozana Himaz
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- June 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198779612
- eISBN:
- 9780191824661
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198779612.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter describes fiscal squeeze in an era of high political volatility and major economic challenges, including mass unemployment, a sharp increase in oil prices, double-digit inflation (i.e. a ...
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This chapter describes fiscal squeeze in an era of high political volatility and major economic challenges, including mass unemployment, a sharp increase in oil prices, double-digit inflation (i.e. a period of ‘stagflation’), and high levels of trade union militancy. The most dramatic period during the episode occurred in 1976, involving a split Labour Government under two different leaders, with a leadership election following a sudden prime ministerial resignation. That government pursued fiscal squeeze against the background of a deep currency crisis and bailout deals with outside lenders (the US Government and the IMF). The squeeze episode also led to some important institutional developments, producing the first major privatization since the 1950s and a new system of controlling public spending through ‘cash limits’.Less
This chapter describes fiscal squeeze in an era of high political volatility and major economic challenges, including mass unemployment, a sharp increase in oil prices, double-digit inflation (i.e. a period of ‘stagflation’), and high levels of trade union militancy. The most dramatic period during the episode occurred in 1976, involving a split Labour Government under two different leaders, with a leadership election following a sudden prime ministerial resignation. That government pursued fiscal squeeze against the background of a deep currency crisis and bailout deals with outside lenders (the US Government and the IMF). The squeeze episode also led to some important institutional developments, producing the first major privatization since the 1950s and a new system of controlling public spending through ‘cash limits’.
