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This chapter focuses on the increased suspicion of British and Americans and the effect on the character of their containment policy by the threat posed by Stalin's arms build-up. It adds that the West's demand for more intelligence on the Soviet build-up and decision to induce the defection of East German scientific workers so as to deny them to their rival resulted in the exploitation of the scientific returnees of the 1950s. It assumes that the defectors reduced the scientific potential available. It explains that a mass of intelligence was acquired from refugees about the activities of factories and research institutes, particularly their production, and that it was used for embargo. It adds that mass flight caused serious damage to East German research and development and supplied the west with sources who reported on its difficulties. It explains that refugee interrogation was a great technique of obtaining information.

This chapter begins by discussing the breakup of Germany into several parts, the expulsion of the Germans from Eastern Europe, and the establishment of Communist systems, resulting in a huge mass flight. It explains the importance of Berlin as the escape hatch from Stalin's empire. It narrates the refugees' experiences during their migration, particularly the full interrogation in order to identify a valuable source to provide economic and political intelligence or a security suspect. It discusses that these interrogations served the West's two main policies designed to weaken the East German economy: embargo and induced defection. It defines defection as a product of the Soviet system itself, which is a natural consequence of disaffection with Communist totalitarianism and the wretchedness of life in Stalin's USSR. It also explains the reason behind the adoption of the policy of induced defection by the American and British intelligence services.

Laser desorption mass spectrometry is demonstrated in this chapter as a general tool for the analysis of solid materials, including fullerenes, metals, inorganic compounds, and biomolecules. These experiments use a pulsed Nd:YAG laser coupled with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. When the laser intensity is low, intact molecules can be desorbed from a surface and ionized, allowing their identification. When the laser intensity is higher, vaporization of material can produce a plasma like that seen in the LIBS experiments, and new atomic clusters can form as their vapor condenses. A digital oscilloscope collects the time-resolved ion signals from either an electron multiplier tube or microchannelplate detector. The derivation of mass assignments from the signal-vs-time data is discussed, as are the factors determining mass resolution and isotopic abundances. Background information is provided about fullerenes, metal atom clusters, and the technique of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI).

This chapter focuses on an even more valuable type of informant: Germans forced to work in the Soviet Union itself. It explains that the war showed the Soviet leaders that their country was backward in military technology, particularly with regard to Germany and the USA. It adds that Stalin set the USSR the aim of catching up with the West in the most crucial military technologies. It narrates that the great flow of prisoners-of-war from the USSR supplied valuable sources of intelligence on the industry, military installations, growing military-industrial complexes, and topography of the USSR.

Metal carbonyls are volatile inorganic complexes with applications in homogeneous catalysis and photolithography. The strong photochemical activity of these systems for ultraviolet light absorption is well known. In this chapter, pulsed UV laser excitation of these complexes is carried out within the ion source of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The resulting multiphoton processes produce dissociation and ionization. The experiment demonstrates the application of multiphoton ionization and the rich variety of fragmentation/ionization processes that can be induced. Isotopically resolved mass spectra provide clear illustrations of the natural abundances of metal isotopes.