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The chapter examines the function and meaning of violence inflicted upon the borderlands by the opposing armies in World War I. The focus then shifts to the activities of the military regimes that between 1914 and 1917 governed large parts of the borderlands from Latvia to Bukovina.

This chapter focuses on deportation. Deportation in the archaic and classical Greek world commonly took the form of the forced removal either of a large group by their political opponents or of the entirety of the population by a foreign enemy or tyrant—a phenomenon not unlike that of ethnic cleansing today. A frequent cause was factional squabbling between supporters of democracy and those of an oligarchic persuasion. Mass deportation, albeit cruel and inhuman, functioned as a valuable safety valve in that it relieved political pressure. Ultimately, deportation is a severe test of endurance, both physical and psychological, aggravated by the fact that in many cases the deportees are forced to leave all their possessions behind them.

This chapter describes how migrant workers' lives are shaped and constrained by multiple, overlapping forms of “structural violence.” It concentrates on the mass deportation campaign of migrant workers in Israel since mid-2002 and the construction of their “illegality.” Israel has been eager to apply both legally recruited transnational migrant workers and their undocumented counterparts in multiple labor sectors. The immigration police uses physical violence and brutality in the course of arrest. Some narratives of violent arrest affected the average Israelis. The quality of relative communality and social support that led the mass deportations has decomposed. It can be stated that the deportation campaign has brought a heightened sense of vulnerability, anxiety, and terror into undocumented migrants' individual lifeworlds, and destroyed the social fabric of their collective, group lifeworlds.

Chapter 5 focuses on the months after the German invasion of Hungary, from March to October 1944. Yet it analyzes the ghettoization and mass deportations of Jews to Auschwitz during the spring as part of the wartime history of Subcarpathian Rus' before March 1944. The miniscule SS force stationed in the region had almost no impact on the course of the operation. The anti-Roma violence that came on the heels of the anti-Jewish campaign-completely unrelated to German plans-likewise drew on the anti-Roma policies of Hungarian authorities before March 1944. To be sure, Germans murdered the vast majority of Jews from Subcarpathian Rus', primarily in Auschwitz, but this site of mass murder stood at the end of the genocidal process that the Hungarian state initiated and carried out against Jews and others through moments of both friction and cooperation with Berlin, before and after March 1944.

This chapter explains how deportees are caught in the deportation dragnet. It provides insight into why Latino and Caribbean men are the primary targets of mass deportation and helps us to understand how mass deportation creates a system of racialized and gendered social control. It argues that immigrant policing is designed not to remove all immigration offenders but to control labor and legitimize the state. This system of control is intensified insofar as immigration law enforcement operates without the basic protections we take for granted in criminal law enforcement

This chapter discusses the activities of the security police during the Second World War. It describes the mass deportations of different nationalities and the notorious murder of Polish military personnel and other prisoners in 1940. It also documents Lavrentii Beria's attempts to master the new tasks given to the Soviet political police by the Politburo and to establish a new cadre of Chekists. In addition, it reveals that the first of a series of ethnic deportations by the NKVD in the late summer of 1941 marked the war years.

On an average day in 2009, there were about 33,000 immigrants in detention centers around the country—six times as many as in 1994. In that same year, there were 2 million people incarcerated—five times what the number had been in 1972. This chapter explores the intersections between immigrant detention and incarceration, drawing from the stories of deportees who experienced both forms of confinement. The author argues that a political economy of mass incarceration helps us to understand these trends as well as how mass incarceration and the prison industrial complex fit into the story of mass deportation.

This chapter examines different views on how to resolve the so-called immigration crisis in the United States and offers a pragmatic and economically sound proposal for immigration reform, with particular emphasis on undocumented immigration. It argues that we need to end the hostile rhetoric aimed at undocumented immigrants and calls for an immigration policy based on reality rather than hateful attacks. It also discusses the three policy options that are commonly addressed in the context of comprehensive immigration reform: mass deportation, blanket amnesty, and a guest worker program. Finally, it explains what it calls the 2013 Kennedy-Bell Comprehensive Immigration Reform Law intended for current undocumented workers and which consists of five main components, including a guest worker program and a form of the DREAM Act.

Chapter 4 examines amphibious operations and the impact of naval forces on the balance of military power on land. Ships were essential tools for overseas invasion, but navigational challenges limited their ability to operate safely, communicate effectively, and supply fighters on land. Military commanders launching seaborne raids, sieges, or invasions used their ships as weapons platforms, but the most important military function of ships was to transport soldiers, settlers, and supplies. Military commanders deployed ships to evacuate colonists from conquered territory and to remove war captives from the regions where they were taken. Military leaders in Africa supplying the slave trade adopted a similar logic to imperial and colonial commanders in the Americas by taking advantage of ocean-going transportation to banish their adversaries. Over the course of the early modern era mass evacuations and small-scale banishments cumulatively affected millions of people.

Mexican Americans are unique in the panoply of American ethnoracial groups in that they are the descendants of the largest and longest lasting immigration stream in U.S. history. Today, there are approximately 24 million U.S.-born Mexican Americans, many of whom are multiple generations removed from their immigrant ancestors. Contrary to traditional assimilation theories, which predict that ethnicity and ethnic distinctions will disappear by the third generation, Mexican Americans exhibit a persistent and durable ethnicity with regard to their ethnic identity, culture, and networks. However, there is much heterogeneity within the population which ranges on a continuum from symbolic ethnicity to consequential ethnicity. We argue that one of the reasons for the group-level durability and the within-group variation is due to the existence of a strong ethnic core, the importance of which has been overlooked in previous assimilation theories.