John McGarry and Brendan O'Leary
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199266579
- eISBN:
- 9780191601446
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199266573.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
The chapter is highly critical of the Wilson cabinet's failure to defend Northern Ireland's first consociational experiment, the Sunningdale Agreement, although it concedes that this agreement may ...
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The chapter is highly critical of the Wilson cabinet's failure to defend Northern Ireland's first consociational experiment, the Sunningdale Agreement, although it concedes that this agreement may have had an inevitable encounter with a coroner. It analyses the government's reaction to the 1974 strike by the Ulster Workers Council, which led to the demise of Sunningdale. The chapter also illustrates the limits of the Callaghan government's policies in Northern Ireland, including its flawed experiments in ‘Ulsterization’, ‘normalization’, and ‘criminalization’.Less
The chapter is highly critical of the Wilson cabinet's failure to defend Northern Ireland's first consociational experiment, the Sunningdale Agreement, although it concedes that this agreement may have had an inevitable encounter with a coroner. It analyses the government's reaction to the 1974 strike by the Ulster Workers Council, which led to the demise of Sunningdale. The chapter also illustrates the limits of the Callaghan government's policies in Northern Ireland, including its flawed experiments in ‘Ulsterization’, ‘normalization’, and ‘criminalization’.
Chris Beneke
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305555
- eISBN:
- 9780199784899
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305558.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter examines religious discourse in mid-century America, which was characterized by unprecedented ecumenism and surprisingly widespread praise for integration. Beginning in the mid-1740s, ...
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This chapter examines religious discourse in mid-century America, which was characterized by unprecedented ecumenism and surprisingly widespread praise for integration. Beginning in the mid-1740s, religious writers stressed the common principles that Protestants of all denominations shared. During the same period, colonial institutions of many types declared themselves “open to all parties” — by which they usually meant all religious parties. Extended accounts of the Free Mason movement, the legislative assemblies of New York and Philadelphia, and the fight for control of King’s College (Columbia University), demonstrate a growing consciousness of religious diversity and the increasing priority accorded to interdenominational cooperation.Less
This chapter examines religious discourse in mid-century America, which was characterized by unprecedented ecumenism and surprisingly widespread praise for integration. Beginning in the mid-1740s, religious writers stressed the common principles that Protestants of all denominations shared. During the same period, colonial institutions of many types declared themselves “open to all parties” — by which they usually meant all religious parties. Extended accounts of the Free Mason movement, the legislative assemblies of New York and Philadelphia, and the fight for control of King’s College (Columbia University), demonstrate a growing consciousness of religious diversity and the increasing priority accorded to interdenominational cooperation.
R. Allen Lott
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195148831
- eISBN:
- 9780199869695
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195148831.003.0008
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
Although some writers took a cynical view of the influence of virtuosos touring the United States, most believed the visiting pianists were useful models for budding pianists and were responsible for ...
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Although some writers took a cynical view of the influence of virtuosos touring the United States, most believed the visiting pianists were useful models for budding pianists and were responsible for awaking a general interest in music and improving the public's discrimination. Alfred Jaëll (1832-82) was the next world-famous pianist to visit America, making his debut in 1851 and touring with the Germania Musical Society orchestra. Two other important pianists who soon made debuts were the Americans Louis Moreau Gottschalk (1829-69) in 1853 and William Mason (1829-1908) in 1854, both returning from studying and performing abroad. Neither was as successful as the European performers, reflecting America's discrimination against native-born talent. Although there were frequent rumors that Franz Liszt (1811-86) would tour America, he never yielded to the numerous offers.Less
Although some writers took a cynical view of the influence of virtuosos touring the United States, most believed the visiting pianists were useful models for budding pianists and were responsible for awaking a general interest in music and improving the public's discrimination. Alfred Jaëll (1832-82) was the next world-famous pianist to visit America, making his debut in 1851 and touring with the Germania Musical Society orchestra. Two other important pianists who soon made debuts were the Americans Louis Moreau Gottschalk (1829-69) in 1853 and William Mason (1829-1908) in 1854, both returning from studying and performing abroad. Neither was as successful as the European performers, reflecting America's discrimination against native-born talent. Although there were frequent rumors that Franz Liszt (1811-86) would tour America, he never yielded to the numerous offers.
R. Allen Lott
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195148831
- eISBN:
- 9780199869695
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195148831.003.0009
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
Sigismund Thalberg (1812-71) was the one pianist to rival Liszt in the 1830s. Bernard Ullman, with a decade of managerial experience, masterminded Thalberg's two-year American tour (1856-8) that ...
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Sigismund Thalberg (1812-71) was the one pianist to rival Liszt in the 1830s. Bernard Ullman, with a decade of managerial experience, masterminded Thalberg's two-year American tour (1856-8) that included almost nightly concerts and totaled at least 340 concerts in seventy-eight cities. Thalberg found devoted audiences that returned over and over again to hear flawless performances of his celebrated virtuoso showpieces. While in the US, he also wrote variations on “The Last Rose of Summer” and “Home, Sweet Home”, the latter extremely successful. Ullman arranged a continuously changing roster of assisting artists that included singers and the American pianists Louis Moreau Gottschalk and William Mason. His performances of Beethoven concertos were a significant departure for a visiting virtuoso and were well received.Less
Sigismund Thalberg (1812-71) was the one pianist to rival Liszt in the 1830s. Bernard Ullman, with a decade of managerial experience, masterminded Thalberg's two-year American tour (1856-8) that included almost nightly concerts and totaled at least 340 concerts in seventy-eight cities. Thalberg found devoted audiences that returned over and over again to hear flawless performances of his celebrated virtuoso showpieces. While in the US, he also wrote variations on “The Last Rose of Summer” and “Home, Sweet Home”, the latter extremely successful. Ullman arranged a continuously changing roster of assisting artists that included singers and the American pianists Louis Moreau Gottschalk and William Mason. His performances of Beethoven concertos were a significant departure for a visiting virtuoso and were well received.
John M. Giggie
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195304039
- eISBN:
- 9780199866885
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304039.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century, History of Religion
This chapter studies how Delta blacks expanded the organizational basis of their religion during the late 1800s by integrating dimensions of African American fraternal culture into their spiritual ...
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This chapter studies how Delta blacks expanded the organizational basis of their religion during the late 1800s by integrating dimensions of African American fraternal culture into their spiritual lives. Thousands of Delta black men joined the Masons, Odd Fellows, and Knights of Pythias in order to tap into their health and burial insurances, employment opportunities, social functions, and ritual life. The popularity of these secret societies, however, angered many churchgoers. Black women complained that fraternal orders represented a new black civic culture open only to men. Many clerics feared a loss of financial support and moral authority as their male congregants devoted much of their time and money to local fraternal orders. Conflict died down by 1900, though, as fraternal leaders openly stressed subservience to churches in spiritual matters and some lodges fell into financial ruin. But churches changed, too. In a bid to boost their popular appeal, churches began to incorporate the most salient and attractive features of fraternal life, such as life and burial insurance, while most women and preachers grudgingly accepted the role of lodges as a new and legitimate source of African American religious life.Less
This chapter studies how Delta blacks expanded the organizational basis of their religion during the late 1800s by integrating dimensions of African American fraternal culture into their spiritual lives. Thousands of Delta black men joined the Masons, Odd Fellows, and Knights of Pythias in order to tap into their health and burial insurances, employment opportunities, social functions, and ritual life. The popularity of these secret societies, however, angered many churchgoers. Black women complained that fraternal orders represented a new black civic culture open only to men. Many clerics feared a loss of financial support and moral authority as their male congregants devoted much of their time and money to local fraternal orders. Conflict died down by 1900, though, as fraternal leaders openly stressed subservience to churches in spiritual matters and some lodges fell into financial ruin. But churches changed, too. In a bid to boost their popular appeal, churches began to incorporate the most salient and attractive features of fraternal life, such as life and burial insurance, while most women and preachers grudgingly accepted the role of lodges as a new and legitimate source of African American religious life.
John M. Giggie
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195304039
- eISBN:
- 9780199866885
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304039.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century, History of Religion
This chapter investigates how growing numbers of Delta blacks rejected a number of the new dimensions to black religion, including the role of fraternal orders, the sight of ministers hawking market ...
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This chapter investigates how growing numbers of Delta blacks rejected a number of the new dimensions to black religion, including the role of fraternal orders, the sight of ministers hawking market wares in person and in print, the popular stress on worldly goods as a sign of spiritual worth and success, and the marginalization of women from traditional roles of authority. It demonstrates how the disenchanted turned to a new breed of religious leader, men such as William Christian, Charles H. Mason, and Charles P. Jones, one-time Baptist ministers who urged blacks to recapture the spirit of primitive Christianity. Each was a founding father of the African American Holiness‐Pentecostal movement and criticized black denominational churches as too materialistic, rational, and hostile to ecstatic dimensions of worship. Yet within twenty years of its founding, the Holiness leaders, ironically, embraced some of the very denominational practices they had previously castigated, revealing not only the limits to their calls for reform but also some of the modern characteristics of Delta black religion as a whole.Less
This chapter investigates how growing numbers of Delta blacks rejected a number of the new dimensions to black religion, including the role of fraternal orders, the sight of ministers hawking market wares in person and in print, the popular stress on worldly goods as a sign of spiritual worth and success, and the marginalization of women from traditional roles of authority. It demonstrates how the disenchanted turned to a new breed of religious leader, men such as William Christian, Charles H. Mason, and Charles P. Jones, one-time Baptist ministers who urged blacks to recapture the spirit of primitive Christianity. Each was a founding father of the African American Holiness‐Pentecostal movement and criticized black denominational churches as too materialistic, rational, and hostile to ecstatic dimensions of worship. Yet within twenty years of its founding, the Holiness leaders, ironically, embraced some of the very denominational practices they had previously castigated, revealing not only the limits to their calls for reform but also some of the modern characteristics of Delta black religion as a whole.
Robert Cassanello, Colin J. Davis, and Melanie Shell-Weiss (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034034
- eISBN:
- 9780813038261
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034034.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Over the last forty years, the American South has become very diverse very quickly. New businesses and job opportunities in the region have driven this growth, brought an influx of capital, and ...
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Over the last forty years, the American South has become very diverse very quickly. New businesses and job opportunities in the region have driven this growth, brought an influx of capital, and attracted residents from other parts of the country and the world. Since World War II, traditionalism in the South has had to live side-by-side with a South embodying internationalism, diversity, and movement. In this volume, a group of historians, anthropologists, and other social scientists examine the intersection of labor history and migration studies to explain the South's recent dynamism in both urban and rural settings. These essays examine the transformation of the Southern workplace since World War II, the impact migration has on workers who don't move, and the corporations and industry that have relocated below the Mason–Dixon line.Less
Over the last forty years, the American South has become very diverse very quickly. New businesses and job opportunities in the region have driven this growth, brought an influx of capital, and attracted residents from other parts of the country and the world. Since World War II, traditionalism in the South has had to live side-by-side with a South embodying internationalism, diversity, and movement. In this volume, a group of historians, anthropologists, and other social scientists examine the intersection of labor history and migration studies to explain the South's recent dynamism in both urban and rural settings. These essays examine the transformation of the Southern workplace since World War II, the impact migration has on workers who don't move, and the corporations and industry that have relocated below the Mason–Dixon line.
J. R. Watson
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198270027
- eISBN:
- 9780191600784
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019827002X.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Literature
The development of hymns in the ‘Anglican’ tradition, as opposed to the dominant Puritanism of the time is discussed. The work of John Cosin, Samuel Crossman and John Mason is reviewed. The morning ...
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The development of hymns in the ‘Anglican’ tradition, as opposed to the dominant Puritanism of the time is discussed. The work of John Cosin, Samuel Crossman and John Mason is reviewed. The morning and evening hymns of Thomas Ken, Tate and Brady's metrical psalms (the ‘New Version’) are also discussed.Less
The development of hymns in the ‘Anglican’ tradition, as opposed to the dominant Puritanism of the time is discussed. The work of John Cosin, Samuel Crossman and John Mason is reviewed. The morning and evening hymns of Thomas Ken, Tate and Brady's metrical psalms (the ‘New Version’) are also discussed.
Aaron Allen
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781474442381
- eISBN:
- 9781474453943
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474442381.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Scottish Studies
Masons, carpenters and glaziers were all needed to build a house, but in many cities such trades had separate companies. In Edinburgh, however, they banded together in a single incorporation to seek ...
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Masons, carpenters and glaziers were all needed to build a house, but in many cities such trades had separate companies. In Edinburgh, however, they banded together in a single incorporation to seek control of the labour market and defend their privileged position. Such issues were often contested by unfree competitors, municipal regulators and powerful customers. Therefore unity was needed to defend their position and privileges, but with ten unequal arts vying for control of the composite corporate body, how was such unity to be secured? The Edinburgh Incorporation of Mary’s Chapel looked to the models of the family and the household.Less
Masons, carpenters and glaziers were all needed to build a house, but in many cities such trades had separate companies. In Edinburgh, however, they banded together in a single incorporation to seek control of the labour market and defend their privileged position. Such issues were often contested by unfree competitors, municipal regulators and powerful customers. Therefore unity was needed to defend their position and privileges, but with ten unequal arts vying for control of the composite corporate body, how was such unity to be secured? The Edinburgh Incorporation of Mary’s Chapel looked to the models of the family and the household.
John A. Ragosta
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195388060
- eISBN:
- 9780199866779
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388060.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
As the war approached, Virginia's dissenters petitioned for increased toleration, but reforms were not forthcoming. By 1776, though, with recruiting lagging badly and facing the prospect of an ...
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As the war approached, Virginia's dissenters petitioned for increased toleration, but reforms were not forthcoming. By 1776, though, with recruiting lagging badly and facing the prospect of an extended war against the most powerful nation in the world, Virginia's establishment leaders faced a flood of petitions demanding religious liberty if the dissenters were to support mobilization whole‐heartedly. What followed was not principled liberalization, but a complex negotiation for mobilization with piecemeal reforms paralleling military necessity as Virginia's political leaders sought to obtain the support of dissenters without wholly abandoning their established church. Anglicans objected vociferously, insisting that the contingent support offered by dissenters was unpatriotic. By the end of the war, the establishment had been forced to eliminate church taxes and penalties for nonattendance, to liberalize provisions on marriage, and to limit the civil functions of Anglican vestries.Less
As the war approached, Virginia's dissenters petitioned for increased toleration, but reforms were not forthcoming. By 1776, though, with recruiting lagging badly and facing the prospect of an extended war against the most powerful nation in the world, Virginia's establishment leaders faced a flood of petitions demanding religious liberty if the dissenters were to support mobilization whole‐heartedly. What followed was not principled liberalization, but a complex negotiation for mobilization with piecemeal reforms paralleling military necessity as Virginia's political leaders sought to obtain the support of dissenters without wholly abandoning their established church. Anglicans objected vociferously, insisting that the contingent support offered by dissenters was unpatriotic. By the end of the war, the establishment had been forced to eliminate church taxes and penalties for nonattendance, to liberalize provisions on marriage, and to limit the civil functions of Anglican vestries.
Eric Hayot
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195377965
- eISBN:
- 9780199869435
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377965.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History, Asian History
This chapter provides an extensive reading of George Henry Mason's The Punishments of China (1801). Mason's book, which appeared in a series of illustrated volumes on the “Costume of Various ...
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This chapter provides an extensive reading of George Henry Mason's The Punishments of China (1801). Mason's book, which appeared in a series of illustrated volumes on the “Costume of Various Nations,” demonstrates the degree to which “punishment” could already by 1801 be considered part of China's “costume” in the West. Moving back and forth between the book's illustrations, which Mason purchased in Canton from a Chinese painter named Pu Qua, and its captions, which were written by Mason himself, the chapter argues that the tension between caption and image must be understood at least partly as a reflection of the concerns of the 18th century China trade. China's refusal to trade for any Western goods other than silver, a topic of much national concern in England in the late 18th century, may have prompted Mason to imagine a compassion for Chinese criminals as a suitable object of international exchange, making sympathy for China's “suffering humanity” quite literally the only “good” that the Chinese could not refuse. This “compassion trade,” the chapter argues, must be understood in part as a reaction to the 1793 Macartney Embassy that attempted to rework British trade relations with China.Less
This chapter provides an extensive reading of George Henry Mason's The Punishments of China (1801). Mason's book, which appeared in a series of illustrated volumes on the “Costume of Various Nations,” demonstrates the degree to which “punishment” could already by 1801 be considered part of China's “costume” in the West. Moving back and forth between the book's illustrations, which Mason purchased in Canton from a Chinese painter named Pu Qua, and its captions, which were written by Mason himself, the chapter argues that the tension between caption and image must be understood at least partly as a reflection of the concerns of the 18th century China trade. China's refusal to trade for any Western goods other than silver, a topic of much national concern in England in the late 18th century, may have prompted Mason to imagine a compassion for Chinese criminals as a suitable object of international exchange, making sympathy for China's “suffering humanity” quite literally the only “good” that the Chinese could not refuse. This “compassion trade,” the chapter argues, must be understood in part as a reaction to the 1793 Macartney Embassy that attempted to rework British trade relations with China.
Robert Welch
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198121879
- eISBN:
- 9780191671364
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198121879.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, Drama, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This chapter takes up the stroy from the mid-1980s. Patrick Mason led the company during this time as its appointed artistic director. The last director, Garry Hynes returned to the Druid Theatre in ...
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This chapter takes up the stroy from the mid-1980s. Patrick Mason led the company during this time as its appointed artistic director. The last director, Garry Hynes returned to the Druid Theatre in Galway. In this period, the company enjoyed stability; in fact, Mason was identified as the single most important factor in establishing this stability. Together with James Hickey, the chairman of the board since 1993, they adopted a sound policy to always speak with one voice, whatever they disagreed upon in private. Within this period, management and the person responsible for realizing the visionary and pragmatic goals of the Abbey were in harmony; this is quite unusual, yet effective, in managing any kind of business. The chapter goes on to give an account of the vicissitudes of the artistic directors at the Abbey which was so different from how Mason's tenure was.Less
This chapter takes up the stroy from the mid-1980s. Patrick Mason led the company during this time as its appointed artistic director. The last director, Garry Hynes returned to the Druid Theatre in Galway. In this period, the company enjoyed stability; in fact, Mason was identified as the single most important factor in establishing this stability. Together with James Hickey, the chairman of the board since 1993, they adopted a sound policy to always speak with one voice, whatever they disagreed upon in private. Within this period, management and the person responsible for realizing the visionary and pragmatic goals of the Abbey were in harmony; this is quite unusual, yet effective, in managing any kind of business. The chapter goes on to give an account of the vicissitudes of the artistic directors at the Abbey which was so different from how Mason's tenure was.
Helen Small
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198184911
- eISBN:
- 9780191674396
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198184911.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
John Mason Cox, John Conolly, Henry Maudsley, and Alexander Morison have had considerable influence on the way in which other disciplines, literary criticism, in this case, have thought about ...
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John Mason Cox, John Conolly, Henry Maudsley, and Alexander Morison have had considerable influence on the way in which other disciplines, literary criticism, in this case, have thought about relations between medical science and wider English culture in the period. Conolly and Maudsley are frequently cited as men whose medical theories were aided and prejudiced by literary stereotypes. Morison's highly influential work on the physiognomy of the insane has been seen as strong evidence of Victorian medicine's attachment to literary models of female insanity and to a coercively normative concept of femininity. On closer reading, far from simply confirming narrow nineteenth-century ideals of femininity, each of their works exhibits considerable ambivalence towards the most pervasive stereotype of female insanity, the love-mad woman; and rather than indicating unproblematic continuities between medical and literary culture, their use of literary allusion more generally is shaped by highly specific professional pressures.Less
John Mason Cox, John Conolly, Henry Maudsley, and Alexander Morison have had considerable influence on the way in which other disciplines, literary criticism, in this case, have thought about relations between medical science and wider English culture in the period. Conolly and Maudsley are frequently cited as men whose medical theories were aided and prejudiced by literary stereotypes. Morison's highly influential work on the physiognomy of the insane has been seen as strong evidence of Victorian medicine's attachment to literary models of female insanity and to a coercively normative concept of femininity. On closer reading, far from simply confirming narrow nineteenth-century ideals of femininity, each of their works exhibits considerable ambivalence towards the most pervasive stereotype of female insanity, the love-mad woman; and rather than indicating unproblematic continuities between medical and literary culture, their use of literary allusion more generally is shaped by highly specific professional pressures.
June O. Leavitt
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199827831
- eISBN:
- 9780199919444
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199827831.003.0015
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Literature
Ever since Martin Buber and Gershom Scholem argued that the worldview of The Trial was cabalistic, many Jewish scholars have tried to expand upon their theories. In contrast to the prevailing trend, ...
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Ever since Martin Buber and Gershom Scholem argued that the worldview of The Trial was cabalistic, many Jewish scholars have tried to expand upon their theories. In contrast to the prevailing trend, this chapter attempts to demonstrate that the so-called Jewish cabalistic strains in Kafka’s The Trial may have been mediated to him by way of the Freemasons, a Christian fraternal society which traditionally redacted Judaic esotericism. A cryptic diary entry written in 1922 in which Kafka alludes to the doctrines and discourses of the Freemasons, confirms this hypothesis. This chapter explains how the Christianized Cabala of the Freemasons which was deeply saturated within European culture manifests in Kafka’s parable “Before the Law,” and in the novel of which it forms the heart, The Trial.Less
Ever since Martin Buber and Gershom Scholem argued that the worldview of The Trial was cabalistic, many Jewish scholars have tried to expand upon their theories. In contrast to the prevailing trend, this chapter attempts to demonstrate that the so-called Jewish cabalistic strains in Kafka’s The Trial may have been mediated to him by way of the Freemasons, a Christian fraternal society which traditionally redacted Judaic esotericism. A cryptic diary entry written in 1922 in which Kafka alludes to the doctrines and discourses of the Freemasons, confirms this hypothesis. This chapter explains how the Christianized Cabala of the Freemasons which was deeply saturated within European culture manifests in Kafka’s parable “Before the Law,” and in the novel of which it forms the heart, The Trial.
John W. Boyer
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226242514
- eISBN:
- 9780226242651
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226242651.003.0004
- Subject:
- Education, History of Education
This chapter takes up the story after Harper’s death in 1906, explaining the role that Harry Pratt Judson played in stabilizing the University’s finances and in leading it during World War I. ...
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This chapter takes up the story after Harper’s death in 1906, explaining the role that Harry Pratt Judson played in stabilizing the University’s finances and in leading it during World War I. Judson’s conservative management style eventually led to serious discontent among senior faculty, and after 1920 pressures emerged for new leadership that would re-capture the excitement and innovation of the Harper era. The chapter then explores the extremely important work of Ernest Burton, who followed Judson as President in 1923 and who revitalized university planning and launched the first major fundraising campaign in the University’s history. Burton’s schemes to strengthen the undergraduate College by developing large scale residential life programs met significant resistance on the part of a key group of senior, research-oriented faculty, establishing a pattern of tensions between the faculty and the administration over the future of undergraduate education at Chicago which endured for the rest of the Twentieth Century.Less
This chapter takes up the story after Harper’s death in 1906, explaining the role that Harry Pratt Judson played in stabilizing the University’s finances and in leading it during World War I. Judson’s conservative management style eventually led to serious discontent among senior faculty, and after 1920 pressures emerged for new leadership that would re-capture the excitement and innovation of the Harper era. The chapter then explores the extremely important work of Ernest Burton, who followed Judson as President in 1923 and who revitalized university planning and launched the first major fundraising campaign in the University’s history. Burton’s schemes to strengthen the undergraduate College by developing large scale residential life programs met significant resistance on the part of a key group of senior, research-oriented faculty, establishing a pattern of tensions between the faculty and the administration over the future of undergraduate education at Chicago which endured for the rest of the Twentieth Century.
R. J. Overy
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198202905
- eISBN:
- 9780191675584
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202905.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Economic History
Tim Mason has argued that there is a half-way house, that Adolf Hitler's declared intentions and their flawed realisation are evidence of a dialectical relationship between actors and historical ...
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Tim Mason has argued that there is a half-way house, that Adolf Hitler's declared intentions and their flawed realisation are evidence of a dialectical relationship between actors and historical context which gives primacy to neither. There is a widely held explanation for the origins of World War II, and indeed this has been so since these ideas were first formulated some twenty years ago. In the complex politics of the Third Reich two key elements have been observed: first, the effort to push through a programme of rearmament in a short period of time to satisfy the demands of the military elites, the party hawks, secondly, the desire that rearmament should not be compromised by provoking the masses into political opposition by reducing living standards and courting economic crisis.Less
Tim Mason has argued that there is a half-way house, that Adolf Hitler's declared intentions and their flawed realisation are evidence of a dialectical relationship between actors and historical context which gives primacy to neither. There is a widely held explanation for the origins of World War II, and indeed this has been so since these ideas were first formulated some twenty years ago. In the complex politics of the Third Reich two key elements have been observed: first, the effort to push through a programme of rearmament in a short period of time to satisfy the demands of the military elites, the party hawks, secondly, the desire that rearmament should not be compromised by provoking the masses into political opposition by reducing living standards and courting economic crisis.
Catherine Clinton
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195112436
- eISBN:
- 9780199854271
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195112436.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This chapter highlights the career of a young man who seized the day and forged his own brand of evangelical fervor—the very Reverend Mason Locke Weems, affectionately known as Parson Weems. Mason ...
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This chapter highlights the career of a young man who seized the day and forged his own brand of evangelical fervor—the very Reverend Mason Locke Weems, affectionately known as Parson Weems. Mason Weems studied medicine and surgery abroad until 1776. He returned home, and on the death of his father in 1779, inherited slaves that he chose to liberate. Weems returned to England in 1782 to study for the ministry and was ordained Episcopal priest in 1784. BY 1792, Weems was an itinerant minister and bookseller. He got married in 1795 to Fanny Ewell, at the age of thirty-five. His sermons and didactic tracts stirred the passions of commonfolk. Weems slated the public's growing thirst for religious erotica, fulfilled his pastoral mission, and sold more books to boot. He set out to make sin and redemption the central contending forces within America.Less
This chapter highlights the career of a young man who seized the day and forged his own brand of evangelical fervor—the very Reverend Mason Locke Weems, affectionately known as Parson Weems. Mason Weems studied medicine and surgery abroad until 1776. He returned home, and on the death of his father in 1779, inherited slaves that he chose to liberate. Weems returned to England in 1782 to study for the ministry and was ordained Episcopal priest in 1784. BY 1792, Weems was an itinerant minister and bookseller. He got married in 1795 to Fanny Ewell, at the age of thirty-five. His sermons and didactic tracts stirred the passions of commonfolk. Weems slated the public's growing thirst for religious erotica, fulfilled his pastoral mission, and sold more books to boot. He set out to make sin and redemption the central contending forces within America.
Abby Burnett
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781628461114
- eISBN:
- 9781626740624
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781628461114.003.0013
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
The role played by the fraternal lodges (Masons, Odd Fellows, Woodmen of the World, etc.) is described, as many of these organizations had, as part of their creeds, burial of the dead and aiding ...
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The role played by the fraternal lodges (Masons, Odd Fellows, Woodmen of the World, etc.) is described, as many of these organizations had, as part of their creeds, burial of the dead and aiding widows and orphans. To this end, many lodges established widows’ homes and orphanages and set up burial insurance plans for members. African Americans, denied access to whites’ hospitals and burial insurance, founded fraternal lodges to provide these services to members. Many of these organizations, founded in Arkansas, flourished outside the state until the Depression. This chapter discusses some of the many ways life has changed since the days when the dead were buried by members of their community.Less
The role played by the fraternal lodges (Masons, Odd Fellows, Woodmen of the World, etc.) is described, as many of these organizations had, as part of their creeds, burial of the dead and aiding widows and orphans. To this end, many lodges established widows’ homes and orphanages and set up burial insurance plans for members. African Americans, denied access to whites’ hospitals and burial insurance, founded fraternal lodges to provide these services to members. Many of these organizations, founded in Arkansas, flourished outside the state until the Depression. This chapter discusses some of the many ways life has changed since the days when the dead were buried by members of their community.
Leon Litvack
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198263517
- eISBN:
- 9780191682582
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198263517.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
John Mason Neale (1818–1866), the famous Victorian divine, hymnologist, novelist, historian, and author of the carol ‘Good King Wenceslas’, was also noted for his interest in ecunemism. This book ...
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John Mason Neale (1818–1866), the famous Victorian divine, hymnologist, novelist, historian, and author of the carol ‘Good King Wenceslas’, was also noted for his interest in ecunemism. This book traces Neale’s interest in the Orthodox Church, as expressed through his historical writings, translations of Greek hymns, and novels set in the Christian East. The work is based on a wide variety of manuscript and published sources for the subject, and demonstrates how this leading light in the Anglo–Catholic revival acted as an exemplary interpreter of Byzantium and Eastern Orthodoxy to the Victorian England of his day. In the context of the present time, when East–West relations are a topical subject, Neale’s life and work provide a shining example of how two very different cultures and traditions might approach each other, with fruitful results for both.Less
John Mason Neale (1818–1866), the famous Victorian divine, hymnologist, novelist, historian, and author of the carol ‘Good King Wenceslas’, was also noted for his interest in ecunemism. This book traces Neale’s interest in the Orthodox Church, as expressed through his historical writings, translations of Greek hymns, and novels set in the Christian East. The work is based on a wide variety of manuscript and published sources for the subject, and demonstrates how this leading light in the Anglo–Catholic revival acted as an exemplary interpreter of Byzantium and Eastern Orthodoxy to the Victorian England of his day. In the context of the present time, when East–West relations are a topical subject, Neale’s life and work provide a shining example of how two very different cultures and traditions might approach each other, with fruitful results for both.
Elizabeth Clarke
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199545247
- eISBN:
- 9780191725708
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199545247.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Chapter 1 charts the origin of the dissenting hymn in the Parliamentary adaptation of psalm-singing in the mid-seventeenth century Civil War. It surveys the theory and theology of the composition of ...
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Chapter 1 charts the origin of the dissenting hymn in the Parliamentary adaptation of psalm-singing in the mid-seventeenth century Civil War. It surveys the theory and theology of the composition of hymns over the last half of the seventeenth century, tracing the controversy over using poetic words as opposed to Scriptural words as far as the argument between the Baptists Benjamin Keach and Isaac Marlow in the 1690s. It looks at the emergence of famous hymns in the work of Richard Baxter and John Mason in the late seventeenth century, and at the common hymn-writer’s practice of borrowing phrases from other hymns. At the start of the eighteenth century the publications of a group of ministers associated with the Friday evening King’s Weigh House lectures paved the way for the widely accepted and supremely popular hymns of Isaac Watts, in their concern to stimulate the affections of the reader.Less
Chapter 1 charts the origin of the dissenting hymn in the Parliamentary adaptation of psalm-singing in the mid-seventeenth century Civil War. It surveys the theory and theology of the composition of hymns over the last half of the seventeenth century, tracing the controversy over using poetic words as opposed to Scriptural words as far as the argument between the Baptists Benjamin Keach and Isaac Marlow in the 1690s. It looks at the emergence of famous hymns in the work of Richard Baxter and John Mason in the late seventeenth century, and at the common hymn-writer’s practice of borrowing phrases from other hymns. At the start of the eighteenth century the publications of a group of ministers associated with the Friday evening King’s Weigh House lectures paved the way for the widely accepted and supremely popular hymns of Isaac Watts, in their concern to stimulate the affections of the reader.
