John Prest
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201755
- eISBN:
- 9780191675003
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201755.003.0018
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter discusses the adoption of the Local Government Act of 1858 by suburbs of Huddersfield. Moldgreen was the first locality in the Huddersfield area to adopt the Local Government Act. It was ...
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This chapter discusses the adoption of the Local Government Act of 1858 by suburbs of Huddersfield. Moldgreen was the first locality in the Huddersfield area to adopt the Local Government Act. It was followed within the next few years by a rush of others. The first group consists of four townships named in the Huddersfield Act of 1848 which lived under the immediate threat of being brought within the jurisdiction of the Improvement Commissioners: Marsh, Fartown, Deighton, and Bradley. The second group includes places lying just a little way further outside the town, which were also incorporated with it in 1868, and the third includes more remote towns and villages which were in no danger of being absorbed by Huddersfield in the 19th century.Less
This chapter discusses the adoption of the Local Government Act of 1858 by suburbs of Huddersfield. Moldgreen was the first locality in the Huddersfield area to adopt the Local Government Act. It was followed within the next few years by a rush of others. The first group consists of four townships named in the Huddersfield Act of 1848 which lived under the immediate threat of being brought within the jurisdiction of the Improvement Commissioners: Marsh, Fartown, Deighton, and Bradley. The second group includes places lying just a little way further outside the town, which were also incorporated with it in 1868, and the third includes more remote towns and villages which were in no danger of being absorbed by Huddersfield in the 19th century.
Ernest H. Williams
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179293
- eISBN:
- 9780199790470
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179293.003.0013
- Subject:
- Biology, Natural History and Field Guides
The habitats of coastal margins include marshes, estuaries, mud flats, sand dunes, rocky shores, and coastal forests, all of which are influenced by salt spray and the rising and falling of tidal ...
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The habitats of coastal margins include marshes, estuaries, mud flats, sand dunes, rocky shores, and coastal forests, all of which are influenced by salt spray and the rising and falling of tidal waters. The intertidal gradient from high and dry to continuously submerged strongly affects plants and animals because the physical conditions for life change so dramatically over such a short distance. A number of observations described in this chapter reflect the differences across the intertidal zone.Less
The habitats of coastal margins include marshes, estuaries, mud flats, sand dunes, rocky shores, and coastal forests, all of which are influenced by salt spray and the rising and falling of tidal waters. The intertidal gradient from high and dry to continuously submerged strongly affects plants and animals because the physical conditions for life change so dramatically over such a short distance. A number of observations described in this chapter reflect the differences across the intertidal zone.
Jack J. Middelburg, Carlos M. Duarte, and Jean-Pierre Gattuso
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527084
- eISBN:
- 9780191713347
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527084.003.0011
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter reviews coastal benthic communities with the aim of deriving a global estimate for respiration in these ecosystems. Reefs, mangroves, salt marshes, macroalgae, sea grasses, and ...
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This chapter reviews coastal benthic communities with the aim of deriving a global estimate for respiration in these ecosystems. Reefs, mangroves, salt marshes, macroalgae, sea grasses, and unvegetated sediments dominate respiration in the coastal ocean. Estimates of coastal benthic respiration are not well constrained but converge on about 620 Tmol C/a. In coastal benthic ecosystems, autotrophs and multicellular heterotrophs contribute significantly to, and in some systems even dominate respiration unlike in most other oceanic ecosystems in which bacteria dominate respiration.Less
This chapter reviews coastal benthic communities with the aim of deriving a global estimate for respiration in these ecosystems. Reefs, mangroves, salt marshes, macroalgae, sea grasses, and unvegetated sediments dominate respiration in the coastal ocean. Estimates of coastal benthic respiration are not well constrained but converge on about 620 Tmol C/a. In coastal benthic ecosystems, autotrophs and multicellular heterotrophs contribute significantly to, and in some systems even dominate respiration unlike in most other oceanic ecosystems in which bacteria dominate respiration.
Peter Hogarth
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198568704
- eISBN:
- 9780191717536
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568704.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter considers the interchanges between mangrove and seagrass habitats and their immediate surroundings. Topics discussed include the distinctiveness of mangrove and seagrass communities, ...
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This chapter considers the interchanges between mangrove and seagrass habitats and their immediate surroundings. Topics discussed include the distinctiveness of mangrove and seagrass communities, mangroves and salt marshes, interactions, outwelling, the fate of mangrove exports, larval dispersal and return, and commuting and other movement.Less
This chapter considers the interchanges between mangrove and seagrass habitats and their immediate surroundings. Topics discussed include the distinctiveness of mangrove and seagrass communities, mangroves and salt marshes, interactions, outwelling, the fate of mangrove exports, larval dispersal and return, and commuting and other movement.
Jan P. Bakker, Dries P.J. Kuijper, and Julia Stahl
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199228973
- eISBN:
- 9780191711169
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228973.003.0011
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Communities at salt marshes feature interactions between sedimentation, nutrient availability, plant growth and natural herbivores such as geese and hares. We elucidate these interactions along a ...
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Communities at salt marshes feature interactions between sedimentation, nutrient availability, plant growth and natural herbivores such as geese and hares. We elucidate these interactions along a productivity gradient in which hares can retard succession for several decades and facilitate geese. Eventually, natural succession results in the dominance of a single tall grass species resulting in the eviction of the natural vertebrate herbivores. Large herbivores such as livestock are needed to set back the successional clock and facilitate for geese and hares. The conclusion is that, without management by livestock grazing, salt marshes mature, which will have negative implications for the diversity of their communities.Less
Communities at salt marshes feature interactions between sedimentation, nutrient availability, plant growth and natural herbivores such as geese and hares. We elucidate these interactions along a productivity gradient in which hares can retard succession for several decades and facilitate geese. Eventually, natural succession results in the dominance of a single tall grass species resulting in the eviction of the natural vertebrate herbivores. Large herbivores such as livestock are needed to set back the successional clock and facilitate for geese and hares. The conclusion is that, without management by livestock grazing, salt marshes mature, which will have negative implications for the diversity of their communities.
Mark A. Noll
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195151114
- eISBN:
- 9780199834532
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195151119.003.0012
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
In the early nineteenth century, a great deal of diversity existed in American theology. Nevertheless, despite substantial differences, American religious thinkers during this period were dominated ...
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In the early nineteenth century, a great deal of diversity existed in American theology. Nevertheless, despite substantial differences, American religious thinkers during this period were dominated by Christians – mostly Protestants – and emphasized commonsense republican understandings of authority over against traditional standards. Even in disagreements, the commonsense republican approach to Christianity set the boundaries for dispute.Less
In the early nineteenth century, a great deal of diversity existed in American theology. Nevertheless, despite substantial differences, American religious thinkers during this period were dominated by Christians – mostly Protestants – and emphasized commonsense republican understandings of authority over against traditional standards. Even in disagreements, the commonsense republican approach to Christianity set the boundaries for dispute.
Bernard L. Herman
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781469653471
- eISBN:
- 9781469653495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653471.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Marsh hens (mud hens, sage hens, clapper rails, rail birds) are the emblem of marshland worlds of men hunting vast wetland meadows and marshlands of salt grass, cooking together in clam houses and ...
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Marsh hens (mud hens, sage hens, clapper rails, rail birds) are the emblem of marshland worlds of men hunting vast wetland meadows and marshlands of salt grass, cooking together in clam houses and garage kitchens. This chapter examines the natural history of marsh hens, hunting lore, storytelling, terroir, foodways and regional identity through historical narratives, recipes, and oral histories.Less
Marsh hens (mud hens, sage hens, clapper rails, rail birds) are the emblem of marshland worlds of men hunting vast wetland meadows and marshlands of salt grass, cooking together in clam houses and garage kitchens. This chapter examines the natural history of marsh hens, hunting lore, storytelling, terroir, foodways and regional identity through historical narratives, recipes, and oral histories.
Henry B. Wonham
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195161946
- eISBN:
- 9780199788101
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195161946.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, African-American Literature
This chapter explores Mark Twain's life-long fascination with ethnic humor and caricature, highlighting the oxymoronic logic involved in his affection for “the genuine nigger show” and other forms of ...
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This chapter explores Mark Twain's life-long fascination with ethnic humor and caricature, highlighting the oxymoronic logic involved in his affection for “the genuine nigger show” and other forms of patently racist entertainment. This book traces the history of minstrel comedy in America and its transformation during the late 19th century into a new set of comedic conventions, including the “coon show” and the “variety show.” The chapter also explores the relationship between Huckleberry Finn's illustrations, which draw heavily on “coon” imagery and the novel's ostensibly “realist” tendencies.Less
This chapter explores Mark Twain's life-long fascination with ethnic humor and caricature, highlighting the oxymoronic logic involved in his affection for “the genuine nigger show” and other forms of patently racist entertainment. This book traces the history of minstrel comedy in America and its transformation during the late 19th century into a new set of comedic conventions, including the “coon show” and the “variety show.” The chapter also explores the relationship between Huckleberry Finn's illustrations, which draw heavily on “coon” imagery and the novel's ostensibly “realist” tendencies.
Ursula Murray Husted
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781501750915
- eISBN:
- 9781501750939
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501750915.003.0014
- Subject:
- Literature, Prose (inc. letters, diaries)
This chapter illustrates how the author spent nights alone by Lake Wingra listening for short-eared owls and whip-poor-wills. After and before work, the author spent time drawing on the University of ...
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This chapter illustrates how the author spent nights alone by Lake Wingra listening for short-eared owls and whip-poor-wills. After and before work, the author spent time drawing on the University of Wisconsin terrace, watching ducks raise their ducklings and pelicans stopping to rest on their journeys north. The chapter also describes how the author heard on the radio that the big pelican migration would be coming through Horicon Marsh. The author called in sick and drove northeast on U.S. Highway 151. However, she found out that she had missed the pelicans. Instead, she saw a flock of sandhill cranes, as well as red-winged blackbirds.Less
This chapter illustrates how the author spent nights alone by Lake Wingra listening for short-eared owls and whip-poor-wills. After and before work, the author spent time drawing on the University of Wisconsin terrace, watching ducks raise their ducklings and pelicans stopping to rest on their journeys north. The chapter also describes how the author heard on the radio that the big pelican migration would be coming through Horicon Marsh. The author called in sick and drove northeast on U.S. Highway 151. However, she found out that she had missed the pelicans. Instead, she saw a flock of sandhill cranes, as well as red-winged blackbirds.
Maximillian E. Novak
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199261543
- eISBN:
- 9780191698743
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261543.003.0014
- Subject:
- Literature, 18th-century Literature
Little is known about Daniel Defoe’s formal education until he enrolled at Charles Morton’s Dissenting Academy in Newington Green. For so religious a family as the Foes, reading and even memorizing ...
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Little is known about Daniel Defoe’s formal education until he enrolled at Charles Morton’s Dissenting Academy in Newington Green. For so religious a family as the Foes, reading and even memorizing large portions of the Bible would have constituted a major part of their son’s early education. While most of Defoe’s life was spent in the city which he was to eulogize in his Tour Thro’ the Whole Island of Great Britain (1724–7) as ‘the great Center of England’ and as ‘the most glorious Sight without exception...’, he travelled beyond London on a variety of occasions. Although Defoe may have visited such places on occasional trips with his parents, he appears to have spent a considerable time at Dorking in Surrey, where the Marsh family lived. Had Defoe’s parents not been Dissenters, Defoe would have been sent to Oxford or Cambridge for the studies that would have enabled him to take orders as a clergyman.Less
Little is known about Daniel Defoe’s formal education until he enrolled at Charles Morton’s Dissenting Academy in Newington Green. For so religious a family as the Foes, reading and even memorizing large portions of the Bible would have constituted a major part of their son’s early education. While most of Defoe’s life was spent in the city which he was to eulogize in his Tour Thro’ the Whole Island of Great Britain (1724–7) as ‘the great Center of England’ and as ‘the most glorious Sight without exception...’, he travelled beyond London on a variety of occasions. Although Defoe may have visited such places on occasional trips with his parents, he appears to have spent a considerable time at Dorking in Surrey, where the Marsh family lived. Had Defoe’s parents not been Dissenters, Defoe would have been sent to Oxford or Cambridge for the studies that would have enabled him to take orders as a clergyman.
Catherine Owen Koning, Sharon M. Ashworth, and Catherine Owen Koning
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226554211
- eISBN:
- 9780226554495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226554495.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
A wildlife biologist studies the secretive marsh birds of an Iowa cattail marsh, revealing vegetation zones based on water depth, from the deep water aquatic zone, through the emergent marsh, to the ...
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A wildlife biologist studies the secretive marsh birds of an Iowa cattail marsh, revealing vegetation zones based on water depth, from the deep water aquatic zone, through the emergent marsh, to the shallow wet meadow edges. Hydrology of a wetland is determined by water sources, depth and frequency of flooding. Wetland species must adapt to low oxygen levels. Native pond weeds, water lilies, and cattails, and invasive species such as common reed exhibit several adaptations to low oxygen. A middle school student field trip to the Mississippi River marshes shows how aquatic insects can indicate water quality. Fisheries biologists visit the marshes along the Upper Mississippi River to understand local fish seasonal migration; the lock and dam system has altered the wetlands significantly. Scientists convinced dam regulators to improve fish and waterfowl habitat by dropping water levels at critical times. Endangered whooping cranes have returned to freshwater marshes of Wisconsin. Prairie pothole marshes are key ecosystems for migrating and breeding waterfowl. Marshes can fill in and become drier types of wetlands over time, but this succession may be interrupted by floods, fires, muskrats, beavers, etc. In upper estuaries, the structure and diversity of freshwater marshes are affected by daily tides.Less
A wildlife biologist studies the secretive marsh birds of an Iowa cattail marsh, revealing vegetation zones based on water depth, from the deep water aquatic zone, through the emergent marsh, to the shallow wet meadow edges. Hydrology of a wetland is determined by water sources, depth and frequency of flooding. Wetland species must adapt to low oxygen levels. Native pond weeds, water lilies, and cattails, and invasive species such as common reed exhibit several adaptations to low oxygen. A middle school student field trip to the Mississippi River marshes shows how aquatic insects can indicate water quality. Fisheries biologists visit the marshes along the Upper Mississippi River to understand local fish seasonal migration; the lock and dam system has altered the wetlands significantly. Scientists convinced dam regulators to improve fish and waterfowl habitat by dropping water levels at critical times. Endangered whooping cranes have returned to freshwater marshes of Wisconsin. Prairie pothole marshes are key ecosystems for migrating and breeding waterfowl. Marshes can fill in and become drier types of wetlands over time, but this succession may be interrupted by floods, fires, muskrats, beavers, etc. In upper estuaries, the structure and diversity of freshwater marshes are affected by daily tides.
G. J. TOMMER
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198202912
- eISBN:
- 9780191675591
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202912.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter discusses the decline in the esteem for Arabic Studies in England after the Restoration: the situation at Cambridge from 1680 to 1700; the last two decades of Pococke's career; Thomas ...
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This chapter discusses the decline in the esteem for Arabic Studies in England after the Restoration: the situation at Cambridge from 1680 to 1700; the last two decades of Pococke's career; Thomas Marshall; scholars such as Robert Huntington, Narcissus Marsh, Humphrey Prideaux, William Guise, and Edward Pococke Junior; the later career of Hyde; and Edward Bernard.Less
This chapter discusses the decline in the esteem for Arabic Studies in England after the Restoration: the situation at Cambridge from 1680 to 1700; the last two decades of Pococke's career; Thomas Marshall; scholars such as Robert Huntington, Narcissus Marsh, Humphrey Prideaux, William Guise, and Edward Pococke Junior; the later career of Hyde; and Edward Bernard.
Richard Sharpe
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198215820
- eISBN:
- 9780191678219
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198215820.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History, History of Religion
The best-known Irish collection of vitae, commonly referred to as the Codex Kilkenniensis, survives in two parchment manuscripts, both now in Dublin libraries. The contents of these manuscripts are ...
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The best-known Irish collection of vitae, commonly referred to as the Codex Kilkenniensis, survives in two parchment manuscripts, both now in Dublin libraries. The contents of these manuscripts are called the Dublin collection. This manuscript was probably that now in Marsh's Library. Revd William Reeves denied this connexion, identifying the Marsh's Library manuscript with the volume Patrick Fleming referred to as the Codex Ardmachanus. The latter identification he sufficiently proved, but he failed to establish that this was different from John Colgan's Kilkenniensis. Colgan had an extremely high opinion of the Lives of this collection, assigning some of them to the late sixth century, and others to dates in the seventh century. For the two manuscripts, Revd Charles Plummer's symbols M and T are retained, but the symbol D is introduced to represent the recension common to both.Less
The best-known Irish collection of vitae, commonly referred to as the Codex Kilkenniensis, survives in two parchment manuscripts, both now in Dublin libraries. The contents of these manuscripts are called the Dublin collection. This manuscript was probably that now in Marsh's Library. Revd William Reeves denied this connexion, identifying the Marsh's Library manuscript with the volume Patrick Fleming referred to as the Codex Ardmachanus. The latter identification he sufficiently proved, but he failed to establish that this was different from John Colgan's Kilkenniensis. Colgan had an extremely high opinion of the Lives of this collection, assigning some of them to the late sixth century, and others to dates in the seventh century. For the two manuscripts, Revd Charles Plummer's symbols M and T are retained, but the symbol D is introduced to represent the recension common to both.
Victoria Margree, Daniel Orrells, and Minna Vuohelainen (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781526124340
- eISBN:
- 9781526136206
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526124340.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This collection of essays seeks to question the security of our assumptions about the fin de siècle by exploring the fiction of Richard Marsh, an important but neglected professional author. Richard ...
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This collection of essays seeks to question the security of our assumptions about the fin de siècle by exploring the fiction of Richard Marsh, an important but neglected professional author. Richard Bernard Heldmann (1857–1915) began his literary career as a writer of boys’ fiction, but, following a prison sentence for fraud, reinvented himself as ‘Richard Marsh’ in 1888. Marsh was a prolific and popular author of middlebrow genre fiction including Gothic, crime, humour, romance and adventure, whose bestselling Gothic novel The Beetle: A Mystery (1897) outsold Bram Stoker’s Dracula. Building on a burgeoning interest in Marsh’s writing, this collection of essays examines a broad array of Marsh’s genre fictions through the lens of cutting-edge critical theory, including print culture, New Historicism, disability studies, genre theory, New Economic Criticism, gender theory, postcolonial studies, thing theory, psychoanalysis, object relations theory and art history, producing innovative readings not only of Marsh but of the fin-de-siècle period. Marsh emerges here as a versatile contributor to the literary and journalistic culture of his time whose stories of shape-shifting monsters, daring but morally dubious heroes, lip-reading female detectives and objects that come to life helped to shape the genres of fiction with which we are familiar today. Marsh’s fictions reflect contemporary themes and anxieties while often offering unexpected, subversive and even counter-hegemonic takes on dominant narratives of gender, criminality, race and class, unsettling our perceptions of the fin de siècle.Less
This collection of essays seeks to question the security of our assumptions about the fin de siècle by exploring the fiction of Richard Marsh, an important but neglected professional author. Richard Bernard Heldmann (1857–1915) began his literary career as a writer of boys’ fiction, but, following a prison sentence for fraud, reinvented himself as ‘Richard Marsh’ in 1888. Marsh was a prolific and popular author of middlebrow genre fiction including Gothic, crime, humour, romance and adventure, whose bestselling Gothic novel The Beetle: A Mystery (1897) outsold Bram Stoker’s Dracula. Building on a burgeoning interest in Marsh’s writing, this collection of essays examines a broad array of Marsh’s genre fictions through the lens of cutting-edge critical theory, including print culture, New Historicism, disability studies, genre theory, New Economic Criticism, gender theory, postcolonial studies, thing theory, psychoanalysis, object relations theory and art history, producing innovative readings not only of Marsh but of the fin-de-siècle period. Marsh emerges here as a versatile contributor to the literary and journalistic culture of his time whose stories of shape-shifting monsters, daring but morally dubious heroes, lip-reading female detectives and objects that come to life helped to shape the genres of fiction with which we are familiar today. Marsh’s fictions reflect contemporary themes and anxieties while often offering unexpected, subversive and even counter-hegemonic takes on dominant narratives of gender, criminality, race and class, unsettling our perceptions of the fin de siècle.
Howard Shellhammer
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780520274297
- eISBN:
- 9780520954014
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520274297.003.0013
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter is primarily about the small rodents and shrews of tidal salt marshes. Emphasis is given to the salt marsh harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys raviventris) and several endangered shrews ...
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This chapter is primarily about the small rodents and shrews of tidal salt marshes. Emphasis is given to the salt marsh harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys raviventris) and several endangered shrews (Sorex), but more common species such as meadow mice (Microtus) are also discussed. Attention is given to the effects of marsh destruction, fragmentation, and incompleteness on these small mammals, especially the great reduction and loss of the high marsh zone throughout the San Francisco Bay region.Less
This chapter is primarily about the small rodents and shrews of tidal salt marshes. Emphasis is given to the salt marsh harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys raviventris) and several endangered shrews (Sorex), but more common species such as meadow mice (Microtus) are also discussed. Attention is given to the effects of marsh destruction, fragmentation, and incompleteness on these small mammals, especially the great reduction and loss of the high marsh zone throughout the San Francisco Bay region.
Donald S. McLusky and Michael Elliott
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198525080
- eISBN:
- 9780191728198
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525080.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Within the estuarine ecosystem there may be several sources of plant production, including salt marsh plants, eel grass, or sea weeds. Growing directly on the surface of the mudflats may be ...
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Within the estuarine ecosystem there may be several sources of plant production, including salt marsh plants, eel grass, or sea weeds. Growing directly on the surface of the mudflats may be filamentous algae or the single-celled microphytobenthos. Within the water body are found floating members of the phytoplankton. This chapter examines both the primary production of the salt marshes and algae (benthic or planktonic), and the limitations placed upon this productivity by nutrient availability. In addition, it examines the fate of the plant material as it is fragmented and decomposed, and thereby becomes more available to consumer animals as detritus, which is all types of biogenic material in various stages of microbial decomposition.Less
Within the estuarine ecosystem there may be several sources of plant production, including salt marsh plants, eel grass, or sea weeds. Growing directly on the surface of the mudflats may be filamentous algae or the single-celled microphytobenthos. Within the water body are found floating members of the phytoplankton. This chapter examines both the primary production of the salt marshes and algae (benthic or planktonic), and the limitations placed upon this productivity by nutrient availability. In addition, it examines the fate of the plant material as it is fragmented and decomposed, and thereby becomes more available to consumer animals as detritus, which is all types of biogenic material in various stages of microbial decomposition.
Håkan Rydin and John K. Jeglum
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198528722
- eISBN:
- 9780191728211
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528722.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter provides the reader with an understanding of the main terms and concepts used in peatland science, and a general appreciation of the main peatland habitats. This provides a basic ...
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This chapter provides the reader with an understanding of the main terms and concepts used in peatland science, and a general appreciation of the main peatland habitats. This provides a basic language of peatlands which, even if not universally agreed upon, will define the usage for this book. The distinction between wetland, peatland and mire is clarified, and the main peatland classes — marsh, swamp, fen, bog — are described. The main environmental gradients — wetness, aeration, pH and nutrient availability — are introduced. The roles of microtopographic variation and the bog-poor fen-rich fen gradient are presented as a basis for vegetation differentiation and classification. A basic distinction is made between ombrotrophic and minerotrophic peatlands.Less
This chapter provides the reader with an understanding of the main terms and concepts used in peatland science, and a general appreciation of the main peatland habitats. This provides a basic language of peatlands which, even if not universally agreed upon, will define the usage for this book. The distinction between wetland, peatland and mire is clarified, and the main peatland classes — marsh, swamp, fen, bog — are described. The main environmental gradients — wetness, aeration, pH and nutrient availability — are introduced. The roles of microtopographic variation and the bog-poor fen-rich fen gradient are presented as a basis for vegetation differentiation and classification. A basic distinction is made between ombrotrophic and minerotrophic peatlands.
Winnifred Fallers Sullivan
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780226779751
- eISBN:
- 9780226145594
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226145594.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter discusses litigation brought to challenge government chaplaincies under the Constitution, beginning with the Katcoff case challenging the Army chaplaincy. Katcoff establishes the ...
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This chapter discusses litigation brought to challenge government chaplaincies under the Constitution, beginning with the Katcoff case challenging the Army chaplaincy. Katcoff establishes the doctrine that government chaplaincies are justified as ensuring opportunities for government workers who are posted away from their home congregations to avail themselves of the free market in religion, understood to be the US ideal. Increasingly, the courts are seen to justify chaplaincies by recourse to the presumed universality of spirituality as a non-divisive and therefore constitutionally unproblematic form of religion as well as to the assumed importance of spiritual health to national well-being. US law with respect to religious freedom is set in a larger comparative context.Less
This chapter discusses litigation brought to challenge government chaplaincies under the Constitution, beginning with the Katcoff case challenging the Army chaplaincy. Katcoff establishes the doctrine that government chaplaincies are justified as ensuring opportunities for government workers who are posted away from their home congregations to avail themselves of the free market in religion, understood to be the US ideal. Increasingly, the courts are seen to justify chaplaincies by recourse to the presumed universality of spirituality as a non-divisive and therefore constitutionally unproblematic form of religion as well as to the assumed importance of spiritual health to national well-being. US law with respect to religious freedom is set in a larger comparative context.
Donald Kroodsma
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781501750915
- eISBN:
- 9781501750939
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501750915.003.0019
- Subject:
- Literature, Prose (inc. letters, diaries)
This chapter details the author's experience listening to birds an hour or two before the dawn during a cross-country ride. As the author crossed the Big Hole River, a lone marsh wren sang lazily. It ...
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This chapter details the author's experience listening to birds an hour or two before the dawn during a cross-country ride. As the author crossed the Big Hole River, a lone marsh wren sang lazily. It was a western marsh wren, with all of the harsh buzzes and rattles and whistles one would expect from its more than one hundred different songs, so different from the eastern marsh wren the author heard on the other side of the Great Plains. Yellow warblers race among a dozen or so different songs, filling all air time between songs with frenetic chipping. The author also listened to northern waterthrushes.Less
This chapter details the author's experience listening to birds an hour or two before the dawn during a cross-country ride. As the author crossed the Big Hole River, a lone marsh wren sang lazily. It was a western marsh wren, with all of the harsh buzzes and rattles and whistles one would expect from its more than one hundred different songs, so different from the eastern marsh wren the author heard on the other side of the Great Plains. Yellow warblers race among a dozen or so different songs, filling all air time between songs with frenetic chipping. The author also listened to northern waterthrushes.
Bruce Kuklick
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199260164
- eISBN:
- 9780191597893
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199260168.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
Thinkers unconnected to institutions were the most lively and creative thinkers in the US for much of the nineteenth century. These ‘amateurs’ were more willing to adopt untraditional, usually ...
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Thinkers unconnected to institutions were the most lively and creative thinkers in the US for much of the nineteenth century. These ‘amateurs’ were more willing to adopt untraditional, usually German, ideas; and they moved more quickly to modern, secular ideas. The most important of these thinkers were James Marsh of Vermont, who introduced Kantian ideas into America; Ralph Waldo Emerson, the leading Transcendentalist; Connecticut minister Horace Bushnell, who followed Nathaniel William Taylor in remaking the theology of New England and leading it to figurative and metaphorical interpretations of the Bible; John Williamson Nevin and Philip Schaff of the Mercersburg Seminary in Pennsylvania, who meditated on an organicist Protestant theology; and The St Louis Hegelians.Less
Thinkers unconnected to institutions were the most lively and creative thinkers in the US for much of the nineteenth century. These ‘amateurs’ were more willing to adopt untraditional, usually German, ideas; and they moved more quickly to modern, secular ideas. The most important of these thinkers were James Marsh of Vermont, who introduced Kantian ideas into America; Ralph Waldo Emerson, the leading Transcendentalist; Connecticut minister Horace Bushnell, who followed Nathaniel William Taylor in remaking the theology of New England and leading it to figurative and metaphorical interpretations of the Bible; John Williamson Nevin and Philip Schaff of the Mercersburg Seminary in Pennsylvania, who meditated on an organicist Protestant theology; and The St Louis Hegelians.
