Thomas F. Babor, Raul Caetano, Sally Casswell, Griffith Edwards, Norman Giesbrecht, Kathryn Graham, Joel W. Grube, Linda Hill, Harold Holder, Ross Homel, Michael Livingston, Esa Österberg, Jürgen Rehm, Robin Room, and Ingeborg Rossow
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199551149
- eISBN:
- 9780191720642
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199551149.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity - Research and Public Policy Second Edition is a collaborative effort by an international group of addiction scientists to improve the linkages between ...
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Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity - Research and Public Policy Second Edition is a collaborative effort by an international group of addiction scientists to improve the linkages between addiction science and alcohol policy. It presents the accumulated scientific knowledge on alcohol research that has a direct relevance to the development of alcohol policy on local, national, and international levels. It provides an objective analytical basis on which to build relevant policies globally, and informs policy makers who have direct responsibility for public health and social welfare. By locating alcohol policy primarily within the realm of public health, this book draws attention to the growing tendency for governments, both national and local, to consider alcohol misuse as a major determinant of ill health, and to organize societal responses accordingly. The scope of the book is comprehensive and international. The authors describe the conceptual basis for a rational alcohol policy and present new epidemiological data on the global dimensions of alcohol misuse. The core of the book is a critical review of the cumulative scientific evidence in seven general areas of alcohol policy: pricing and taxation; regulating the physical availability of alcohol; modifying the environment in which drinking occurs; drink-driving countermeasures; marketing restrictions; primary prevention programs in schools and other settings; and treatment and early intervention services. The final chapters discuss the current state of alcohol policy in different parts of the world and describe the need for a new approach to alcohol policy that is evidence-based, realistic, and coordinated.Less
Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity - Research and Public Policy Second Edition is a collaborative effort by an international group of addiction scientists to improve the linkages between addiction science and alcohol policy. It presents the accumulated scientific knowledge on alcohol research that has a direct relevance to the development of alcohol policy on local, national, and international levels. It provides an objective analytical basis on which to build relevant policies globally, and informs policy makers who have direct responsibility for public health and social welfare. By locating alcohol policy primarily within the realm of public health, this book draws attention to the growing tendency for governments, both national and local, to consider alcohol misuse as a major determinant of ill health, and to organize societal responses accordingly. The scope of the book is comprehensive and international. The authors describe the conceptual basis for a rational alcohol policy and present new epidemiological data on the global dimensions of alcohol misuse. The core of the book is a critical review of the cumulative scientific evidence in seven general areas of alcohol policy: pricing and taxation; regulating the physical availability of alcohol; modifying the environment in which drinking occurs; drink-driving countermeasures; marketing restrictions; primary prevention programs in schools and other settings; and treatment and early intervention services. The final chapters discuss the current state of alcohol policy in different parts of the world and describe the need for a new approach to alcohol policy that is evidence-based, realistic, and coordinated.
Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199285822
- eISBN:
- 9780191700378
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199285822.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
The lack of any explicit linkages of human rights and trade rules in WTO law contrasts with the integrated regulation of the common market and human rights in many national constitutions as well as ...
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The lack of any explicit linkages of human rights and trade rules in WTO law contrasts with the integrated regulation of the common market and human rights in many national constitutions as well as in the 2004 EU Treaty Constitution. Most national constitutions protect freedom of trade inside national frontiers without authorizing sub-national authorities to introduce internal, discriminatory market restrictions vis-à-vis domestic citizens. This chapter aims to outline some of the issues related to the obligations of States and rights/obligations of private actors in the context of trade from the perspective of human rights law. It first examines what the treaties and their monitoring bodies say about the obligations of States parties to implement the rights contained in the treaties, as well as the obligations, both direct and indirect, of non-State actors.Less
The lack of any explicit linkages of human rights and trade rules in WTO law contrasts with the integrated regulation of the common market and human rights in many national constitutions as well as in the 2004 EU Treaty Constitution. Most national constitutions protect freedom of trade inside national frontiers without authorizing sub-national authorities to introduce internal, discriminatory market restrictions vis-à-vis domestic citizens. This chapter aims to outline some of the issues related to the obligations of States and rights/obligations of private actors in the context of trade from the perspective of human rights law. It first examines what the treaties and their monitoring bodies say about the obligations of States parties to implement the rights contained in the treaties, as well as the obligations, both direct and indirect, of non-State actors.
Dale D. Murphy
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199216512
- eISBN:
- 9780191696008
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216512.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
The overseas Nestlé infant formula case has been well studied. According to conventional wisdom the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF ‘code of conduct’, led by nongovernmental organizations ...
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The overseas Nestlé infant formula case has been well studied. According to conventional wisdom the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF ‘code of conduct’, led by nongovernmental organizations and medical science, brought to heel a multinational corporation. At first glance the US infant formula case seemed to defy this book's proposed model. This chapter examines this case precisely for that reason, to test the propositions in a ‘least likely’ case. Developments in the USA reveal a picture marked by special interests and more compatible with this book's propositions. A revised interpretation is that Nestlé only agreed to abide by the WHO/UNICEF marketing code in 1984, more than a year after the two dominant US producers began a strategy to ban advertising as a barrier to Nestlé's growing entry into the US infant formula market. The US firms lobbied against the broader international WHO/UNICEF code at the same time as they opposed advertising in the USA. Advertising restrictions limit the sale or distribution of products, post-manufacturing, hence they are a product market-access restriction. Therefore, the US industry restrictions are categorized as a heterogeneous case of product market-access restrictions.Less
The overseas Nestlé infant formula case has been well studied. According to conventional wisdom the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF ‘code of conduct’, led by nongovernmental organizations and medical science, brought to heel a multinational corporation. At first glance the US infant formula case seemed to defy this book's proposed model. This chapter examines this case precisely for that reason, to test the propositions in a ‘least likely’ case. Developments in the USA reveal a picture marked by special interests and more compatible with this book's propositions. A revised interpretation is that Nestlé only agreed to abide by the WHO/UNICEF marketing code in 1984, more than a year after the two dominant US producers began a strategy to ban advertising as a barrier to Nestlé's growing entry into the US infant formula market. The US firms lobbied against the broader international WHO/UNICEF code at the same time as they opposed advertising in the USA. Advertising restrictions limit the sale or distribution of products, post-manufacturing, hence they are a product market-access restriction. Therefore, the US industry restrictions are categorized as a heterogeneous case of product market-access restrictions.
Pekka Sulkunen, Thomas F. Babor, Jenny Cisneros Örnberg, Michael Egerer, Matilda Hellman, Charles Livingstone, Virve Marionneau, Janne Nikkinen, Jim Orford, Robin Room, and Ingeborg Rossow
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198817321
- eISBN:
- 9780191858840
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198817321.003.0007
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Game operators systematically attempt to attract customers and make them spend more money. The availability of gambling in terms of the ease of customers’ access to games influences both the amount ...
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Game operators systematically attempt to attract customers and make them spend more money. The availability of gambling in terms of the ease of customers’ access to games influences both the amount of gambling and the problems arising from it. Regulations on game features, controlling access to funds and other inducements, risk awareness tools, exclusion policies, staff training, limit-setting, and marketing restrictions have been proposed as methods to counteract the effect of ready availability. In policy terms, efforts to regulate availability are usually combined with rules on game features and situational elements: when new opportunities to participate are created, game designs and situational characteristics also change, and in some cases policy changes aimed at reducing gambling activity are implemented to lower the risks for those who play.Less
Game operators systematically attempt to attract customers and make them spend more money. The availability of gambling in terms of the ease of customers’ access to games influences both the amount of gambling and the problems arising from it. Regulations on game features, controlling access to funds and other inducements, risk awareness tools, exclusion policies, staff training, limit-setting, and marketing restrictions have been proposed as methods to counteract the effect of ready availability. In policy terms, efforts to regulate availability are usually combined with rules on game features and situational elements: when new opportunities to participate are created, game designs and situational characteristics also change, and in some cases policy changes aimed at reducing gambling activity are implemented to lower the risks for those who play.
